E - Apple Tree(树状数组+DFS序）

There is an apple tree outside of kaka's house. Every autumn, a lot of apples will grow in the tree. Kaka likes apple very much, so he has been carefully nurturing the big apple tree.

The tree has N forks which are connected by branches. Kaka numbers the forks by 1 to N and the root is always numbered by 1. Apples will grow on the forks and two apple won't grow on the same fork. kaka wants to know how many apples are there in a sub-tree, for his study of the produce ability of the apple tree.

The trouble is that a new apple may grow on an empty fork some time and kaka may pick an apple from the tree for his dessert. Can you help kaka?

Input

The first line contains an integer N (N ≤ 100,000) , which is the number of the forks in the tree.
The following N - 1 lines each contain two integers u and v, which means fork u and fork v are connected by a branch.
The next line contains an integer M (M ≤ 100,000).
The following M lines each contain a message which is either
"C x" which means the existence of the apple on fork x has been changed. i.e. if there is an apple on the fork, then Kaka pick it; otherwise a new apple has grown on the empty fork.
or
"Q x" which means an inquiry for the number of apples in the sub-tree above the fork x, including the apple (if exists) on the fork x
Note the tree is full of apples at the beginning

Output

For every inquiry, output the correspond answer per line.

Sample Input

3
1 2
1 3
3
Q 1
C 2
Q 1

Sample Output

3
2

题解：题目有两种操作：1.更改某节点值(1~0变换)。2.询问某节点和其所有子节点所有权值之和。
我们可以从1开始进行DFS重新编号，对于每一个原来的节点，记录下这个节点的编号Start[i]和子节点中最大编号End[i],这样我们查询一个节点和其所有字节点的权值之和时，便可运用树状数组的求法：
sum[End[i]]-sum(Start[i]-1).

#include<iostream>
#include<cstring>
#include<vector>
#include<string>
#include<stdio.h>
using namespace std;
typedef long long ll;
int lowbit(int x){return x&-x;}
const int maxn=;
int n,c[maxn];
void update(int x,int v)
{
    for(int i=x;i<=n;i+=lowbit(i))
        c[i]+=v;
}
int sum(int x)
{
    int ans=;
    for(int i=x;i>=;i-=lowbit(i))
        ans+=c[i];
    return ans;
}
struct node
{
    int v,next;
}e[maxn*];
int cnt=;
int head[maxn];
void add(int u,int v){
    e[cnt].v=v;
    e[cnt].next=head[u];
    head[u]=cnt++;
}
int tot=;
int Start[maxn],End[maxn];
int viss[maxn];
void DFS(int x)
{
    Start[x]=++tot;
    for(int i=head[x];i!=-;i=e[i].next){
        DFS(e[i].v);
    }
    End[x]=tot;
}
int main()
{
    memset(head,-,sizeof(head));
    scanf("%d",&n);
    for(int i=;i<=n-;i++){
        int u,v;
        scanf("%d%d",&u,&v);
        add(u,v);
    }
    DFS();
    memset(viss,,sizeof(viss));
    for(int i=;i<=n;i++)c[i]=lowbit(i);
    int q;
    scanf("%d",&q);
    while(q--){
        char s[];
        int x;
        scanf("%s%d",s,&x);
        if(s[]=='Q'){
            printf("%d\n",sum(End[x])-sum(Start[x]-));
        }
        else{
            if(!viss[x]){
                viss[x]=;
                update(Start[x],);
            }
            else{
                viss[x]=;
                update(Start[x],-);
            }
        }
    }
    return ;
}