CPU Stepping
http://baike.baidu.com/view/16839.htm?fr=ala0_1_1
目 录
1步进
基本简述
定义
2检测方法
CPU-Z
S-Spec

3升级理由
处理器
晶元的重新划分
“小毛病”
制造工艺
升级好处
4权威资料
查找器
sSpec 编号



Stepping level
The term stepping level in the context of CPU architecture or integrated circuitry is a version number.
Stepping level refers to the introduction or revision of the lithographic mask or masks within the set of plates that generate the pattern that produces the CPU or integrated circuit. The term derives from the name of the equipment ("steppers") that exposes the photoresist to light.[1]
Typically, when an integrated circuit manufacturer such as Intel or AMD invests money to do a stepping (i.e. a revision to the masks), they have found bugs in the logic, have made improvements to the design that allow for faster processing, or have found a way to increase yield or improve the "bin splits" (i.e. create faster transistors and hence faster CPUs). One result of some new steppings is that the CPU design is improved such that it overclocks better than others.[1]
Many CPUs have a means of interrogating them in order to discover their stepping level. For example, on x86 CPUs executing the CPUID with the EAX register set to '1' will place values in other registers that show the CPU's stepping level.
See also[edit]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_(microarchitecture)#Steppings
Steppings[edit]
The Core microarchitecture uses a number of steppings, which unlike previous microarchitectures not only represent incremental improvements but also different sets of features like cache size and low power modes. Most of these steppings are used across brands, typically by disabling some of the features and limiting clock frequencies on low-end chips.
Steppings with a reduced cache size use a separate naming scheme, which means that the releases are no longer in alphabetic order. Additional steppings have been used in internal and engineering samples, but are not listed in the tables.
Many of the high-end Core 2 and Xeon processors use Multi-Chip Modules of two or three chips in order to get larger cache sizes or more than two cores.
Steppings using 65 nm process[edit]
| Mobile (Merom) | Desktop (Conroe) | Desktop (Kentsfield) | Server (Woodcrest,Clovertown, Tigerton) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stepping | Released | Area | CPUID | L2 cache | Max. clock | Celeron | Pentium | Core 2 | Celeron | Pentium | Core 2 | Xeon | Core 2 | Xeon | Xeon |
| B2 | Jul 2006 | 143 mm² | 06F6 | 4 MiB | 2.93 GHz | M5xx | T5000 T7000L7000 | E6000X6000 | 3000 | 5100 | |||||
| B3 | Nov 2006 | 143 mm² | 06F7 | 4 MiB | 3.00 GHz | Q6000QX6000 | 3200 | 5300 | |||||||
| L2 | Jan 2007 | 111 mm² | 06F2 | 2 MiB | 2.13 GHz | T5000 U7000 | E2000 | E4000E6000 | 3000 | ||||||
| E1 | May 2007 | 143 mm² | 06FA | 4 MiB | 2.80 GHz | M5xx | T7000 L7000X7000 | ||||||||
| G0 | Apr 2007 | 143 mm² | 06FB | 4 MiB | 3.00 GHz | M5xx | T7000 L7000X7000 | E2000 | E4000E6000 | 3000 | Q6000QX6000 | 3200 | 5100 5300 7200 7300 | ||
| G2 | Mar 2009 | 143 mm² | 06FB | 4 MiB | 2.16 GHz | M5xx | T5000 T7000L7000 | ||||||||
| M0 | Jul 2007 | 111 mm² | 06FD | 2 MiB | 2.40 GHz | 5xxT1000 | T2000T3000 | T5000 T7000U7000 | E1000 | E2000 | E4000 | ||||
| A1 | Jun 2007 | 81 mm² | 10661 | 1 MiB | 2.20 GHz | M5xx | U2000 | 220 4x0 | |||||||
Steppings B2/B3, E1 and G0 of model 15 (cpuid 06fx) processors are evolutionary steps of the standard Merom/Conroe die with 4 MiB L2 cache, with the short-lived E1 stepping only being used in mobile processors. Stepping L2 and M0 are the "Allendale" chips with just 2 MiB L2 cache, reducing production cost and power consumption for low-end processors.
