Windows/Linux用户态监控进程启动事件方法

1. windows wmi监控进程启动

from threading import Thread
from commone_windows import *

import threading
import Queue
import time
import pythoncom
import os
import datetime
import hashlib
from peewee import *
import oss2
import gc
import win32api
import wmi

DEBUG = True

process_start_event_list = Queue.Queue(maxsize=)
procs = {}
# cache the md5 calculation
process_path_hash_cache_dict = {}
# cache the target's process startup event
process_target_event_cache_dict = Queue.Queue(maxsize=)

############################################################ wmi monitor ############################################################
############################################################ wmi monitor ############################################################
############################################################ wmi monitor ############################################################
def recordProcessCreationEvent(new_process, ParentProcessName):
    global process_start_event_list
    cmdlline = new_process.CommandLine
    processId = new_process.ProcessId
    name = new_process.Name
    Caption = new_process.Caption
    ExecutablePath = new_process.ExecutablePath
    SessionId = new_process.SessionId
    processOwner = new_process.GetOwner()
    if processOwner:
        processOwner_username = processOwner[]
        processOwner_domainname = processOwner[]
    processOwnerSid = new_process.GetOwnerSid()

    ParentProcessId = new_process.ParentProcessId
    process_start_event_list.put(dict(
        cmdlline=cmdlline,
        processId=processId,
        name=name,
        Caption=Caption,
        ExecutablePath=ExecutablePath,
        SessionId=SessionId,
        processOwner_username=processOwner_username,
        processOwner_domainname=processOwner_domainname,
        processOwnerSid=processOwnerSid,
        ParentProcessId=ParentProcessId,
        ParentProcessName=ParentProcessName
    ))

class processCreationMonitor(Thread):
    def __init__(self):
        Thread.__init__(self)

    def run(self):
        if DEBUG:
            print "processCreationMonitor run"
        pythoncom.CoInitialize()
        c = wmi.WMI()
        process_creation_watcher = c.watch_for(
            notification_type="Creation",
            wmi_class="Win32_Process",
            delay_secs=
        )
        while :
            ParentProcessName = ''
            try:
                new_process = process_creation_watcher()
                if new_process.ParentProcessId in procs:
                    #proc = procs[new_process.ParentProcessId]
                    ParentProcessName = procs[new_process.ParentProcessId]
                procs[new_process.ProcessId] = new_process.Name

                # record the process info
                recordProcessCreationEvent(new_process, ParentProcessName)
            except Exception, e:
                pass
            time.sleep(0.1)

class processDeletionMonitor(Thread):
    def __init__(self):
        Thread.__init__(self)

    def run(self):
        pythoncom.CoInitialize()
        c = wmi.WMI()
        process_deletion_watcher = c.watch_for(
            notification_type="Deletion",
            wmi_class="Win32_Process",
            delay_secs=
        )
        while :
            p1 = process_deletion_watcher()
            try:
                del procs[p1.ProcessId]
            except:
                pass
            time.sleep(0.1)

def regProcess():
    c = wmi.WMI()
    for p in c.Win32_Process():
        procs[p.ProcessId] = p.Name

def process_monitor():
    # get process list
    regProcess()
    if DEBUG:
        print "regProcess ok: ", procs

    if DEBUG:
        print 'process_monitor'
    # start a new thread to monitor the event of processCreate
    procCreMon = processCreationMonitor()
    procCreMon.start()

    # start a new thread to monitor the event of processTerminal(in order to delete/update the current process dict list)
    procDelMon = processDeletionMonitor()
    procDelMon.start()
############################################################ wmi monitor ############################################################
############################################################ wmi monitor ############################################################
############################################################ wmi monitor ############################################################

