python 自然语言处理（四）____词典资源

词典或者词典资源是一个词和/或短语及其相关信息的集合，例如：词性和词意定义等相关信息。词典资源附属于文本，而且通常在文本的基础上创建和丰富。下面列举几种nltk中的词典资源。

1. 词汇列表语料库

nltk中包括了一些仅仅包含词汇列表的语料库。词汇语料库是UNIX中的/usr/dict/words文件，被一些拼写检查程序所使用。我们可以用它来寻找文本语料中不常见的或拼写错误的词汇。

1)过滤词汇

 >>> def unusual_words(text):
 ...     text_vocab=set(w.lower() for w in text if w.isalpha())
 ...     english_vocab=set(w.lower() for w in nltk.corpus.words.words())
 ...     unusual=text_vocab.difference(english_vocab)
 ...     return sorted(unusual)
 ...
 >>> dif1=unusual_words(nltk.corpus.gutenberg.words('austen-sense.txt'))
 >>> dif1[:20]
 ['abbeyland', 'abhorred', 'abilities', 'abounded', 'abridgement', 'abused', 'abu
 ses', 'accents', 'accepting', 'accommodations', 'accompanied', 'accounted', 'acc
 ounts', 'accustomary', 'aches', 'acknowledging', 'acknowledgment', 'acknowledgme
 nts', 'acquaintances', 'acquiesced']
 >>> dif2=unusual_words(nltk.corpus.nps_chat.words())
 >>> dif2[:20]
 ['aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa', 'aaahhhh', 'abortions', 'abou', 'abourted', 'abs', 'ack',
 'acros', 'actualy', 'adams', 'adds', 'adduser', 'adjusts', 'adoted', 'adreniline
 ', 'ads', 'adults', 'afe', 'affairs', 'affari']
 >>>

其中，dict1.difference(dict2)表示dict1-dict2,即dict1中所有不属于dict2的词。

2. 停用词语料库

该语料库包括的是高频词汇，如：the, to 和 and， 有时在进一步进行处理之前需要将他们从文档中过滤。停用词通常没有什么词汇内容，而它们的出现会使区分文本变得困难。

1）nltk中的常用词库：

 >>> from nltk.corpus import stopwords
 >>> stopwords.words('english')
 ['i', 'me', 'my', 'myself', 'we', 'our', 'ours', 'ourselves', 'you', 'your', 'yo
 urs', 'yourself', 'yourselves', 'he', 'him', 'his', 'himself', 'she', 'her', 'he
 rs', 'herself', 'it', 'its', 'itself', 'they', 'them', 'their', 'theirs', 'thems
 elves', 'what', 'which', 'who', 'whom', 'this', 'that', 'these', 'those', 'am',
 'is', 'are', 'was', 'were', 'be', 'been', 'being', 'have', 'has', 'had', 'having
 ', 'do', 'does', 'did', 'doing', 'a', 'an', 'the', 'and', 'but', 'if', 'or', 'be
 cause', 'as', 'until', 'while', 'of', 'at', 'by', 'for', 'with', 'about', 'again
 st', 'between', 'into', 'through', 'during', 'before', 'after', 'above', 'below'
 , 'to', 'from', 'up', 'down', 'in', 'out', 'on', 'off', 'over', 'under', 'again'
 , 'further', 'then', 'once', 'here', 'there', 'when', 'where', 'why', 'how', 'al
 l', 'any', 'both', 'each', 'few', 'more', 'most', 'other', 'some', 'such', 'no',
  'nor', 'not', 'only', 'own', 'same', 'so', 'than', 'too', 'very', 's', 't', 'ca
 n', 'will', 'just', 'don', 'should', 'now', 'd', 'll', 'm', 'o', 're', 've', 'y'
 , 'ain', 'aren', 'couldn', 'didn', 'doesn', 'hadn', 'hasn', 'haven', 'isn', 'ma'
 , 'mightn', 'mustn', 'needn', 'shan', 'shouldn', 'wasn', 'weren', 'won', 'wouldn
 ']
 >>>

2）过滤停用词列表

 >>>
 >>> def content_fraction(text):
 ...     stopwords=nltk.corpus.stopwords.words('english')
 ...     content=[w for w in text if w.lower() not in stopwords]
 ...     print (content[:50])
 ...     return len(content)/len(text)
 ...
 >>> content_fraction(nltk.corpus.reuters.words())
 ['ASIAN', 'EXPORTERS', 'FEAR', 'DAMAGE', 'U', '.', '.-', 'JAPAN', 'RIFT', 'Mount
 ing', 'trade', 'friction', 'U', '.', '.', 'Japan', 'raised', 'fears', 'among', '
 many', 'Asia', "'", 'exporting', 'nations', 'row', 'could', 'inflict', 'far', '-
 ', 'reaching', 'economic', 'damage', ',', 'businessmen', 'officials', 'said', '.
 ', 'told', 'Reuter', 'correspondents', 'Asian', 'capitals', 'U', '.', '.', 'Move
 ', 'Japan', 'might', 'boost', 'protectionist']
 0.735240435097661
 >>>