The G0 and M0 steppings improve idle power consumption in C1E state and add the C2E state in desktop processors. In mobile processors, all of which support C1 through C4 idle states, steppings E1, G0, and M0 add support for the Mobile Intel 965 Express (Santa Rosa) platform with Socket P, while the earlier B2 and L2 steppings only appear for the Socket M based Mobile Intel 945 Express (Napa refresh) platform.
The model 22 stepping A1 (cpuid 10661h) marks a significant design change, with just a single core and 1 MiB L2 cache further reducing the power consumption and manufacturing cost for the low-end. Like the earlier steppings, A1 is not used with the Mobile Intel 965 Express platform.
Steppings G0, M0 and A1 mostly replaced all older steppings in 2008. In 2009, a new stepping G2 was introduced to replace the original stepping B2.[6]
Steppings using 45 nm process[edit]
| Mobile (Penryn) | Desktop (Wolfdale) | Desktop (Yorkfield) | Server (Wolfdale-DP,Harpertown,Dunnington) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stepping | Released | Area | CPUID | L2 cache | Max. clock | Celeron | Pentium | Core 2 | Celeron | Pentium | Core 2 | Xeon | Core 2 | Xeon | Xeon |
| C0 | Nov 2007 | 107 mm² | 10676 | 6 MiB | 3.00 GHz | E8000 P7000 T8000 T9000P9000 SP9000 SL9000 X9000 | E8000 | 3100 | QX9000 | 5200 5400 | |||||
| M0 | Mar 2008 | 82 mm² | 10676 | 3 MiB | 2.40 GHz | 7xx | SU3000 P7000 P8000 T8000SU9000 | E5000E2000 | E7000 | ||||||
| C1 | Mar 2008 | 107 mm² | 10677 | 6 MiB | 3.20 GHz | Q9000QX9000 | 3300 | ||||||||
| M1 | Mar 2008 | 82 mm² | 10677 | 3 MiB | 2.50 GHz | Q8000Q9000 | 3300 | ||||||||
| E0 | Aug 2008 | 107 mm² | 1067A | 6 MiB | 3.33 GHz | T9000 P9000 SP9000 SL9000Q9000 QX9000 | E8000 | 3100 | Q9000Q9000SQX9000 | 3300 | 5200 5400 | ||||
| R0 | Aug 2008 | 82 mm² | 1067A | 3 MiB | 2.93 GHz | 7xx 900SU2000T3000 | T4000SU2000SU4000 | SU3000 T6000 SU7000 P8000SU9000 | E3000 | E5000E6000 | E7000 | Q8000Q8000SQ9000Q9000S | 3300 | ||
| A1 | Sep 2008 | 503 mm² | 106D1 | 3 MiB | 2.67 GHz | 7400 | |||||||||
In the model 23 (cpuid 01067xh), Intel started marketing stepping with full (6 MiB) and reduced (3 MiB) L2 cache at the same time, and giving them identical cpuid values. All steppings have the new SSE4.1 instructions. Stepping C1/M1 was a bug fix version of C0/M0 specifically for quad core processors and only used in those. Stepping E0/R0 adds two new instructions (XSAVE/XRSTOR) and replaces all earlier steppings.
In mobile processors, stepping C0/M0 is only used in the Intel Mobile 965 Express (Santa Rosa refresh) platform, whereas stepping E0/R0 supports the later Intel Mobile 4 Express (Montevina) platform.
Model 30 stepping A1 (cpuid 106d1h) adds an L3 cache as well as six instead of the usual two cores, which leads to an unusually large die size of 503 mm².[7] As of February 2008, it has only found its way into the very high-end Xeon 7400 series (Dunnington).
CPU Stepping的更多相关文章
- [Mac] 获取cpu信息
[Mac] 获取cpu信息 命令行获取cpu信息 sysctl machdep.cpu output like machdep.cpu.tsc_ccc.denominator: 0 machdep.c ...