############################################################ target process event write into the oss ############################################################
############################################################ target process event write into the oss ############################################################
############################################################ target process event write into the oss ############################################################
def upload_event_to_oss(event):
    result = '|*|'.join([
        event['cmdlline'],
        str(event['processId']),
        event['name'],
        event['Caption'],
        event['ExecutablePath'],
        str(event['SessionId']),
        event['processOwner_username'],
        event['processOwner_domainname'],
        str(event['processOwnerSid']),
        str(event['ParentProcessId']),
        event['ParentProcessName'],
        event['filehash']
    ])
    print result

def target_process_event_write_oss_func():
    global process_target_event_cache_dict
    while True:
        if not process_target_event_cache_dict.empty():
            event = process_target_event_cache_dict.get(, )
            if event:
                upload_event_to_oss(event)
        time.sleep(0.1)
############################################################ target process event write into the oss ############################################################
############################################################ target process event write into the oss ############################################################
############################################################ target process event write into the oss ############################################################

def getProcessFileHash(ExecutablePath):
    global process_path_hash_cache_dict
    filehash = ''
    # cache the ExecutablePath's filehash to speed the time
    filepath_hash = getStringHashsum(ExecutablePath)
    if filepath_hash not in process_path_hash_cache_dict.keys():
        # not exist this filepath_hash, add it
        filehash = getFileHashsum(ExecutablePath)
        process_path_hash_cache_dict[filepath_hash] = filehash
    else:
        filehash = process_path_hash_cache_dict[filepath_hash]

    return filehash

######################################### process event handle thread, filter the target process's startup event #########################################
######################################### process event handle thread, filter the target process's startup event #########################################
######################################### process event handle thread, filter the target process's startup event #########################################
def process_event_handle():
    process_event_handler = Thread(target=process_event_handle_func)
    process_event_handler.start()

def process_event_handle_func():
    global process_start_event_list
    while True:
        if not process_start_event_list.empty():
            event = process_start_event_list.get(, )
            if event:
                filter_target_process(event)
        time.sleep(0.05)

def filter_target_process(event):
    global process_target_event_cache_dict
    if not event['ExecutablePath']:
        return
    ExecutablePath = event['ExecutablePath'].encode('utf-8')
    gmt_create, gmt_modified = '', ''
    try:
        gmt_create = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", time.localtime(os.stat(ExecutablePath).st_ctime))
        gmt_modified = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", time.localtime(os.stat(ExecutablePath).st_mtime))
    except Exception, e:
        pass
    # if get the file's time info faild, means that is a system core file
    if gmt_create and gmt_modified:
        filehash = getProcessFileHash(ExecutablePath)
        event['filehash'] = filehash
        process_target_event_cache_dict.put(event)
######################################### process event handle thread, filter the target process's startup event #########################################
######################################### process event handle thread, filter the target process's startup event #########################################
######################################### process event handle thread, filter the target process's startup event #########################################

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # wmi process creation/deleetion event monitor thread
    process_monitor()

    # process event handle thread, filter the target process's startup event
    process_event_handle()

    # target process event write into the oss
    target_process_event_write_oss_handler = Thread(target=target_process_event_write_oss_func)
    target_process_event_write_oss_handler.start()

Relevant Link:

http://9806708.blog.51cto.com/9796708/1682200
http://timgolden.me.uk/python/wmi/tutorial.html
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_62c02a630100p0lm.html

2. linux netlink监控进程启动

Linux kernels since 2.6.15 contains a userspace <-> kernelspace connector built on netlink sockets.
This can be used by the kernel to broadcast internal information to userspace, like process events in our case. This exposes a possibility to know in near-realtime when a process starts, dies, forks, etc.

to do so, we need creates a netlink socket and tells the kernel to start broadcasting process events. Either you use this socket manually, or use the simple supplied callback loop.

0x1: 获取进程相关信息

linux的进程启动分为fork和exec两步过程，在fork的时候可以拿到父子进程的信息，但是这个时候子进程的相关信息(例如cmdline还没生成)，等到exec的时候就可以拿到完整信息了

# -*- coding: utf- -*-
from commone import *
import socket
import os
import struct
import errno
from select import select

##################################################################### utils #####################################################################
class BaseStruct(object):
    fields = ()

    def _fill_struct(self, data):
        for k,v in zip(self.fields, data):
            setattr(self, k, v)

class DictWrapper(dict):
    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        return self[attr]
##################################################################### utils #####################################################################

##################################################################### netlink #####################################################################
NETLINK_CONNECTOR = 

NLMSG_NOOP = 0x1     # Nothing
NLMSG_ERROR = 0x2    # Error
NLMSG_DONE = 0x3     # End of a dump
NLMSG_OVERRUN = 0x4  # Data lost