词汇列表对解决类似词谜问题很有用。运行程序遍历每一个词，检查每一个词是否符合条件。

3. 名字语料库

该语料库包括8000个按性别分类的名字。男性和女性的名字存储在单独的文件中。

1）以下实例实现功能：找出同时出现在两个文件中的名字即分辨不出性别的名字

 >>> names=nltk.corpus.names
 >>> names.fileids()
 ['female.txt', 'male.txt']
 >>> male_name=names.words('male.txt')
 >>> female_name=names.words('female.txt')
 >>> [w for w in male_name if w in female_name]
 ['Abbey', 'Abbie', 'Abby', 'Addie', 'Adrian', 'Adrien', 'Ajay', 'Alex', 'Alexis'
 , 'Alfie', 'Ali', 'Alix', 'Allie', 'Allyn', 'Andie', 'Andrea', 'Andy', 'Angel',
 'Angie', 'Ariel', 'Ashley', 'Aubrey', 'Augustine', 'Austin', 'Averil', 'Barrie',
  'Barry', 'Beau', 'Bennie', 'Benny', 'Bernie', 'Bert', 'Bertie', 'Bill', 'Billie
 ', 'Billy', 'Blair', 'Blake', 'Bo', 'Bobbie', 'Bobby', 'Brandy', 'Brett', 'Britt
 ', 'Brook', 'Brooke', 'Brooks', 'Bryn', 'Cal', 'Cam', 'Cammy', 'Carey', 'Carlie'
 , 'Carlin', 'Carmine', 'Carroll', 'Cary', 'Caryl', 'Casey', 'Cass', 'Cat', 'Ceci
 l', 'Chad', 'Chris', 'Chrissy', 'Christian', 'Christie', 'Christy', 'Clair', 'Cl
 aire', 'Clare', 'Claude', 'Clem', 'Clemmie', 'Cody', 'Connie', 'Constantine', 'C
 orey', 'Corrie', 'Cory', 'Courtney', 'Cris', 'Daffy', 'Dale', 'Dallas', 'Dana',
 'Dani', 'Daniel', 'Dannie', 'Danny', 'Darby', 'Darcy', 'Darryl', 'Daryl', 'Deane
 ', 'Del', 'Dell', 'Demetris', 'Dennie', 'Denny', 'Devin', 'Devon', 'Dion', 'Dion
 is', 'Dominique', 'Donnie', 'Donny', 'Dorian', 'Dory', 'Drew', 'Eddie', 'Eddy',
 'Edie', 'Elisha', 'Emmy', 'Erin', 'Esme', 'Evelyn', 'Felice', 'Fran', 'Francis',
  'Frank', 'Frankie', 'Franky', 'Fred', 'Freddie', 'Freddy', 'Gabriel', 'Gabriell
 ', 'Gail', 'Gale', 'Gay', 'Gayle', 'Gene', 'George', 'Georgia', 'Georgie', 'Geri
 ', 'Germaine', 'Gerri', 'Gerry', 'Gill', 'Ginger', 'Glen', 'Glenn', 'Grace', 'Gr
 etchen', 'Gus', 'Haleigh', 'Haley', 'Hannibal', 'Harley', 'Hazel', 'Heath', 'Hen
 rie', 'Hilary', 'Hillary', 'Holly', 'Ike', 'Ikey', 'Ira', 'Isa', 'Isador', 'Isad
 ore', 'Jackie', 'Jaime', 'Jamie', 'Jan', 'Jean', 'Jere', 'Jermaine', 'Jerrie', '
 Jerry', 'Jess', 'Jesse', 'Jessie', 'Jo', 'Jodi', 'Jodie', 'Jody', 'Joey', 'Jorda
 n', 'Juanita', 'Jude', 'Judith', 'Judy', 'Julie', 'Justin', 'Karel', 'Kellen', '
 Kelley', 'Kelly', 'Kelsey', 'Kerry', 'Kim', 'Kip', 'Kirby', 'Kit', 'Kris', 'Kyle
 ', 'Lane', 'Lanny', 'Lauren', 'Laurie', 'Lee', 'Leigh', 'Leland', 'Lesley', 'Les
 lie', 'Lin', 'Lind', 'Lindsay', 'Lindsey', 'Lindy', 'Lonnie', 'Loren', 'Lorne',
 'Lorrie', 'Lou', 'Luce', 'Lyn', 'Lynn', 'Maddie', 'Maddy', 'Marietta', 'Marion',
  'Marlo', 'Martie', 'Marty', 'Mattie', 'Matty', 'Maurise', 'Max', 'Maxie', 'Mead
 ', 'Meade', 'Mel', 'Meredith', 'Merle', 'Merrill', 'Merry', 'Meryl', 'Michal', '
 Michel', 'Michele', 'Mickie', 'Micky', 'Millicent', 'Morgan', 'Morlee', 'Muffin'
 , 'Nat', 'Nichole', 'Nickie', 'Nicky', 'Niki', 'Nikki', 'Noel', 'Ollie', 'Page',
  'Paige', 'Pat', 'Patrice', 'Patsy', 'Pattie', 'Patty', 'Pen', 'Pennie', 'Penny'
 , 'Perry', 'Phil', 'Pooh', 'Quentin', 'Quinn', 'Randi', 'Randie', 'Randy', 'Ray'
 , 'Regan', 'Reggie', 'Rene', 'Rey', 'Ricki', 'Rickie', 'Ricky', 'Rikki', 'Robbie
 ', 'Robin', 'Ronnie', 'Ronny', 'Rory', 'Ruby', 'Sal', 'Sam', 'Sammy', 'Sandy', '
 Sascha', 'Sasha', 'Saundra', 'Sayre', 'Scotty', 'Sean', 'Shaine', 'Shane', 'Shan
 non', 'Shaun', 'Shawn', 'Shay', 'Shayne', 'Shea', 'Shelby', 'Shell', 'Shelley',
 'Sibyl', 'Simone', 'Sonnie', 'Sonny', 'Stacy', 'Sunny', 'Sydney', 'Tabbie', 'Tab
 by', 'Tallie', 'Tally', 'Tammie', 'Tammy', 'Tate', 'Ted', 'Teddie', 'Teddy', 'Te
 rri', 'Terry', 'Theo', 'Tim', 'Timmie', 'Timmy', 'Tobe', 'Tobie', 'Toby', 'Tommi
 e', 'Tommy', 'Tony', 'Torey', 'Trace', 'Tracey', 'Tracie', 'Tracy', 'Val', 'Vale
 ', 'Valentine', 'Van', 'Vin', 'Vinnie', 'Vinny', 'Virgie', 'Wallie', 'Wallis', '
 Wally', 'Whitney', 'Willi', 'Willie', 'Willy', 'Winnie', 'Winny', 'Wynn']
 >>>

