Fdisk 分区详解

Fdisk 分区详解

来源 http://blog.itpub.net/20674423/viewspace-722812/

1、             通过Fdisk查看系统分区详细信息：

Fdisk –l   详解：

[root@jetsenLin ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

注释：这个硬盘的大小是10.7GB，有255个磁面，63个扇区，1305磁柱(cylinders)

每个 cylinder（磁柱）的容量是 8225280 bytes=8225.280 K（约为）=8.225280M（约为）；

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/sda1   *           1          13      104391   83  Linux

/dev/sda2              14        1305    10377990   8e  Linux LVM

id和System 表示的是一个意思，id看起来不太直观，我们要在fdisk 一个分区时，通过指定id来确认分区类型；比如 7表示的就NTFS 分区；这个在fdisk 中要通过t功能来指定。下面的部分会提到；

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table

说明： 硬盘分区的表示：在Linux 是通过hd*x 或 sd*x 表示的：

其中 * 表示的是a、b、c ... ...

另外 x 表示的数字 1、2、3 ... ...

hd大多是IDE硬盘；sd大多是SCSI或移动存储； 引导（Boot）：表示引导分区，在上面的例子中 sda1 是引导分区；

Start （开始）：表示的一个分区从X cylinder（磁柱）开始；

End （结束）：表示一个分区到 Y cylinder（磁柱）结束；

2、             学会使用fdisk帮助功能：

[root@jetsenLin ~]# fdisk /dev/sda

The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 1305.

There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,

and could in certain setups cause problems with:

1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)

2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs

(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Command (m for help): m      ---输出帮助信息

Command action

a   toggle a bootable flag  ---设置启动分区

b   edit bsd disklabel      ---编辑分区标签

c   toggle the dos compatibility flag

d   delete a partition        --删除一个分区

l   list known partition types  --列出分区类型

m   print this menu         --帮助

n   add a new partition      --建立一个新的分区

o   create a new empty DOS partition table   --创建一个新的空白DOS分区表

p   print the partition table                ---打印分区表

q   quit without saving changes            ---退出不保存设置

s   create a new empty Sun disklabel        ---

t   change a partition's system id           ---改变分区的ID

u   change display/entry units             ---改变显示的单位

v   verify the partition table               ---检查验证分区表

w   write table to disk and exit             ---保存分区表

x   extra functionality (experts only)

Command (m for help):

3、             通过Fdisk对磁盘分区进行操作：

Fdisk 创建分区：

[root@jetsenLin ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb

Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel

Building a new DOS disklabel. Changes will remain in memory only,

until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous

content won't be recoverable.

The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 2610.

There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,

and could in certain setups cause problems with:

1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)

2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs

(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

Command (m for help): n          ---输入m会有帮助信息出来，输入n不打印帮助信息

Command action

e   extended

p   primary partition (1-4)      ---指定分区类型  e为扩展分区   p为主分区

p

Partition number (1-4): 1           ---定义分区数量   --主分区最多只能有四个

First cylinder (1-2610, default 1): 1   ---设定起始分区的位置

Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-2610, default 2610):

Using default value 2610            ---设定结束分区的位置

Command (m for help): w           ---保存刚才的配置信息。

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

[root@jetsenLin ~]#

 Fdisk 删除分区：

[root@jetsenLin ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb

The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 2610.

There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,

and could in certain setups cause problems with:

1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)

2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs

(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Command (m for help): d      ---d 是代表删除，并且会列出当前磁盘的分区数。

Selected partition 1

Command (m for help): p      ----p 是代表删除后，显示磁盘还有几个剩余的分区。

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System    ----已经没有分区了

Command (m for help): w                  ----保存刚才的操作并且生效

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.

The kernel still uses the old table.

The new table will be used at the next reboot.

这里报了一错误，分区表正在使用，删除再下次启动生效

Syncing disks.        ---同步新的磁盘信息

[root@jetsenLin ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

通过fdisk 命令来创建一指定大小的分区并增加一个分区

Fdisk n

创建分区:

[root@jetsenLin ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb

The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 2610.

There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,

and could in certain setups cause problems with:

1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)

2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs

(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Command (m for help): n            ---创建分区

Command action

e   extended

p   primary partition (1-4)      --指定分区类型为主分区

p

Partition number (1-4): 1           --指定其实分区号

First cylinder (1-2610, default 1): 1   --指定起始柱面号

Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-2610, default 2610): 1024 ---指定终止柱面号

Command (m for help): w            ---保存分区配置信息

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.

The kernel still uses the old table.

The new table will be used at the next reboot.

Syncing disks.

增加分区:

[root@jetsenLin ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb      -----增加分区

The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 2610.