# struct nlmsghdr
# {
#       __u32           nlmsg_len;      /* Length of message including header */
#       __u16           nlmsg_type;     /* Message content */
#       __u16           nlmsg_flags;    /* Additional flags */
#       __u32           nlmsg_seq;      /* Sequence number */
#       __u32           nlmsg_pid;      /* Sending process port ID */
# };

nlmsghdr = struct.Struct("=I2H2I")

def netlink_pack(_type, flags, msg):
    """
    Put a netlink header on a message.
    The msg parameter is assumed to be a pre-struct-packed data block.
    We don't care about seq for now.
    """
    _len = len(msg) + nlmsghdr.size
    seq =
    return nlmsghdr.pack(_len, _type, flags, seq, os.getpid()) + msg

def unpack_hdr(data):
    return DictWrapper(
        zip(("len", "type", "flags", "seq", "pid"),
            nlmsghdr.unpack(data[:nlmsghdr.size])))
##################################################################### netlink #####################################################################

##################################################################### connector #####################################################################
CN_IDX_PROC = 0x1
CN_VAL_PROC = 0x1

# struct cb_id {
#       __u32 idx;
#       __u32 val;
# };

# struct cn_msg {
#       struct cb_id id;

#       __u32 seq;
#       __u32 ack;

#       __u16 len;              /* Length of the following data */
#       __u16 flags;
#       __u8 data[];
# };

# The data member is left out of this declaration since it may be of
# varying length. This means that unpacking of a complete message will
# have to be incremental and done solely by the decoder of the
# innermost data (in my case pec_decode() in pec.py).

cn_msg = struct.Struct("=4I2H")

def pack_msg(cb_idx, cb_val, flags, data):
    """
    Pack a cn_msg struct with the passed in data.
    The data parameter is assumed to be a pre-struct-packed data block.
    We don't care about seq or ack for now.
    """
    seq = ack =
    _len = len(data)
    return cn_msg.pack(cb_idx, cb_val, seq, ack, _len, flags) + data

def unpack_msg(data):
    """
    Peel off netlink header and extract the message (including payload)
    from data. This will return a DictWrapper object.
    """
    data = data[:cn_msg.size]  # Slice off trailing data
    return DictWrapper(
        zip(("cb_idx", "cb_val", "seq", "ack", "len", "flags"),
            cn_msg.unpack(data)))
##################################################################### connector #####################################################################

##################################################################### pec #####################################################################
PROC_CN_MCAST_LISTEN = 0x1
PROC_CN_MCAST_IGNORE = 0x2

PROC_EVENT_NONE = 0x00000000
PROC_EVENT_FORK = 0x00000001
PROC_EVENT_EXEC = 0x00000002
PROC_EVENT_UID = 0x00000004
PROC_EVENT_GID = 0x00000040
PROC_EVENT_SID  = 0x00000080
PROC_EVENT_PTRACE = 0x00000100
PROC_EVENT_COMM = 0x00000200
PROC_EVENT_EXIT = 0x80000000

process_events = {"PROC_EVENT_NONE": PROC_EVENT_NONE,
                  "PROC_EVENT_FORK": PROC_EVENT_FORK,
                  "PROC_EVENT_EXEC": PROC_EVENT_EXEC,
                  "PROC_EVENT_UID": PROC_EVENT_UID,
                  "PROC_EVENT_GID": PROC_EVENT_GID,
                  "PROC_EVENT_SID": PROC_EVENT_SID,
                  "PROC_EVENT_PTRACE": PROC_EVENT_PTRACE,
                  "PROC_EVENT_COMM": PROC_EVENT_COMM,
                  "PROC_EVENT_EXIT": PROC_EVENT_EXIT}

process_events_rev = dict(zip(process_events.values(),
                              process_events.keys()))

base_proc_event = struct.Struct("=2IL")

event_struct_map = {PROC_EVENT_NONE: struct.Struct("=I"),
                    PROC_EVENT_FORK: struct.Struct("=4I"),
                    PROC_EVENT_EXEC: struct.Struct("=2I"),
                    PROC_EVENT_UID: struct.Struct("=4I"),
                    PROC_EVENT_GID: struct.Struct("=4I"),
                    PROC_EVENT_SID: struct.Struct("=2I"),
                    PROC_EVENT_PTRACE: struct.Struct("=4I"),
                    PROC_EVENT_COMM: struct.Struct("=2I16s"),
                    PROC_EVENT_EXIT: struct.Struct("=4I")}