2）研究男性和女性名字的结尾字母

 >>> cfd=nltk.ConditionalFreqDist(
 ... (fileid, name[-1])
 ... for fileid in names.fileids()
 ... for name in names.words(fileid))
 >>> cfd.tabulate()
                    a    b    c    d    e    f    g    h    i    j    k    l    m    n    o    p    r    s    t    u    v    w    x    y    z

 female.txt    1 1773    9    0   39 1432    2   10  105  317    1    3  179   13  386   33    2   47   93   68    6    2    5   10  461    4

   male.txt    0   29   21   25  228  468   25   32   93   50    3   69  187   70  478  165   18  190  230  164   12   16   17   10  332   11
 >>> cfd.plot()
 >>>
 >>>

显然，大多数以a, e, 或 i 结尾的名字是女性；以h 和 l 结尾的名字男性和女性同样多。

4.表格词典

表格（或电子表格）是一种略微丰富的词典资源，在每一行中含有一个词及其一些性质。nltk中包括美国英语的CMU发音词典。

1）发音的词典

CMU发音词典是为语音合成器而设计的。

 >>>
 >>> entries=nltk.corpus.cmudict.entries()
 >>> len(entries)
 133737
 >>> for entry in entries[39943:39951]:
 ...     print (entry)
 ...
 ('explorer', ['IH0', 'K', 'S', 'P', 'L', 'AO1', 'R', 'ER0'])
 ('explorers', ['IH0', 'K', 'S', 'P', 'L', 'AO1', 'R', 'ER0', 'Z'])
 ('explores', ['IH0', 'K', 'S', 'P', 'L', 'AO1', 'R', 'Z'])
 ('exploring', ['IH0', 'K', 'S', 'P', 'L', 'AO1', 'R', 'IH0', 'NG'])
 ('explosion', ['IH0', 'K', 'S', 'P', 'L', 'OW1', 'ZH', 'AH0', 'N'])
 ('explosions', ['IH0', 'K', 'S', 'P', 'L', 'OW1', 'ZH', 'AH0', 'N', 'Z'])
 ('explosive', ['IH0', 'K', 'S', 'P', 'L', 'OW1', 'S', 'IH0', 'V'])
 ('explosively', ['EH2', 'K', 'S', 'P', 'L', 'OW1', 'S', 'IH0', 'V', 'L', 'IY0'])
 >>>

对任意一个词，词典资源都有语音的代码——不同的声音有着不同的标签——称做音素。CMU发音词典中的符号是从Arpabet来的。

2）比较词典

表格词典的另一个例子是比较词典。nltk中包含了所谓的斯瓦迪士核心词列表（Swadesh wordlists）, 包括几种语言的约200个常用词的列表。语言标识符使用ISO639双字母码。