There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,

and could in certain setups cause problems with:

1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)

2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs

(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Command (m for help): n       ---分区类型

Command action

e   extended

p   primary partition (1-4)    ---还是指定主分区

p

Partition number (1-4): 1          ---分区号，我指定1。

Partition 1 is already defined.  Delete it before re-adding it.

–提示分区号1已经存在，删除后操作

Command (m for help): n          --我们重新创建分区

Command action

e   extended

p   primary partition (1-4)     --指定分区类型

p

Partition number (1-4): 2          ---因为分区1已经存在，所以我们指定分区2，可通过。

First cylinder (1025-2610, default 1025):       ---指定起始礠柱号，默认是上一分区后一号。

Using default value 1025

Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1025-2610, default 2610): 2000   --指定终止礠柱号。

Command (m for help): w                   ---保存分区配置

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.

The kernel still uses the old table.

The new table will be used at the next reboot.

Syncing disks.

[root@jetsenLin ~]#

通过fdisk 命令来来修改现有分区类型

Fdisk 通过t参数来指定

查看分区类型

[root@jetsenLin ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb   查看分区信息，类型是Linux，id是83

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/sdb1               1        1024     8225248+  83  Linux

/dev/sdb2            1025        2000     7839720   83  Linux

修改分区类型

[root@jetsenLin ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb

The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 2610.

There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,

and could in certain setups cause problems with:

1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)

2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs

(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Command (m for help): t                              ---进入修改分区类型

Partition number (1-4): 1                              ---指定需要修改的分区号

Hex code (type L to list codes): 6                        ---指定分区号为6，也就是FAT16

注意：查看分区类型的代码，在这里可以输入L查看就可以了

Changed system type of partition 1 to 6 (FAT16)

Command (m for help): w                              ---保存

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.

The kernel still uses the old table.

The new table will be used at the next reboot.

WARNING: If you have created or modified any DOS 6.x

partitions, please see the fdisk manual page for additional

information.

Syncing disks.

[root@jetsenLin ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb        ---我们看到已经FAT16，并且ID也改成6了。

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/sdb1               1        1024     8225248+   6  FAT16

/dev/sdb2            1025        2000     7839720   83  Linux

[root@jetsenLin ~]#

4、             对分区进行格式化及加载：

对分区进行格式化的命令如下等，mkfs后面所接的代表的是将要格式化成的文件系统类型：

mkfs.bfs

mkfs.ext2

mkfs.ext3

mkfs.jfs

mkfs.msdos

mkfs.vfat

mkfs.cramfs

mkfs.minix

mkfs.reiserfs

mkfs.xfs

格式化分区：

[root@jetsenLin ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1          ---格式化分区类型为ext4

mke4fs 1.41.5 (23-Apr-2009)

Filesystem label=                  ---我们没有指定卷标，就没有

OS type: Linux                    ---操作系统类型

Block size=4096 (log=2)             --单个块的大小

Fragment size=4096 (log=2)          --片大小

1310720 inodes, 5241198 blocks

262059 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=0

Maximum filesystem blocks=0

160 block groups

32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

8192 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,

4096000

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (32768 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 27 mounts or

180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune4fs -c or -i to override.

挂载磁盘：（临时挂载）

[root@jetsenLin ~]# mkdir /data             --创建挂载目录点

[root@jetsenLin ~]# mount  /dev/sdb1 /data  --将/dev/sdb1 挂载到/data

验证是否成功挂载

[root@jetsenLin ~]# df -h

Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00

7.7G  3.1G  4.2G  43% /

/dev/sda1              99M   12M   82M  13% /boot

tmpfs                 506M     0  506M   0% /dev/shm

/dev/sdb1              20G   16K   20G   1% /data     --我们看到已经成功挂载了。

[root@jetsenLin ~]#

挂载磁盘：（永久挂载）

   通过vi编辑器编辑/etc/fstab文件，内容如下，（红色部分是刚添加上去的）：

挂载路径              挂载的分区          文件系统  挂载参数     是否要备份   自检顺序

/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 /                       ext3    defaults        1 1

LABEL=/boot             /boot                   ext3    defaults        1 2

tmpfs                   /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0

devpts                  /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0

sysfs                   /sys                    sysfs   defaults        0 0

proc                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0

/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol01 swap                    swap    defaults        0 0

/data                   /dev/sdb1                ext4    default         0 0

第四列挂载参数：通过查看man mount 来查看

第五列是否要备份：（0为不备份，1为要备份， 一般情况下不用做备份）

第六列自检程序  （0为不自检，1或2为要自检，如果是根分区要设置1，其它分区只能是2）

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