黑客攻击 UVa11825

http://www.cnblogs.com/acm-bingzi/p/3272898.html

Hackers’ Crackdown

Miracle Corporations has a number of system services running in a distributed computer system which is a prime target for hackers. The system is basically a set of N computer nodes with each of them running a set of Nservices. Note that, the set of services running on every node is same everywhere in the network. A hacker can destroy a service by running a specialized exploit for that service in all the nodes.

One day, a smart hacker collects necessary exploits for all these N services and launches an attack on the system. He finds a security hole that gives him just enough time to run a single exploit in each computer. These exploits have the characteristic that, its successfully infects the computer where it was originally run and all the neighbor computers of that node.

Given a network description, find the maximum number of services that the hacker can damage.

Input

There will be multiple test cases in the input file. A test case begins with an integer N (1<=N<=16), the number of nodes in the network. The nodes are denoted by 0 to N - 1. Each of the following N lines describes the neighbors of a node. Line i (0<=i<N) represents the description of node i. The description for node i starts with an integer m (Number of neighbors for node i), followed by m integers in the range of 0 to N - 1, each denoting a neighboring node of node i.

The end of input will be denoted by a case with N = 0. This case should not be processed.

Output

For each test case, print a line in the format, “Case X: Y”, where X is the case number & Y is the maximum possible number of services that can be damaged.

Sample Input

3

2 1 2

2 0 2

2 0 1

4

1 1

1 0

1 3

1 2

0

Output for Sample Input

Case 1: 3

Case 2: 2

题目大意：（黑客的攻击）假设你是一个黑客，侵入了了一个有着n台计算机（编号为0，1，…，n-1）的网络。一共有n种服务，每台计算机都运行着所有的服务。对于每台计算机，你都可以选择一项服务，终止这台计算机和所有与它相邻计算机的该项服务（如果其中一些服务已经停止，则这些服务继续处于停止状态）。你的目标是让尽量多的服务器完全瘫痪（即：没有任何计算机运行该项服务）

输入格式：输入包含多组数据。每组数据的第一行为整数n（1<=n<=16）；以下n行每行描述一台计算机的相邻计算机，其中第一个数m为相邻计算机个数，接下来的m个整数位这些计算机的编号。输入结束标志为n=0。

输出格式：对于每组数据，输出完全瘫痪的服务器的最大数量。

分析：

　　本题的数学模型是：把n个集合p₁,p₂,…p_n分成尽量多组，使得每组中所有集合的并集等于全集。这里的集合P_i 就是计算机 i 及其相邻计算机的集合，每组对应于题目中的一项服务。注意到n很小，可以用二进制法表示这些集合，即在代码中，每个集合P_i 实际上是一个非负整数。输入的部分代码如下：

for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
    int m,x;
    scanf("%d",&m);
    P[i] = 1<<i;
    while(m--) { scanf("%d",&x); P[i] |= (1<<x); }
}

　　为了方便，我们用cover(S)表示若干P_i 的集合S中所有Pi 的并集（二级制表示），即这些Pi 在数值上“按位或”。

for(int S = 0; S < (1<<n); S++){
    cover[S] = 0;
    for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
        if(S & (1<<i)) cover[S] |= P[i];
}

想到这样的动态规划：用f(S)表示子集S最多可以分成多少组，则

　　f(S) = max{f(S-S₀)+1 |S₀是S的子集，cover[S₀]等于全集}

如何理解这个方程呢？

S0是S的子集，并且S0可以覆盖全部的点，也就是说集合S0至少可以分成一组

把S0分成一组，剩下的是集合S-S0，最多可以分成f(S-S0)组

选出其中最大的，再加上S0的一组，就是f(S)

这里有一个重要的技巧：枚举S的子集S₀。详见下面代码。

int ALL = (1<<n) - 1;
for(int S = 1 ;S< (1<<n); S++){
    f[S] = 0;
    for(int S0 = S; S0; S0 = (S0-1)&S)
        if(cover[S0] == ALL) f[S] = max(f[S], f[S^S0]+1);
}
printf("Case %d: %d\n",++kase,f[ALL]);

完整代码如下：

 1 #include<cstdio>
 2 #include<algorithm>
 3 using namespace std;
 4
 5 const int maxn = 16;
 6 int n, P[maxn], cover[1<<maxn], f[1<<maxn];
 7 int main() {
 8   int kase = 0;
 9   while(scanf("%d", &n) == 1 && n) {
10     for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
11       int m, x;
12       scanf("%d", &m);
13       P[i] = 1<<i;
14       while(m--) { scanf("%d", &x); P[i] |= (1<<x); }
15     }
16     for(int S = 0; S < (1<<n); S++) {
17       cover[S] = 0;
18       for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
19         if(S & (1<<i)) cover[S] |= P[i];
20     }
21     f[0] = 0;
22     int ALL = (1<<n) - 1;
23     for(int S = 1; S < (1<<n); S++) {
24       f[S] = 0;
25       for(int S0 = S; S0; S0 = (S0-1)&S)
26         if(cover[S0] == ALL) f[S] = max(f[S], f[S^S0]+1);
27     }
28     printf("Case %d: %d\n", ++kase, f[ALL]);
29   }
30   return 0;
31 }

注意：位运算符的优先级比较低，注意加括号