 >>> from nltk.corpus import swadesh
 >>> swadesh.fileids()
 ['be', 'bg', 'bs', 'ca', 'cs', 'cu', 'de', 'en', 'es', 'fr', 'hr', 'it', 'la', 'mk', 'nl', 'pl', 'pt', 'ro', 'ru', 'sk', 'sl', 'sr', 'sw', '
 uk']
 >>> swadesh.words('en')
 ['I', 'you (singular), thou', 'he', 'we', 'you (plural)', 'they', 'this', 'that', 'here', 'there', 'who', 'what', 'where', 'when', 'how', 'n
 ot', 'all', 'many', 'some', 'few', 'other', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five', 'big', 'long', 'wide', 'thick', 'heavy', 'small', 'short'
 , 'narrow', 'thin', 'woman', 'man (adult male)', 'man (human being)', 'child', 'wife', 'husband', 'mother', 'father', 'animal', 'fish', 'bir
 d', 'dog', 'louse', 'snake', 'worm', 'tree', 'forest', 'stick', 'fruit', 'seed', 'leaf', 'root', 'bark (from tree)', 'flower', 'grass', 'rop
 e', 'skin', 'meat', 'blood', 'bone', 'fat (noun)', 'egg', 'horn', 'tail', 'feather', 'hair', 'head', 'ear', 'eye', 'nose', 'mouth', 'tooth',
  'tongue', 'fingernail', 'foot', 'leg', 'knee', 'hand', 'wing', 'belly', 'guts', 'neck', 'back', 'breast', 'heart', 'liver', 'drink', 'eat',
  'bite', 'suck', 'spit', 'vomit', 'blow', 'breathe', 'laugh', 'see', 'hear', 'know (a fact)', 'think', 'smell', 'fear', 'sleep', 'live', 'di
 e', 'kill', 'fight', 'hunt', 'hit', 'cut', 'split', 'stab', 'scratch', 'dig', 'swim', 'fly (verb)', 'walk', 'come', 'lie', 'sit', 'stand', '
 turn', 'fall', 'give', 'hold', 'squeeze', 'rub', 'wash', 'wipe', 'pull', 'push', 'throw', 'tie', 'sew', 'count', 'say', 'sing', 'play', 'flo
 at', 'flow', 'freeze', 'swell', 'sun', 'moon', 'star', 'water', 'rain', 'river', 'lake', 'sea', 'salt', 'stone', 'sand', 'dust', 'earth', 'c
 loud', 'fog', 'sky', 'wind', 'snow', 'ice', 'smoke', 'fire', 'ashes', 'burn', 'road', 'mountain', 'red', 'green', 'yellow', 'white', 'black'
 , 'night', 'day', 'year', 'warm', 'cold', 'full', 'new', 'old', 'good', 'bad', 'rotten', 'dirty', 'straight', 'round', 'sharp', 'dull', 'smo
 oth', 'wet', 'dry', 'correct', 'near', 'far', 'right', 'left', 'at', 'in', 'with', 'and', 'if', 'because', 'name']
 >>>

