Effective Java 35 Prefer annotations to naming patterns

Disadvantages of naming patterns

1. Typographical errors may result in silent failures.
2. There is no way to ensure that they are used only on appropriate program elements.
3. They provide no good way to associate parameter values with program elements.

Naming patters example

testXXX

textXXXWithXXXException

Better solution: meta-annotations

// Marker annotation type declaration

import java.lang.annotation.*;

/**

* Indicates that the annotated method is a test method.

* Use only on parameter less static methods.

*/

@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)

@Target(ElementType.METHOD)

public @interface Test {

}

/**

* Indicates that the annotated method is a test method that must throw the

* designated exception to succeed.

*/

@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)

@Target(ElementType.METHOD)

public @interface ExceptionTest {

Class<? extends Exception> value();

}

/**

* Annotation type with an array parameter

*/

@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)

@Target(ElementType.METHOD)

public @interface MultiExceptionTest {

Class<? extends Exception>[] value();

}

1. The @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) meta-annotation indicates that Test annotations should be retained at runtime. Without it, Test annotations would be invisible to the test tool.
2. The @Target(ElementType.METHOD)meta-annotation indicates that the Test annotation is legal only on method declarations: it cannot be applied to class declarations, field declarations, or other program elements.
3. The parameter definition Class<? extends Exception> value(); and Class<? extends Exception>[] value(); declare the required one or more exceptions to be generated by the method.

// Program containing marker annotations

public class Sample {

@Test public static void m1() { } // Test should pass

public static void m2() { }

@Test public static void m3() { // Test Should fail

throw new RuntimeException("Boom");

}

public static void m4() { }

@Test public void m5() { } // INVALID USE: nonstatic method

public static void m6() { }

@Test public static void m7() { // Test should fail

throw new RuntimeException("Crash");

}

public static void m8() { }

}

/**

* @author Kaibo

* Program containing annotations with a parameter.

*/

public class Sample2 {

@ExceptionTest(ArithmeticException.class)

public static void m1() { // Test should pass

int i = 0;

i = i / i;

}

@ExceptionTest(ArithmeticException.class)

public static void m2() { // Should fail (wrong exception)

int[] a = new int[0];

int i = a[1];

}

@ExceptionTest(ArithmeticException.class)

public static void m3() {

} // Should fail (no exception)

}

/**

* @author Kaibo

*

*/

public class Sample3 {

// Code containing an annotation with an array parameter

@MultiExceptionTest({ IndexOutOfBoundsException.class,

NullPointerException.class })

public static void doublyBad() {

List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();

// The spec permits this method to throw either

// IndexOutOfBoundsException or NullPointerException

list.addAll(5, null);

}

}

/**

* @author Kaibo

* Program to process marker annotations.

*/

import java.lang.reflect.*;

public class RunTests {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

Class<?> testClass = Class.forName(args[0]);

testSample1(testClass);

testClass = Class.forName(args[1]);

testSample2(testClass);

testClass = Class.forName(args[2]);

testSample3(testClass);

}

private static void testSample1(Class<?> testClass) {

int tests = 0;

int passed = 0;

for (Method m : testClass.getDeclaredMethods()) {

if (m.isAnnotationPresent(Test.class)) {

tests++;

try {

m.invoke(null);

passed++;

} catch (InvocationTargetException wrappedExc) {

Throwable exc = wrappedExc.getCause();

System.out.println(m + " failed: " + exc);

} catch (Exception exc) {

System.out.println("INVALID @Test: " + m);

}

}

}

System.out.printf("Passed: %d, Failed: %d%n", passed, tests - passed);

}

/**

* @param testClass

*/

private static void testSample2(Class<?> testClass) {

int tests = 0;

int passed = 0;

for (Method m : testClass.getDeclaredMethods()) {

if (m.isAnnotationPresent(ExceptionTest.class)) {

tests++;

try {

m.invoke(null);

System.out.printf("Test %s failed: no exception%n", m);

} catch (InvocationTargetException wrappedEx) {

Throwable exc = wrappedEx.getCause();

Class<? extends Exception> excType = m.getAnnotation(

ExceptionTest.class).value();

if (excType.isInstance(exc)) {

passed++;

} else {

System.out.printf(

"Test %s failed: expected %s, got %s%n", m,

excType.getName(), exc);

}

} catch (Exception exc) {

System.out.println("INVALID @Test: " + m);

}

}

}

System.out.printf("Passed: %d, Failed: %d%n", passed, tests - passed);

}

private static void testSample3(Class<?> testClass) {

int tests = 0;

int passed = 0;

for (Method m : testClass.getDeclaredMethods()) {

if (m.isAnnotationPresent(ExceptionTest.class)) {

tests++;

try {

m.invoke(null);

System.out.printf("Test %s failed: no exception%n", m);

} catch (Throwable wrappedExc) {

Throwable exc = wrappedExc.getCause();

Class<? extends Exception>[] excTypes = m.getAnnotation(

MultiExceptionTest.class).value();

int oldPassed = passed;

for (Class<? extends Exception> excType : excTypes) {

if (excType.isInstance(exc)) {

passed++;

break;

}

}

if (passed == oldPassed)

System.out.printf("Test %s failed: %s %n", m, exc);

}

}

}

System.out.printf("Passed: %d, Failed: %d%n", passed, tests - passed);

}

}

Summary

There is simply no reason to use naming patterns now that we have annotations. All programmers should, however, use the predefined annotation types provided by the Java platform(Item 36 and Item24).