process_list = []

def pec_bind(s):
    """
    Bind a socket to the Process Event Connector.
    This will pass on any socket.error exception raised. The most
    common one will be EPERM since you need root privileges to
    bind to the connector.
    """
    s.bind((os.getpid(), CN_IDX_PROC))

def pec_control(s, listen=False):
    """
    Notify PEC if we want event notifications on this socket or not.
    """
    pec_ctrl_data = struct.Struct("=I")
    if listen:
        action = PROC_CN_MCAST_LISTEN
    else:
        action = PROC_CN_MCAST_IGNORE

    nl_msg = netlink_pack(
        NLMSG_DONE, , pack_msg(
        CN_IDX_PROC, CN_VAL_PROC, ,
        pec_ctrl_data.pack(action)))
    s.send(nl_msg)

def pec_unpack(data):
    """
    Peel off the wrapping layers from the data. This will return
    a DictWrapper object.
    """
    nl_hdr = unpack_hdr(data)
    if nl_hdr.type != NLMSG_DONE:
        # Ignore all other types of messages
        return
    # Slice off header data and trailing data (if any)
    data = data[nlmsghdr.size:nl_hdr.len]
    #msg = connector.unpack_msg(data)
    # .. and away goes the connector_message, leaving just the payload
    data = data[cn_msg.size:]
    event = list(base_proc_event.unpack(data[:base_proc_event.size]))
    ev_data_struct = event_struct_map.get(event[])
    event_data = ev_data_struct.unpack(
        data[base_proc_event.size:base_proc_event.size+ev_data_struct.size])

    fields = ["what", "cpu", "timestamp_ns"]
    if event[] == PROC_EVENT_NONE:
        fields.append("err")
        event[] = -
    elif event[] == PROC_EVENT_FORK:
        fields += ["parent_pid", "parent_tgid", "child_pid", "child_tgid"]
    elif event[] == PROC_EVENT_EXEC:
        fields += ["process_pid", "process_tgid"]
    elif event[] == PROC_EVENT_UID:
        fields += ["process_pid", "process_tgid", "ruid", "rgid"]
    elif event[] == PROC_EVENT_GID:
        fields += ["process_pid", "process_tgid", "euid", "egid"]
    elif event[] == PROC_EVENT_SID:
        fields += ["process_pid", "process_tgid"]
    elif event[] == PROC_EVENT_PTRACE:
        fields += ["process_pid", "process_tgid", "tracer_pid", "tracer_tgid"]
    elif event[] == PROC_EVENT_COMM:
        fields += ["process_pid", "process_tgid", "comm"]
    elif event[] == PROC_EVENT_EXIT:
        fields += ["process_pid", "process_tgid", "exit_code", "exit_signal"]

    return DictWrapper(zip(fields, tuple(event) + event_data))

def register_process(pid=None, process_name=None, events=(), action=None):
    """
    Register a callback for processes of a specific name or
    by pid. pec_loop() will call this callback for any processes
    matching.
    If no events is specified, all events related to
    that pid will call the callback. The action can be any callable.
    One argument will be passed to the callable, the PEC message,
    as returned by pec_unpack().
    """
    for x in events:
        if x not in process_events:
            raise Exception("No such process event: 0x%08x" % (int(x),))
    process_list.append({'pid': pid,
                         'process_name': process_name,
                         'events': events})

def pec_loop(plist=process_list):
    s = socket.socket(socket.AF_NETLINK,
                      socket.SOCK_DGRAM,
                      NETLINK_CONNECTOR)

    #  Netlink sockets are connected with pid and message group mask,
    #  message groups are for multicast protocols (like our process event
    #  connector).

    try:
        pec_bind(s)
    except socket.error, (_errno, errmsg):
        if _errno == errno.EPERM:
            raise Exception("You don't have permission to bind to the "
                            "process event connector. Try sudo.")