swadesh.fileids()获得的是语言的类别。

swadesh.words('en')获得的是英语语言下的词列表。
可以使用该词表轻松实现翻译器（法语，德语，西班牙语翻译成英文），实例如下：

 >>> fr2en=swadesh.entries(['fr', 'en'])
 >>> fr2en
 [('je', 'I'), ('tu, vous', 'you (singular), thou'), ('il', 'he'), ('nous', 'we'), ('vous', 'you (plural)'), ('ils, elles', 'they'), ('ceci',
  'this'), ('cela', 'that'), ('ici', 'here'), ('là', 'there'), ('qui', 'who'), ('quoi', 'what'), ('où', 'where'), ('quand', 'when'), ('commen
 t', 'how'), ('ne...pas', 'not'), ('tout', 'all'), ('plusieurs', 'many'), ('quelques', 'some'), ('peu', 'few'), ('autre', 'other'), ('un', 'o
 ne'), ('deux', 'two'), ('trois', 'three'), ('quatre', 'four'), ('cinq', 'five'), ('grand', 'big'), ('long', 'long'), ('large', 'wide'), ('ép
 ais', 'thick'), ('lourd', 'heavy'), ('petit', 'small'), ('court', 'short'), ('étroit', 'narrow'), ('mince', 'thin'), ('femme', 'woman'), ('h
 omme', 'man (adult male)'), ('homme', 'man (human being)'), ('enfant', 'child'), ('femme, épouse', 'wife'), ('mari, époux', 'husband'), ('mè
 re', 'mother'), ('père', 'father'), ('animal', 'animal'), ('poisson', 'fish'), ('oiseau', 'bird'), ('chien', 'dog'), ('pou', 'louse'), ('ser
 pent', 'snake'), ('ver', 'worm'), ('arbre', 'tree'), ('forêt', 'forest'), ('b\xe2ton', 'stick'), ('fruit', 'fruit'), ('graine', 'seed'), ('f
 euille', 'leaf'), ('racine', 'root'), ('écorce', 'bark (from tree)'), ('fleur', 'flower'), ('herbe', 'grass'), ('corde', 'rope'), ('peau', '
 skin'), ('viande', 'meat'), ('sang', 'blood'), ('os', 'bone'), ('graisse', 'fat (noun)'), ('\u0153uf', 'egg'), ('corne', 'horn'), ('queue',
 'tail'), ('plume', 'feather'), ('cheveu', 'hair'), ('tête', 'head'), ('oreille', 'ear'), ('\u0153il', 'eye'), ('nez', 'nose'), ('bouche', 'm
 outh'), ('dent', 'tooth'), ('langue', 'tongue'), ('ongle', 'fingernail'), ('pied', 'foot'), ('jambe', 'leg'), ('genou', 'knee'), ('main', 'h
 and'), ('aile', 'wing'), ('ventre', 'belly'), ('entrailles', 'guts'), ('cou', 'neck'), ('dos', 'back'), ('sein, poitrine', 'breast'), ('c\u0
 153ur', 'heart'), ('foie', 'liver'), ('boire', 'drink'), ('manger', 'eat'), ('mordre', 'bite'), ('sucer', 'suck'), ('cracher', 'spit'), ('vo
 mir', 'vomit'), ('souffler', 'blow'), ('respirer', 'breathe'), ('rire', 'laugh'), ('voir', 'see'), ('entendre', 'hear'), ('savoir', 'know (a
  fact)'), ('penser', 'think'), ('sentir', 'smell'), ('craindre, avoir peur', 'fear'), ('dormir', 'sleep'), ('vivre', 'live'), ('mourir', 'di
 e'), ('tuer', 'kill'), ('se battre', 'fight'), ('chasser', 'hunt'), ('frapper', 'hit'), ('couper', 'cut'), ('fendre', 'split'), ('poignarder
 ', 'stab'), ('gratter', 'scratch'), ('creuser', 'dig'), ('nager', 'swim'), ('voler', 'fly (verb)'), ('marcher', 'walk'), ('venir', 'come'),
 ("s'étendre", 'lie'), ("s'asseoir", 'sit'), ('se lever', 'stand'), ('tourner', 'turn'), ('tomber', 'fall'), ('donner', 'give'), ('tenir', 'h
 old'), ('serrer', 'squeeze'), ('frotter', 'rub'), ('laver', 'wash'), ('essuyer', 'wipe'), ('tirer', 'pull'), ('pousser', 'push'), ('jeter',
 'throw'), ('lier', 'tie'), ('coudre', 'sew'), ('compter', 'count'), ('dire', 'say'), ('chanter', 'sing'), ('jouer', 'play'), ('flotter', 'fl
 oat'), ('couler', 'flow'), ('geler', 'freeze'), ('gonfler', 'swell'), ('soleil', 'sun'), ('lune', 'moon'), ('étoile', 'star'), ('eau', 'wate
 r'), ('pluie', 'rain'), ('rivière', 'river'), ('lac', 'lake'), ('mer', 'sea'), ('sel', 'salt'), ('pierre', 'stone'), ('sable', 'sand'), ('po
 ussière', 'dust'), ('terre', 'earth'), ('nuage', 'cloud'), ('brouillard', 'fog'), ('ciel', 'sky'), ('vent', 'wind'), ('neige', 'snow'), ('gl
 ace', 'ice'), ('fumée', 'smoke'), ('feu', 'fire'), ('cendres', 'ashes'), ('br\xfbler', 'burn'), ('route', 'road'), ('montagne', 'mountain'),
  ('rouge', 'red'), ('vert', 'green'), ('jaune', 'yellow'), ('blanc', 'white'), ('noir', 'black'), ('nuit', 'night'), ('jour', 'day'), ('an,
 année', 'year'), ('chaud', 'warm'), ('froid', 'cold'), ('plein', 'full'), ('nouveau', 'new'), ('vieux', 'old'), ('bon', 'good'), ('mauvais',
  'bad'), ('pourri', 'rotten'), ('sale', 'dirty'), ('droit', 'straight'), ('rond', 'round'), ('tranchant, pointu, aigu', 'sharp'), ('émoussé'
 , 'dull'), ('lisse', 'smooth'), ('mouillé', 'wet'), ('sec', 'dry'), ('juste, correct', 'correct'), ('proche', 'near'), ('loin', 'far'), ('à
 droite', 'right'), ('à gauche', 'left'), ('à', 'at'), ('dans', 'in'), ('avec', 'with'), ('et', 'and'), ('si', 'if'), ('parce que', 'because'
 ), ('nom', 'name')]
 >>> translate=dict(fr2en)
 >>> translate['chien']
 'dog'
 >>> translate['jeter']
 'throw'
 >>>
 >>> de2en=swadesh.entries(['de', 'en'])
 >>> es2en=swadesh.entries(['es', 'en'])
 >>> translate.update(dict(de2en))
 >>> translate.update(dict(es2en))
 >>> translate['Hund']
 'dog'
 >>> translate['perro']
 'dog'
 >>> translate['jeter']
 'throw'
 >>>

5.词汇工具：Toolbox 和 Shoebox

目前最流行的语言学家用来管理数据的工具是Toolbox（工具箱），以前叫Shoebox（鞋柜）。Toolbox文件由一些条目的集合组成，其中每个条目由一个或者多个字段组成。大多数字段都是可选是或者重复的，这意味着这个词汇资源不能作为一个表格或电子表格来处理。下面是罗托卡特语（Rotokas）的词典。

