KingbaseES 中select for update语句引起的锁问题

背景

客户现场执行压测时候，发生周期性的TPS大幅下降，通过查看kwr报告发现DBcpu时间占DBtime时间很少，百分之90的DBtime花费在tuple锁等待上，等待事件类型是lock。

等待时间最多的语句是select fd_id,ctid,xmin from ... for update

含义

select for update语句目的在查询时，避免其他用户对该表进行dml等操作，造成表的不一致性。

select for update语句需要等待表锁，以及表对应行锁释放之后才能返回查询结果。

表级锁模式

常见锁模式以及应用场景：

ACCESS SHARE：select操作获取该模式锁资源，通常情况下所有只读取不修改表的查询都会获取该模式锁资源

ROW SHARE： select for update 和 select for share 命令获取该模式锁资源

ROW EXCLUSIVE： DML操作通过会获取该模式锁资源，通常情况下任何需要修改表数据的操作都会持有该模式锁资源

SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE：对于 vacuum(非full)、create index concurrnetly、reindex concurrently、create statistics、alter index相关、alter table相关操作会持有该模式锁资源，该模式锁资源主要是为了范围并发对同一张表DDL变更以及vacuum操作

SHARE： create index (非concurrently)操作会持有该模式锁资源，该模式锁资源可阻止并发对表的创建索引操作

SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE： cerate trigger、一些alter table操作会持有该模式锁资源

EXCLUSIVE： refresh materialized view concurrently操作会持有该模式锁资源

ACCESS EXCLUSIVE：lock table模式锁定模式，drop table、truncate、reindex、 cluster、vacuum full、refresh materialized view (without concurrently) 还有一些alter table、alter index操作需要获取该模式锁资源，该模式锁资源保证了持有者唯一访问表

测试

测试环境隔离级别是 read committed，数据库版本是KingbaseESV8R6C7

1.update语句阻塞select for update语句

开启一个会话，不提交
begin;
update t3 set name='qite' where id=1;

开启另一个会话执行，发现被阻塞
select id,name from t3 for update;

在另一个会话查看锁情况。
查看表t3有关的锁，这里表t3持有了tuple上的AccessExclusiveLock锁，这是最高级别的锁，阻塞一切sql语句。
pid4203持有的锁row share表示正在执行select for update语句，AccessExclusiveLock最高级别锁也是pid4203需要获取的。
pid4205持有的RowExclusiveLock锁表示执行dml语句需要获取的锁，这里可以看出pid4205会话很可能执行了update语句。
SELECT
pg_locks.pid,
a.datname,
locktype,
virtualtransaction,
transactionid,
nspname,
relname,
mode,
granted,
cast(date_trunc('second',query_start) AS timestamp) AS query_start
FROM
pg_locks
LEFT OUTER JOIN pg_class ON (pg_locks.relation = pg_class.oid)
LEFT OUTER JOIN pg_namespace ON (pg_namespace.oid = pg_class.relnamespace),
pg_stat_activity a
WHERE NOT pg_locks.pid = pg_backend_pid()
AND pg_locks.pid=a.pid
and pg_class.relname='t3';
 pid  | datname | locktype | virtualtransaction | transactionid | nspname | relname |        mode         | granted |     query_start
------+---------+----------+--------------------+---------------+---------+---------+---------------------+---------+---------------------
 4203 | test    | tuple    | 4/43               |               | public  | t3      | AccessExclusiveLock | t       | 2023-05-16 15:39:11
 4203 | test    | relation | 4/43               |               | public  | t3      | RowShareLock        | t       | 2023-05-16 15:39:11
 4205 | test    | relation | 5/10               |               | public  | t3      | RowExclusiveLock    | t       | 2023-05-16 15:39:08
 4205 | test    | relation | 5/10               |               | public  | t3      | AccessShareLock     | t       | 2023-05-16 15:39:08
(4 rows)

执行另一个更直观的sql语句查看锁情况，开启第三个会话执行如下sql。
SELECT blocked_locks.pid     AS blocked_pid,
      blocked_activity.usename  AS blocked_user,
      blocking_locks.pid     AS blocking_pid,
      blocking_activity.usename AS blocking_user,
      blocked_activity.query    AS blocked_statement,
      blocking_activity.query   AS current_statement_in_blocking_process
FROM  sys_catalog.sys_locks         blocked_locks
 JOIN sys_catalog.sys_stat_activity blocked_activity  ON blocked_activity.pid = blocked_locks.pid
 JOIN sys_catalog.sys_locks         blocking_locks
     ON blocking_locks.locktype = blocked_locks.locktype
     AND blocking_locks.DATABASE IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.DATABASE
     AND blocking_locks.relation IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.relation
     AND blocking_locks.page IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.page
     AND blocking_locks.tuple IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.tuple
     AND blocking_locks.virtualxid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.virtualxid
     AND blocking_locks.transactionid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.transactionid
     AND blocking_locks.classid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.classid
     AND blocking_locks.objid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.objid
     AND blocking_locks.objsubid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.objsubid
     AND blocking_locks.pid != blocked_locks.pid
 JOIN sys_catalog.sys_stat_activity blocking_activity ON blocking_activity.pid = blocking_locks.pid
WHERE NOT blocked_locks.GRANTED;
 blocked_pid | blocked_user | blocking_pid | blocking_user |         blocked_statement          | current_statement_in_blocking_process
-------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------
        4203 | system       |         4205 | system        | select id,name from t3 for update; | update t3 set name='qite' where id=1;
(1 row)