    pec_control(s, listen=True)

    while True:
        (readable, w, e) = select([s],[],[])
        buf = readable[].recv()
        event = pec_unpack(buf)
        event["what"] = process_events_rev.get(event.what)
        print event
##################################################################### pec #####################################################################

procInfo = {}
def filter_target_event(event):
    pid_info, ppid_info = dict(), dict()
    if event["what"] == 'PROC_EVENT_FORK':
        pid = event["child_tgid"]
        ppid = event["parent_tgid"]
        procInfo[pid] = ppid
    elif event["what"] == 'PROC_EVENT_EXEC':
        pid = event["process_tgid"]
        if pid in procInfo.keys():
            ppid = procInfo[pid]
        pid_info = get_target_processinfo_byid(pid)
        if ppid:
            ppid_info = get_target_processinfo_byid(ppid)
    elif event["what"] == 'PROC_EVENT_EXIT':
        pid = event["process_tgid"]
        if pid in procInfo.keys():
            del procInfo[pid]

    if pid_info and ppid_info:
        filehash = getFileHashsum(pid_info['pexe'])
        print dict(
            cmdlline=pid_info['pcmdline'],
            processId=pid_info['pid'],
            name=pid_info['pname'],
            Caption=pid_info['pexe'],
            ExecutablePath=pid_info['pcmdline'],
            SessionId=,
            processOwner_username=pid_info['puid_name'],
            processOwner_domainname=pid_info['pgid_name'],
            processOwnerSid=pid_info['puid'],
            ParentProcessId=ppid_info['pid'],
            ParentProcessName=ppid_info['pname'],
            ParentProcessCmdline=ppid_info['pcmdline'],
            filehash=filehash
        )

def start():
    # Create Netlink socket
    s = socket.socket(socket.AF_NETLINK,
                      socket.SOCK_DGRAM,
                      NETLINK_CONNECTOR)

    #  Netlink sockets are connected with pid and message group mask,
    #  message groups are for multicast protocols (like our process event
    #  connector).

    try:
        s.bind((os.getpid(), CN_IDX_PROC))
    except socket.error as (_errno, errmsg):
        if _errno == errno.EPERM:
            print ("You don't have permission to bind to the "
                   "process event connector. Try sudo.")
            raise SystemExit()
        raise

    pec_control(s, listen=True)

    while True:
        (readable, w, e) = select([s], [], [])
        buf = readable[].recv()
        event = pec_unpack(buf)
        event["what"] = process_events_rev.get(event.what)
        filter_target_event(event)

    s.close()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    start()

0x2：C++版本监控进程启动代码

#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <linux/netlink.h>
#include <linux/connector.h>
#include <linux/cn_proc.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

/*
 * connect to netlink
 * returns netlink socket, or -1 on error
 */
static int nl_connect()
{
    int rc;
    int nl_sock;
    struct sockaddr_nl sa_nl;

    nl_sock = socket(PF_NETLINK, SOCK_DGRAM, NETLINK_CONNECTOR);
    if (nl_sock == -) {
        perror("socket");
        return -;
    }

    sa_nl.nl_family = AF_NETLINK;
    sa_nl.nl_groups = CN_IDX_PROC;
    sa_nl.nl_pid = getpid();

    rc = bind(nl_sock, (struct sockaddr *)&sa_nl, sizeof(sa_nl));
    if (rc == -) {
        perror("bind");
        close(nl_sock);
        return -;
    }

    return nl_sock;
}

/*
 * subscribe on proc events (process notifications)
 */
static int set_proc_ev_listen(int nl_sock, bool enable)
{
    int rc;
    struct __attribute__ ((aligned(NLMSG_ALIGNTO))) {
        struct nlmsghdr nl_hdr;
        struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) {
            struct cn_msg cn_msg;
            enum proc_cn_mcast_op cn_mcast;
        };
    } nlcn_msg;

    memset(&nlcn_msg, , sizeof(nlcn_msg));
    nlcn_msg.nl_hdr.nlmsg_len = sizeof(nlcn_msg);
    nlcn_msg.nl_hdr.nlmsg_pid = getpid();
    nlcn_msg.nl_hdr.nlmsg_type = NLMSG_DONE;

    nlcn_msg.cn_msg.id.idx = CN_IDX_PROC;
    nlcn_msg.cn_msg.id.val = CN_VAL_PROC;
    nlcn_msg.cn_msg.len = sizeof(enum proc_cn_mcast_op);