 >>> from nltk.corpus import toolbox
 >>> dic1=toolbox.entries('rotokas.dic')
 >>> dic1[:20]
 [('kaa', [('ps', 'V'), ('pt', 'A'), ('ge', 'gag'), ('tkp', 'nek i pas'), ('dcsv', 'true'), ('vx', ''), ('sc', '???'), ('dt', '29/Oct/2005')
 , ('ex', 'Apoka ira kaaroi aioa-ia reoreopaoro.'), ('xp', 'Kaikai i pas long nek bilong Apoka bikos em i kaikai na toktok.'), ('xe', 'Apoka
 is gagging from food while talking.')]), ('kaa', [('ps', 'V'), ('pt', 'B'), ('ge', 'strangle'), ('tkp', 'pasim nek'), ('arg', 'O'), ('vx', '
 2'), ('dt', '07/Oct/2006'), ('ex', 'Rera rauroro rera kaarevoi.'), ('xp', 'Em i holim pas em na nekim em.'), ('xe', 'He is holding him and s
 trangling him.'), ('ex', 'Iroiro-ia oirato okoearo kaaivoi uvare rirovira kaureoparoveira.'), ('xp', 'Ol i pasim nek bilong man long rop bik
 os em i save bikhet tumas.'), ('xe', "They strangled the man's neck with rope because he was very stubborn and arrogant."), ('ex', 'Oirato o
 koearo kaaivoi iroiro-ia. Uva viapau uvuiparoi ra vovouparo uva kopiiroi.'), ('xp', 'Ol i pasim nek bilong man long rop. Olsem na em i no pu
 lim win olsem na em i dai.'), ('xe', "They strangled the man's neck with a rope. And he couldn't breathe and he died.")]), ('kaa', [('ps', '
 N'), ('pt', 'MASC'), ('cl', 'isi'), ('ge', 'cooking banana'), ('tkp', 'banana bilong kukim'), ('pt', 'itoo'), ('sf', 'FLORA'), ('dt', '12/Au
 g/2005'), ('ex', 'Taeavi iria kaa isi kovopaueva kaparapasia.'), ('xp', 'Taeavi i bin planim gaden banana bilong kukim tasol long paia.'), (
 'xe', 'Taeavi planted banana in order to cook it.')]), ('kaakaaro', [('ps', 'N'), ('pt', 'NT'), ('ge', 'mixture'), ('tkp', '???'), ('eng', '
 mixtures'), ('eng', 'charm used to keep married men and women youthful and attractive'), ('cmt', 'Check vowel length. Is it kaakaaro or kaak
 aro? Does lexeme have suffix, -aro or -ro?'), ('dt', '20/Nov/2006'), ('ex', 'Kaakaroto ira purapaiveira aue iava opita, voeao-pa airepa orao
 uirara, ra va aiopaive.'), ('xp', 'Kokonas ol i save wokim long ol kain samting bilong ol nupela marit, bai ol i ken kaikai.'), ('xe', 'Mixt
 ures are made from coconut for newlyweds, who eat them.')]), ('kaakaaviko', [('ps', 'N'), ('pt', 'FEM'), ('ge', 'type of beetle'), ('tkp', '
 ???'), ('nt', 'round beetle like Mexican bean beetle'), ('dt', '10/Feb/2005'), ('sf', 'FAUNA.INSECT'), ('ex', 'Kaakaaviko kare oea binara to
 uaveira vara tapo piupaiveira.'), ('xp', 'Kaakaaviko em i wanpela kain insect em i save istap long ol bin or na long kain lip.'), ('xe', '??
 ?'), ('ex', 'Kaakaaviko kare oea raviriro kouro piupaiveira.'), ('xp', 'Em i wanpela kain weevil i save bagarapim ol bin.'), ('xe', '??? dam
 ages up beans.')]), ('kaakaavo', [('rt', 'kaavo'), ('ps', '???'), ('rdp', 'partial'), ('ge', 'white'), ('tkp', 'wait'), ('sc', '???'), ('cmt
 ', "What's the part of speech?"), ('dt', '29/Oct/2005'), ('ex', 'Kaakaaro oa purapaiveira varauraro tokipasia aue iava opita ora vegoara iav
 a oirara iava ora riakova kaakaaro.'), ('xp', 'Ol i save wokim out long kokonas coconut na ol lip na skin blong ol diwai.'), ('xe', '???'),
 ('ex', 'Varoa kaakaavopa popotepa ragai varo.'), ('xp', 'Em white lap lap blong mi.'), ('xe', "That's my white laplap."), ('ex', 'Vaoia evao
 va kaakaavopaova.'), ('xp', 'Dispela diwai em i waitpela.'), ('xe', 'This tree is white.'), ('ex', 'Rarasoria kaakaavoto ira Amerika iava ur
 ioroera vo kovosia rupairara voaro.'), ('xp', 'Rarason em i wait man em i bin kam long Amerika na kam wok long hap bilong ol bilak man.'), (
 'xe', 'Rarason is a white man who came from America ???.')]), ('kaakaoko', [('ps', 'N'), ('pt', '???'), ('ge', 'type of beetle'), ('tkp', 'b