- gem5 运行x86全系统仿真
使用gem5可以启动Linux内核,称为全系统模拟,启动之后,可以通过telent连接,进行访问,但四telent有时不稳定,gem5推荐使用m5term进行连接访问,整个步骤如下: (1)打开终端, ...
- C语言调用Intel处理器CPUID指令的实例
C语言调用Intel处理器CPUID指令的实例 来源 https://blog.csdn.net/subfate/article/details/50789905 在Linux环境下,使用C语言内嵌汇 ...
- 查看cpu的信息cat /proc/cpuinfo
cat /proc/cpuinfo processor : vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : model : model name : Intel(R) Co ...
- [转载] linux 下查看机器cpu是几核的
linux 下查看机器cpu是几核的 本文转自”映月的博客“:http://wurhuangfeng.blog.163.com/blog/static/35178241201111235829116/ ...
- Linux下如何查看高CPU占用率线程
转于:http://www.cnblogs.com/lidabo/p/4738113.html 目录(?)[-] proc文件系统 proccpuinfo文件 procstat文件 procpidst ...
- 如何用Linux的命令正确识别cpu的个数和核数【转】
判断依据: 1.具有相同core id的cpu是同一个core的超线程. 2.具有相同physical id的cpu是同一颗cpu封装的线程或者cores. 英文版: 1.Physical id an ...
- CPU informition
tar jxvf util-linux-ng-2.18.bz2cd util-linux-ng-2.18/./configure --enable-arch --enable-partx --enab ...
- Linux平台Cpu使用率的计算
proc文件系统 /proc文件系统是一个伪文件系统,它只存在内存当中,而不占用外存空间.它以文件系统的方式为内核与进程提供通信的接口.用户和应用程序可以通过/proc得到系统的信息,并可以改变内核的 ...
随机推荐
- 模板<最小生成树>
转载 最小生成树浅谈 这里介绍最小生成树的两种方法:Prim和Kruskal. 两者区别:Prim在稠密图中比Kruskal优,在稀疏图中比Kruskal劣.Prim是以更新过的节点的连边找最小值,K ...
- Spark——为数据分析处理提供更为灵活的赋能
本文来自网易云社区 作者:王佳楠 一.概述 现如今在大规模数据处理分析的技术领域中,Hadoop及其生态内的各功能组件占据了绝对的统治地位.Hadoop原生的MapReduce计算框架由于任务抽象简单 ...
- 解决wordpress部分博客文章页面无法显示的问题
搭建完wordpress,试着写了一篇博客.文章发布后,首页已经能显示出文章的标题,但是点进去后却提示该页无法显示. 百度一番,先后尝试网上的修改apache配置等方法后依然无效.折腾到最后无意间发现 ...
- HDU 4280 Island Transport
Island Transport Time Limit: 10000ms Memory Limit: 65536KB This problem will be judged on HDU. Origi ...
- 4C. Stars
4C. Stars Time Limit: 2000ms Case Time Limit: 2000ms Memory Limit: 65536KB 64-bit integer IO forma ...
- Convolution Fundamental II
Practical Advice Using Open-Source Implementation We have learned a lot of NNs and ConvNets architec ...
- numpy array_split()
numpy.array_split(ary, indices_or_sections, axis=0)[source] Split an array into multiple sub-arrays. ...
- SPOJ - ADAFIELD ,Set+map,STL不会超时!
ADAFIELD - Ada and Field 这个题,如果用一个字来形容的话:-----------------------------------------------嗯! 题意:n*m的空白 ...
- HDU-1532 Drainage Ditches,人生第一道网络流!
Drainage Ditches 自己拉的专题里面没有这题,网上找博客学习网络流的时候看到闯亮学长的博客然后看到这个网络流入门题!随手一敲WA了几发看讨论区才发现坑点! 本题采用的是Edmonds-K ...
- hdu6058[链表维护] 2017多校3
用一个双向链表来查找比当前元素大的前k-1个元素和后k-1个元素 ,从小到大枚举x,算完x的贡献后将x从链表中删除,优化到O(nk). /*hdu6058[链表维护] 2017多效3*/ #inclu ...