从零构建以太坊（Ethereum）智能合约到项目实战——第20章 搭建自己的私有链网络

P75 、1-以太坊私网建立 、合约编译、部署完全教程（1）

使用此博文进行安装配置：https://blog.csdn.net/w88193363/article/details/79402074

一、搭建私有链所需的依赖环境

操作系统：ubuntu16.04，开虚拟机的话要至少2G，否则会影响测试挖矿时的速度

软件：geth客户端 版本：1.8.1-stable-1e67410e

二、安装geth客户端

【Ctrl+Alt+T】打开终端，依次输入以下命令：

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install software-properties-common

sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ethereum/ethereum

sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ethereum/ethereum-dev

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install ethereum

安装完成后，输入geth -h，如果有列出信息则说明安装成功，可查看列出信息，方便后续的操作

三、建立私链：

1、创建一个文件夹来存储你的私链数据

mkdir privatechain
cd privatechain

2、使用geth来加载

geth --networkid  --dev --datadir data --rpc --rpcaddr 192.168.2.223 --rpcport  --port 3000 console

各选项含义如下：

• --identity：指定节点 ID；
• --rpc：表示开启 HTTP-RPC 服务；
• --rpcaddr：HTTP-RPC 服务ip地址；
• --rpcport：指定 HTTP-RPC 服务监听端口号（默认为 8545）；
• --datadir：指定区块链数据的存储位置；
• --port：指定和其他节点连接所用的端口号（默认为 30303）；
• --nodiscover：关闭节点发现机制，防止加入有同样初始配置的陌生节点。

执行上面的命令，你应该能看到下面的信息：

INFO [10-15	03:14:50] IPC endpoint opened: /Users/liyuechun/Desktop/1015/privchain/geth.ipc
INFO [10-15	03:14:50] HTTP endpoint opened: http://127.0.0.1:8545

为了方便操作，我们将上面的命令存为init.sh：

nano init.sh
//输入
geth --networkid  --dev --datadir data --rpc --rpcaddr 192.168.31.140 --rpcport  --port  console

//赋予执行权限
chmod  init.sh

保持节点的运行，不要关闭终端，重新打开一个终端，使用geth attach连接节点，并且打开geth console

geth attach ipc:data/geth.ipc 

为了方便操作，我们将上面的命令存为connect.sh：

nano connect.sh

//输入
geth attach ipc:data/geth.ipc

//赋予执行权限
chmod  connect.sh

这是一个交互式的 JavaScript 执行环境，在这里面可以执行 JavaScript 代码，其中 > 是命令提示符。在这个环境里也内置了一些用来操作以太坊的 JavaScript 对象，可以直接使用这些对象。这些对象主要包括：

• eth：包含一些跟操作区块链相关的方法；
• net：包含一些查看p2p网络状态的方法；
• admin：包含一些与管理节点相关的方法；
• miner：包含启动&停止挖矿的一些方法；
• personal：主要包含一些管理账户的方法；
• txpool：包含一些查看交易内存池的方法；
• web3：包含了以上对象，还包含一些单位换算的方法。

另外开启一个终端1

cd privatechain/data
geth attach ipc:geth.ipc

3、相关api命令

查看账户

personal.listAccounts

创建账户

personal.newAccount("密码")

4、web3命令 

查看创世账户

web3.eth.coinbase

获取账户

personal.listAccounts[]

查看账户余额

eth.getBalance("账户地址")
//eth.getBalance(personal.listAccounts[0])

开始挖矿

miner.start();

停止挖矿

miner.stop();

终端1账户0向账户1转账

//解锁账户0(密码为空)
personal.unlockAccount(personal.listAccounts[]);
//以太币转wei
amount = web3.toWei(5,'ether');
//转账
eth.sendTransaction({from:personal.listAccounts[0],to:personal.listAccounts[1],value:amount});
//查看交易状态
txpool.status
//查看区块信息
eth.getBlock("pending",true);
//开始挖矿
miner.start();
//停止挖矿
miner.stop();
//查看交易状态
txpool.status
//查看账户1的余额
eth.getBalance(personal.listAccounts[1])
//转账成功！！！
//查看区块数
eth.blockNumber
//查看交易信息
eth.getTransaction("0xc9d079c276cb8d026705430d1f0c543d88d11e6058f09b17717c7dc7df222dcd")
//查看区块信息（区块号）
eth.getBlock(1)

