MySQL单表查询实例

数据表准备

​```mysql
create table emp(
  id int not null unique auto_increment,
  name varchar(20) not null,
  sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
  age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
  hire_date date not null,
  post varchar(50),
  post_comment varchar(100),
  salary double(15,2),
  office int, #一个部门一个屋子
  depart_id int
);

#插入记录
#三个部门：教学，销售，运营
insert into emp(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
('jason','male',18,'20170301','teacher',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
('egon','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
('kevin','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
('tank','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
('owen','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
('jerry','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
('nick','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
('sean','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),

('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),

('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
;

查询语句的执行顺序

先看一个简单的语句

select id,name from emp where id >= 3 and id <= 6;

这个表的查询语句的执行顺序是什么呢？

MySQL 从 from 后面的表名中去寻找当前数据库中有没有这个表，如果存在 去 where 后面的条件中定位一条或几条数据，将数据教给 select 去筛选其中的字段。

where约束条件

常见的查询

查询id大于等于3小于等于6的数据

select id,name from emp where id >= 3 and id <= 6;
select *  from emp where id between 3 and 6;

查询id大于等于3小于等于6的数据

select * from emp where salary = 20000 or salary = 18000 or salary = 17000;
select * from emp where salary in (20000,18000,17000);

查询员工姓名中包含o字母的员工姓名和薪资（模糊查询）

select name,salary from emp where name like '%o%';

查询员工姓名是由四个字符组成的员工姓名与其薪资

select name,salary from emp where name like '____'; # _ 代表一个字符
select name,salary from emp where char_length(name) = 4;

查询id小于3或者大于6的数据

select *  from emp where id not between 3 and 6;

查询薪资不在20000，18000，17000范围的数据

select * from emp where salary not in (20000,18000,17000);

查询岗位描述为空的员工名与岗位名 针对null不能用等号，只能用is

select name,post from emp where post_comment is NULL;
select name,post from emp where post_comment is not NULL;

GroupBy查询（分组查询）

按部门分组

select * from emp group by post;  # 分组后取出的是每个组的第一条数据

设置sql_mode为only_full_group_by，意味着以后但凡分组，只能取到分组的依据，不应该在去取组里面的单个元素的值，那样的话分组就没有意义了，因为不分组就是对单个元素信息的随意获取

在mysql客户端输入下面命令，并重新连接

set global sql_mode="strict_trans_tables,only_full_group_by";

select id,name,sex from emp group by post;  # 报错
select post from emp group by post;  # 获取部门信息

获取每个部门的最高工资

以组为单位统计组内数据>>>聚合查询(聚集到一起合成为一个结果)

# 每个部门的最高工资
select post,max(salary) from emp group by post;
# 每个部门的最低工资
select post,min(salary) from emp group by post;
# 每个部门的平均工资
select post,avg(salary) from emp group by post;
# 每个部门的工资总和
select post,sum(salary) from emp group by post;
# 每个部门的人数
select post,count(id) from emp group by post;

查询分组之后的部门名称和每个部门下所有的学生姓名

group_concat（分组之后用）不仅可以用来显示除分组外字段还有拼接字符串的作用

select post,group_concat(name) from emp group by post;
mysql> select post,group_concat(name) from emp group by post;
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+
| post      | group_concat(name)                             |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+
| operation | 张野,程咬金,程咬银,程咬铜,程咬铁               |
| sale      | 歪歪,丫丫,丁丁,星星,格格                       |
| teacher   | jason,egon,kevin,tank,owen,jerry,nick,sean     |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+

select post,group_concat(name,": ",salary) from emp group by post;
+-----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| post      | group_concat(name,": ",salary)
           |
+-----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| operation | 张野: 10000.13,程咬金: 20000.00,程咬银: 19000.00,程咬铜: 18000.00,程咬铁: 17000.00
           |
| sale      | 歪歪: 3000.13,丫丫: 2000.35,丁丁: 1000.37,星星: 3000.29,格格: 4000.33
           |
| teacher   | jason: 7300.33,egon: 1000000.31,kevin: 8300.00,tank: 3500.00,owen: 2100.00,jerry: 9000.00,nick: 30000.00,sean: 10000.00 |
+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

select post,group_concat(salary) from emp group by post;

mysql> select post,group_concat(salary) from emp group by post;
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| post      | group_concat(salary)                                                 |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| operation | 10000.13,20000.00,19000.00,18000.00,17000.00                         |
| sale      | 3000.13,2000.35,1000.37,3000.29,4000.33                              |
| teacher   | 7300.33,1000000.31,8300.00,3500.00,2100.00,9000.00,30000.00,10000.00 |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

⚠️ 注意

关键字where group by同时出现的情况下，group by必须在where之后 , where先对整张表进行一次筛选，如何group by再对筛选过后的表进行分组

having

having的语法格式与where一致，只不过having是在分组之后进行的过滤，即where虽然不能用聚合函数，但是having可以！

统计各部门年龄在30岁以上的员工平均工资，并且保留平均工资大于10000的部门

select post,avg(salary) from emp
        where age >= 30
        group by post
        having avg(salary) > 10000;

⚠️having必须在group by后面使用不然会报错

select * from emp having avg(salary) > 10000;

distinct

对有重复的展示数据进行去重操作

select distinct post from emp;

order by

select * from emp order by salary asc; #默认升序排
select * from emp order by salary desc; #降序排

先按照age降序排，在年轻相同的情况下再按照薪资升序排

select * from emp order by age desc,salary asc;

统计各部门年龄在10岁以上的员工平均工资，并且保留平均工资大于1000的部门，然后对平均工资进行排序

select post,avg(salary) from emp
    where age > 10
    group by post
    having avg(salary) > 1000
    order by avg(salary)
    ;

limit

# 限制展示条数
select * from emp limit 3;
# 查询工资最高的人的详细信息
select * from emp order by salary desc limit 1;

# 分页显示
select * from emp limit 0,5;  # 第一个参数表示起始位置，第二个参数表示的是条数，不是索引位置
select * from emp limit 5,5;

正则

MySQL对正则表达式的支持只有一部分，当你常用的正则表达语句匹配不出相应的结果的时候还请注意一下。

select * from emp where name regexp '^j.*(n|y)$';