在操作系统查看有关pid，4203pid中的select语句被阻塞，阻塞源头是第一个会话执行的update语句,pid是4205。
kingbas+  4203  4154  0 15:27 ?        00:00:00 kingbase: system test [local] SELECT waiting
kingbas+  4205  4154  0 15:27 ?        00:00:00 kingbase: system test [local] idle in transaction

第一个会话中的update语句commit或rollback后，事务结束后，第二个会话中的select for update语句可以执行成功，原因是blocking_pid被释放了。

2.select for update语句阻塞update语句

开启一个会话执行如下sql
begin;
select id,name from t3 for update;

开启另一个会话执行，发现被阻塞
update t3 set name='qitu' where id=1;

在另一个会话查看锁情况
pid4203对应RowExclusiveLock锁表示执行dml语句需要获取的锁，pid4205持有的RowShareLock锁说明此会话在执行select for update语句。
SELECT
pg_locks.pid,
a.datname,
locktype,
virtualtransaction,
transactionid,
nspname,
relname,
mode,
granted,
cast(date_trunc('second',query_start) AS timestamp) AS query_start
FROM
pg_locks
LEFT OUTER JOIN pg_class ON (pg_locks.relation = pg_class.oid)
LEFT OUTER JOIN pg_namespace ON (pg_namespace.oid = pg_class.relnamespace),
pg_stat_activity a
WHERE NOT pg_locks.pid = pg_backend_pid()
AND pg_locks.pid=a.pid
and pg_class.relname='t3';
 pid  | datname | locktype | virtualtransaction | transactionid | nspname | relname |       mode       | granted |     query_start
------+---------+----------+--------------------+---------------+---------+---------+------------------+---------+---------------------
 4203 | test    | tuple    | 4/44               |               | public  | t3      | ExclusiveLock    | t       | 2023-05-16 15:54:16
 4203 | test    | relation | 4/44               |               | public  | t3      | RowExclusiveLock | t       | 2023-05-16 15:54:16
 4203 | test    | relation | 4/44               |               | public  | t3      | AccessShareLock  | t       | 2023-05-16 15:54:16
 4205 | test    | relation | 5/11               |               | public  | t3      | RowShareLock     | t       | 2023-05-16 15:54:00
(4 rows)

执行如下sql，果然阻塞源是pig4205执行的语句select for update。
SELECT blocked_locks.pid     AS blocked_pid,
      blocked_activity.usename  AS blocked_user,
      blocking_locks.pid     AS blocking_pid,
      blocking_activity.usename AS blocking_user,
      blocked_activity.query    AS blocked_statement,
      blocking_activity.query   AS current_statement_in_blocking_process
FROM  sys_catalog.sys_locks         blocked_locks
 JOIN sys_catalog.sys_stat_activity blocked_activity  ON blocked_activity.pid = blocked_locks.pid
 JOIN sys_catalog.sys_locks         blocking_locks
     ON blocking_locks.locktype = blocked_locks.locktype
     AND blocking_locks.DATABASE IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.DATABASE
     AND blocking_locks.relation IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.relation
     AND blocking_locks.page IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.page
     AND blocking_locks.tuple IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.tuple
     AND blocking_locks.virtualxid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.virtualxid
     AND blocking_locks.transactionid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.transactionid
     AND blocking_locks.classid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.classid
     AND blocking_locks.objid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.objid
     AND blocking_locks.objsubid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.objsubid
     AND blocking_locks.pid != blocked_locks.pid
 JOIN sys_catalog.sys_stat_activity blocking_activity ON blocking_activity.pid = blocking_locks.pid
WHERE NOT blocked_locks.GRANTED;
 blocked_pid | blocked_user | blocking_pid | blocking_user |           blocked_statement           | current_statement_in_blocking_process
-------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------
        4203 | system       |         4205 | system        | update t3 set name='qitu' where id=1; | select id,name from t3 for update;
(1 row)

操作系统查看对应pid情况，pid4203执行update语句被阻塞，阻塞源是pid4205。
kingbas+  4203  4154  0 15:27 ?        00:00:00 kingbase: system test [local] UPDATE waiting
kingbas+  4205  4154  0 15:27 ?        00:00:00 kingbase: system test [local] idle in transaction

解决方法是持有锁会话结束事务(提交或回滚)，随后被阻塞的update语句执行成功，或杀掉持有锁的进程。

总结

select for update几种其他用法:

select * from t for update nowait 不等待行锁释放，提示锁冲突，不返回结果。

select * from t for update wait 5 等待5秒，若行锁仍未释放，则提示锁冲突，不返回结果。

select * from t for update skip locked 查询返回查询结果，但忽略有行锁的记录。

使用FOR UPDATE WAIT”子句有几个优点：

1.防止无限期地等待被锁定的行。

2.允许应用程序中对锁的等待时间进行控制。

3.在不确定sql执行前表是否被锁，wait关键字起到关键作用。

4.若使用了skip locked，则可以越过锁定的行，而不会报错。

此案例提供了数据库中锁阻塞的排查方法，如生产环境中遇到其他类型lock重型锁阻塞，也可用以上方法分析。