 inatang'), ('sf', 'FAUNA.INSECT'), ('cmt', 'Is it kaakaoko or kaakauko?'), ('dt', '08/Feb/2005'), ('ex', 'Kaakaoko vuri gesito./Kaakauko vur
 isi gesiva.'), ('xp', '???'), ('xe', 'Kaakauko em i wanpela binatang.')]), ('kaakasi', [('rt', '???'), ('ps', 'V'), ('pt', 'A'), ('ge', 'hot
 '), ('tkp', 'hot'), ('vx', '1'), ('sc', '???'), ('cmt', "Vowel length can't possibly be right. Or is the vowel of kaasi long?"), ('dt', '29/
 Oct/2005'), ('ex', 'Upiriko pitoka kaakasipai.'), ('xp', 'Sospen kaukau em i hot tru.'), ('xe', 'The saucepan of sweet potatos is really hot
 .'), ('ex', 'Kaukau pitoka rirovira rutu kaakasipai uvare riro kasia tuitui kasi oripiro.'), ('xp', 'Sospen kaukau em i hot tru bikos em i t
 an long bikpela paia.'), ('xe', '???')]), ('kaakau', [('ps', 'N'), ('pt', 'FEM'), ('ge', 'dog'), ('tkp', 'dok'), ('dt', '17/Jul/2005'), ('ex
 ', 'Kaakau voresiurava toupa aue kokoto ora kokopi.'), ('xp', 'Dog i gat fopela lek bilong em na em i teleblonge.'), ('xe', 'Dogs are four-f
 ooted ???.'), ('ex', 'Revisa riro kaakau raguito.'), ('xp', 'Revisa em i man bilong lukautim dok.'), ('xe', 'Revisa is a big dog lover.'), (
 'ex', 'Rake ora Jon kaakau kare ousia avasie.'), ('xp', 'Rake wantaim Jon ol i go kisim ol wail dok.'), ('xe', 'Rake and John went to get wi
 ld dogs.')]), ('kaakauko', [('ps', 'N'), ('pt', 'MASC'), ('ge', 'gray weevil'), ('tkp', 'wanpela kain binatang'), ('sf', 'FAUNA.INSECT'), ('
 nt', 'pictured on PNG postage stamp'), ('dt', '29/Oct/2005'), ('ex', 'Kaakauko ira toupareveira aue-ia niugini stemp.'), ('xp', 'Kaakauko em
  insect em i istap long niugini.'), ('xe', 'The gray weevil is found on the PNG stamp.'), ('ex', 'Kaakauko iria toupaeveira niugini stamia.'
 ), ('xp', 'Weevil i stap long niguini stamp.'), ('xe', 'The gray weevil is on the New Guinea stamp.'), ('ex', 'Kaakauko korekare iava oira i
 ria iava varaua vurivurivira ora kaapovira toupaiveira.'), ('xp', 'Kaakavuko em i wanpela kain binatang skin bilong em i braun na wait.'), (
 'xe', 'Kaakavuko is an insect whose body is brown and white.')]), ('kaakito', [('rt', 'kaaki'), ('ps', 'N'), ('pt', 'HUM'), ('ge', 'person b
 lind with cataracts'), ('tkp', 'man i gat wanpela ei'), ('nt', 'nickname when used to describe one-eyed person'), ('dt', '11/Feb/2005'), ('e
 x', 'Rarasirea kakito eisiva rera Tavusiva uruiia.'), ('xp', 'Rarasirea em i wan ai man bilong ples Tavusiova.'), ('xe', 'Rarasirea is a one
 -eyed man from Tavusiova village.'), ('ex', 'Kaakito kataitoa iava osireito vurapare.'), ('xp', 'Man i gat wanpela ei na i lukluk.'), ('xe',
  'A one-eyed man looks out of one eye.')]), ('kaakuupato', [('ps', 'N'), ('pt', 'PN'), ('ge', 'spring of hot mineral water near Togarao.'),
 ('tkp', '???'), ('nt', 'It is located in gulley above the shorter waterfall and is most likely ???.'), ('dt', '08/Feb/2005'), ('ex', 'Kasira
 opato kaakuupato uicoto ira vusivusipareveira vova rasito vo toupare togarao-ia sisiupaveira vosa upiapave ora ruvapasa.'), ('xp', 'Kaakuupa
 to em i spirins hot water em i stap long Togavao taim husat i sik bai ol waswas long bai sick br pinis .'), ('xe', '???'), ('ex', 'Kaakuupat
 o kasiraopato ukoto ira toupare eisi Rureva Togaraoia ruvaraia.'), ('xp', 'Hot wara kaakuupato i stap long Rureva klostu long Togarao.'), ('
 xe', 'The hot spring Kaakuupato is in Rureva near Togarao.')]), ('kaaova', [('ps', 'N'), ('pt', 'FEM'), ('ge', 'aunt'), ('tkp', '???'), ('nt
 ', 'FaSi'), ('sf', 'KIN'), ('dt', '19/Jul/2004')]), ('kaapa', [('ps', 'N'), ('pt', '???'), ('ge', 'copper metal'), ('tkp', 'retpela ain'), (