    nlcn_msg.cn_mcast = enable ? PROC_CN_MCAST_LISTEN : PROC_CN_MCAST_IGNORE;

    rc = send(nl_sock, &nlcn_msg, sizeof(nlcn_msg), );
    if (rc == -) {
        perror("netlink send");
        return -;
    }

    return ;
}

/*
 * handle a single process event
 */
static volatile bool need_exit = false;
static int handle_proc_ev(int nl_sock)
{
    int rc;
    struct __attribute__ ((aligned(NLMSG_ALIGNTO))) {
        struct nlmsghdr nl_hdr;
        struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) {
            struct cn_msg cn_msg;
            struct proc_event proc_ev;
        };
    } nlcn_msg;

    while (!need_exit) {
        rc = recv(nl_sock, &nlcn_msg, sizeof(nlcn_msg), );
        if (rc == ) {
            /* shutdown? */
            return ;
        } else if (rc == -) {
            if (errno == EINTR) continue;
            perror("netlink recv");
            return -;
        }
        switch (nlcn_msg.proc_ev.what) {
            case PROC_EVENT_NONE:
                printf("set mcast listen ok\n");
                break;
            case PROC_EVENT_FORK:
                printf("fork: parent tid=%d pid=%d -> child tid=%d pid=%d\n",
                        nlcn_msg.proc_ev.event_data.fork.parent_pid,
                        nlcn_msg.proc_ev.event_data.fork.parent_tgid,
                        nlcn_msg.proc_ev.event_data.fork.child_pid,
                        nlcn_msg.proc_ev.event_data.fork.child_tgid);
                break;
            case PROC_EVENT_EXEC:
                printf("exec: tid=%d pid=%d\n",
                        nlcn_msg.proc_ev.event_data.exec.process_pid,
                        nlcn_msg.proc_ev.event_data.exec.process_tgid);
                break;
            case PROC_EVENT_UID:
                printf("uid change: tid=%d pid=%d from %d to %d\n",
                        nlcn_msg.proc_ev.event_data.id.process_pid,
                        nlcn_msg.proc_ev.event_data.id.process_tgid,
                        nlcn_msg.proc_ev.event_data.id.r.ruid,
                        nlcn_msg.proc_ev.event_data.id.e.euid);
                break;
            case PROC_EVENT_GID:
                printf("gid change: tid=%d pid=%d from %d to %d\n",
                        nlcn_msg.proc_ev.event_data.id.process_pid,
                        nlcn_msg.proc_ev.event_data.id.process_tgid,
                        nlcn_msg.proc_ev.event_data.id.r.rgid,
                        nlcn_msg.proc_ev.event_data.id.e.egid);
                break;
            case PROC_EVENT_EXIT:
                printf("exit: tid=%d pid=%d exit_code=%d\n",
                        nlcn_msg.proc_ev.event_data.exit.process_pid,
                        nlcn_msg.proc_ev.event_data.exit.process_tgid,
                        nlcn_msg.proc_ev.event_data.exit.exit_code);
                break;
            default:
                printf("unhandled proc event\n");
                break;
        }
    }

    return ;
}

static void on_sigint(int unused)
{
    need_exit = true;
}

int main(int argc, const char *argv[])
{
    int nl_sock;
    int rc = EXIT_SUCCESS;

    signal(SIGINT, &on_sigint);
    siginterrupt(SIGINT, true);

    nl_sock = nl_connect();
    if (nl_sock == -)
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);

    rc = set_proc_ev_listen(nl_sock, true);
    if (rc == -) {
        rc = EXIT_FAILURE;
        goto out;
    }

    rc = handle_proc_ev(nl_sock);
    if (rc == -) {
        rc = EXIT_FAILURE;
        goto out;
    }

    set_proc_ev_listen(nl_sock, false);

out:
    close(nl_sock);
    exit(rc);
}

Relevant Link:

https://github.com/dbrandt/proc_events
https://gist.github.com/drdaeman/1488608
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6075013/detect-launching-of-programs-on-linux-platform
https://outflux.net/blog/archives/2010/07/01/reporting-all-execs/