python-day42--单表查询

1. 简单查询
select * from employee;
select name,salary from employee;

2. where条件        
 　　1.比较运算符：> < >= <= <> !=
　　 select name,salary from employee where salary > 10000;
　　 select name,salary from employee where salary > 10000 and salary < 20000;
　　 2.between
　　 select name,salary from employee where salary between 10000 and 20000;    # 包括10000和20000本身
　　 select name,salary from employee where salary not between 10000 and 20000;
 　　3.in
        select name,salary from employee where salary = 10000 or salary = 20000 or salary = 30000;
　　 等同于  select name,salary from employee where salary in (10000,20000,30000);    #条件相同时，可以这么用

　　 select * from employee where salary = 10000 or age = 18 or sex='male';       #查找条件不相同时，就不可以用in

　　 select * from employee where post_comment is Null;
　　 select * from employee where post_comment = Null;       #不可以用 =
　　 select * from employee where post_comment is not Null;

　　 is 判断是不是空（null）    = 是比较有没有值（''）

　　4.like
　　 select * from employee where name like '%n%';

　　 select * from employee where name like 'e__n';     # 一个_ 表示一个字符位
 　　5.逻辑运算符：在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not

#1:单条件查询
    SELECT name FROM employee
        WHERE post='sale';

#2:多条件查询
    SELECT name,salary FROM employee
        WHERE post='teacher' AND salary>10000;

#3:关键字BETWEEN AND
    SELECT name,salary FROM employee
        WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;

    SELECT name,salary FROM employee
        WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;

#4:关键字IS NULL(判断某个字段是否为NULL不能用等号，需要用IS)
    SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee
        WHERE post_comment IS NULL;

    SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee
        WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL;

    SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee
        WHERE post_comment=''; 注意''是空字符串，不是null
    ps：
        执行
        update employee set post_comment='' where id=2;
        再用上条查看，就会有结果了

#5:关键字IN集合查询
    SELECT name,salary FROM employee
        WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ;

    SELECT name,salary FROM employee
        WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;

    SELECT name,salary FROM employee
        WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;

#6:关键字LIKE模糊查询
    通配符’%’
    SELECT * FROM employee
            WHERE name LIKE 'eg%';

    通配符’_’
    SELECT * FROM employee
            WHERE name LIKE 'al__';

3.group by分组
大前提：可以按照任意字段分组,但分完组后，只能查看分组的那个字段，要想取的组内的其他字段信息，需要借助函数

mysql> select depart_id,group_concat(name)  from employee group by depart_id;
+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| depart_id | group_concat(name)                                           |
+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
|         1 | egon,alex,wupeiqi,yuanhao,liwenzhou,jingliyang,jinxin,成龙   |
|         2 | 歪歪,丫丫,丁丁,星星,格格                                     |
|         3 | 张野,程咬金,程咬银,程咬铜,程咬铁                             |
+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select depart_id,count(name)  from employee group by depart_id;
+-----------+-----------+
| depart_id | count(id) |
+-----------+-----------+
|         1 |         8 |
|         2 |         5 |
|         3 |         5 |
+-----------+-----------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> select depart_id,group_concat(id)  from employee group by depart_id;
+-----------+------------------+
| depart_id | group_concat(id) |
+-----------+------------------+
|         1 | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8  |
|         2 | 9,10,11,12,13    |
|         3 | 14,15,16,17,18   |
+-----------+------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select depart_id,count(id)  from employee group by depart_id;
+-----------+-----------+
| depart_id | count(id) |
+-----------+-----------+
|         1 |         8 |
|         2 |         5 |
|         3 |         5 |
+-----------+-----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select depart_id,max(salary) from employee group by depart_id;
+-----------+-------------+
| depart_id | max(salary) |
+-----------+-------------+
|         1 |  1000000.31 |
|         2 |     4000.33 |
|         3 |    20000.00 |
+-----------+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select depart_id,min(salary) from employee group by depart_id;
+-----------+-------------+
| depart_id | min(salary) |
+-----------+-------------+
|         1 |     2100.00 |
|         2 |     1000.37 |
|         3 |    10000.13 |
+-----------+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select depart_id,sum(salary) from employee group by depart_id;
+-----------+-------------+
| depart_id | sum(salary) |
+-----------+-------------+
|         1 |  1070200.64 |
|         2 |    13001.47 |
|         3 |    84000.13 |
+-----------+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select depart_id,avg(salary) from employee group by depart_id;
+-----------+---------------+
| depart_id | avg(salary)   |
+-----------+---------------+
|         1 | 133775.080000 |
|         2 |   2600.294000 |
|         3 |  16800.026000 |
+-----------+---------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

单独使用GROUP BY关键字分组
    SELECT post FROM employee GROUP BY post;
    注意：我们按照post字段分组，那么select查询的字段只能是post，想要获取组内的其他相关信息，需要借助函数

GROUP BY关键字和GROUP_CONCAT()函数一起使用
    SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;#按照岗位分组，并查看组内成员名
    SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) as emp_members FROM employee GROUP BY post;

GROUP BY与聚合函数一起使用
    select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;#按照岗位分组，并查看每个组有多少人

强调：

如果我们用unique的字段作为分组的依据，则每一条记录自成一组，这种分组没有意义
多条记录之间的某个字段值相同，该字段通常用来作为分组的依据

#参考链接：http://www.ywnds.com/?p=8184
#分组查询的常见问题：
mysql> select id,count from tt group by id;
ERROR 1055 (42000): Expression #2 of SELECT list is not in GROUP BY clause and contains nonaggregated column 'test.tt.count' which is
not functionally dependent on columns in GROUP BY clause; this is incompatible with sql_mode=only_full_group_by

#查看MySQL 5.7默认的sql_mode如下：
mysql> select @@global.sql_mode;
ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION

#去掉ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY模式，如下操作：
mysql> set global sql_mode='STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION';

#！！！注意
ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY的语义就是确定select target list中的所有列的值都是明确语义，简单的说来，在ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY模式下，target list中的值要么是来自于聚集函数的结果，要么是来自于group by list中的表达式的值。

!!!MySQL 5.7默认ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY语义介绍