 'dt', '12/Feb/2005'), ('cmt', 'What is paupara doing in the second example?'), ('ex', 'Kaapa vao oa-ia kepa paupaviei.'), ('xp', 'Kaapa em i
  roof yumi save wokim haus long em.'), ('xe', 'Copper we make houses from.'), ('ex', 'Kaapara kepa paupara oara purapaiveira eisi Astararia.
 '), ('xp', 'Kapa bilong wokim haus ol i save wokim long Australia.'), ('xe', 'Copper rooves, they make them in Australia.')]), ('kaapea', [(
 'ps', '???'), ('ge', 'weak'), ('ge', 'loose'), ('ge', 'easy'), ('tkp', '???'), ('cmt', 'Check spelling. Is it kaapea or kapea?'), ('dt', '
 /Jun/2005'), ('ex', 'Kaapeta virago vao paupa.'), ('xp', 'Dispela chair i no strong bilong sindaun.'), ('xe', '???')]), ('kaapie', [('rt', '
 kaa'), ('ps', 'N'), ('pt', 'MASC'), ('ge', 'hook'), ('ge', 'fishhook'), ('tkp', 'huk'), ('dt', '15/Feb/2004')]), ('kaapie', [('rt', 'kaa'),
 ('ps', 'V'), ('pt', 'B'), ('ge', 'hook'), ('eng', 'choke'), ('eng', 'snag'), ('eng', 'hook'), ('ge', 'capture'), ('tkp', 'hukim'), ('tkp', '
 pasim long huk'), ('arg', 'O'), ('vx', '2'), ('dt', '15/Nov/2005'), ('cmt', "Double-check vowel length of kaa. First example doesn't make se
 nse. Is it two sentences?"), ('ex', 'Aiopaoro karoi kakaeto kaapierivoi aioa-ia.'), ('xp', 'Kaikai pas long nek bilong mi kaikai i pas long
 pikinini.'), ('xe', '???'), ('ex', 'Koie kaapierevo Ririre ovare oira gisipoaro iare karuveraisi vikirevo.'), ('xp', 'Ririre i tromoem singa
 po insait long maus bilong pik na i pas.'), ('xe', 'Ririre ???.'), ('ex', 'Aakova kakaeto kapieevoi aioa-ia.'), ('xp', 'Mama i givim kaikai
 long pikinini na hap kaikai i pas long nek bilong em.'), ('xe', 'Mother made the boy choke with some food.'), ('ex', 'Aakova kakaeto kaapiev
 oi aioa-ia uvare viapau vearovira va orievo.'), ('xp', 'Mama em i mekim pas kaikai long pikinini bikos em i no kukim gut.'), ('xe', "Mother
 made the boy choke from the food because she didn't cook it well."), ('ex', 'Avuka kakaeto aiopiepaoro rera kaapieevo.'), ('xp', 'Lapun wok
 long givim kaikai long bebe na kaikai i pas long nek.'), ('xe', 'The old person fed the boy and made it choke.')]), ('kaapiepato', [('rt', '
 kaapie'), ('ps', 'N'), ('pt', 'HUM'), ('ge', 'fisher'), ('tkp', 'man bilong hukim pis'), ('dt', '12/Feb/2005'), ('ex', 'Aveatoa atari kapiep
 ato vokiara rutu.'), ('xp', 'Aveato em i man bilong hukim pis olgeta de.'), ('xe', 'Aveato works as a fisherman every day.')]), ('kaapisi',
 [('ps', 'V'), ('pt', 'B'), ('ge', 'pinch together'), ('ge', 'grip with pincers'), ('tkp', 'holim'), ('arg', 'O'), ('vx', ''), ('dt', '08/Ju
 n/2005'), ('ex', 'Kaapisi ava eva ra avekeara kasiraopa ra kaekaepiea. Ra varao vera oara kasiraopai.'), ('xp', 'Yu mas kam wantam sisis pin
 vh bar mi ya rausim ol dispela pela stow ol bai mi rausim ol dispela i hot.'), ('xe', '???'), ('ex', 'Avekeara kaapisi evara kasiraopara.'),
  ('xp', 'Yu rausim ol ton i hot long pansa.'), ('xe', '???')]), ('kaapisivira', [('rt', 'kaapisi'), ('ps', 'ADV'), ('pt', 'MANNER'), ('ge',
 'linked'), ('ge', 'pinched'), ('tkp', '???'), ('dt', '29/Oct/2005'), ('ex', 'Auea eva oa kaapisivira toupaivoi.'), ('xp', 'Samting i stap ol
 sem pansa.'), ('xe', '???'), ('ex', 'Pariearei tapokovira toupai uva kaapisivira kekepapiroi.'), ('xp', 'Hap mambu i pas wantaim na i luk ol
 sem sises.'), ('xe', '???')])]
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只看第一个条目，词kaa,意思是“窒息”。条目由一系列的”属性-值”对组成，如（'ps', 'V'），表示词性是'V'（动词），（'ge', 'gag'）表示英文注释是‘gag’。最后的三个配对包含一个罗托卡特语例句及其巴布亚皮钦语和英语的翻译。

罗托卡特语是巴布亚新几内亚的布干维尔岛上使用 的一种语言，这个词典资源有Stusrt Robinson贡献给nltk。罗托卡特语以仅有12个音素（彼此对立的声音）而闻名。