5、mist钱包连接私链

Mist钱包下载地址：https://github.com/ethereum/mist/releases

Mist = Ethereum Wallet + Web3 浏览器

下载：Mist-linux64-0-11-1.zip

解压

unzip Mist-linux64---.zip /home/ethereum/Mist

使用mist链接到私链

"/home/ethereum/Mist/mist" --rpc "/home/ethereum/privatechain/init/data/geth.ipc"

为了方便操作，我们将上面的命令存为mist.sh：

nano mist.sh

//输入
"/home/ethereum/Mist/mist" --rpc "/home/ethereum/privatechain/init/data/geth.ipc"

//赋予执行权限
chmod  mist.sh

打开即可

./mist.sh

6、编写智能合约 

这里我们部署合约分两种情况：

• 命令行方式部署
• Mist钱包中部署

a、命令行方式部署

终端1编写合约

cd privatechain
nano DemeterContract.sol

输入以下内容，并保存：

pragma solidity ^0.5.;

contract DemeterContract {
    mapping (address => uint) balances;
    event Transfer(address indexed _from, address indexed _to, uint256 _value);

    uint public ticketIndex;
    mapping(address => mapping(uint => Ticket)) stores;
    mapping(uint => address) ticketIdInStore;

    struct Ticket{
        uint id;   //票据id
        string name;  //票据名称

        string content;  //票据内容
        address receiveraddr;  //付款人地址
        //address payeeaddr;   //收款人地址
    }

    constructor() public{
        ticketIndex = ;
        balances[tx.origin] = ;
    }

    function sendCoin(address receiver, uint amount) public returns(bool sufficient) {
        if (balances[msg.sender] < amount) return false;
        balances[msg.sender] -= amount;
        balances[receiver] += amount;
        emit Transfer(msg.sender, receiver, amount);
        return true;
    }

    function getBalanceInEth(address addr) public view returns(uint){
        return getBalance(addr);
    }

    function getBalance(address addr) public view returns(uint) {
        return balances[addr];
    }

    /*  添加票据信息到区块链  */
    function addTicketToStore(string memory _name,string memory _content, address _receiveraddr) public {
        ticketIndex += ;
        Ticket memory ticket = Ticket(ticketIndex, _name, _content, _receiveraddr);
        stores[msg.sender][ticketIndex] = ticket;
        ticketIdInStore[ticketIndex] = msg.sender;
    }

    /*  添加票据信息到区块链  */
    function addTicketToStoreByAddress(string memory _name,string memory _content, address _senderaddr, address _receiveraddr) public {
        ticketIndex += ;
        Ticket memory ticket = Ticket(ticketIndex, _name, _content, _receiveraddr);
        stores[_senderaddr][ticketIndex] = ticket;
        ticketIdInStore[ticketIndex] = _senderaddr;
    }

    /*  test  */
    function test(string memory _name, string memory _content, address _receiveraddr) public returns(uint,address,string memory,string memory) {
        ticketIndex += ;
        Ticket memory ticket = Ticket(ticketIndex, _name, _content, _receiveraddr);
        stores[msg.sender][ticketIndex] = ticket;
        ticketIdInStore[ticketIndex] = msg.sender;

        /**/
        Ticket memory ticketback = stores[ticketIdInStore[ticketIndex]][ticketIndex];

        return (ticketIndex,msg.sender,ticketback.name,ticketback.content);
    }

    /*  通过票据id读取票据  */
    function getTicket(uint _ticketId) public view returns(uint, string memory, string memory){
        Ticket memory ticket = stores[ticketIdInStore[_ticketId]][_ticketId];
        return (ticket.id, ticket.name, ticket.content);
    }

    /*  通过票据id读取票据  */
    function getTicketByByAddress(address searcher, uint _ticketId) public view returns(uint, string memory, string memory){
        Ticket memory ticket = stores[ticketIdInStore[_ticketId]][_ticketId];
        //ticketIdInStore[_ticketId]==searcher
        if( ticketIdInStore[_ticketId] == searcher || ticket.receiveraddr == searcher )
            return (ticket.id, ticket.name, ticket.content);
        else
            return (, "", "");
    }
}

安装solc

参考：https://blog.csdn.net/u013137970/article/details/52255001、https://www.cnblogs.com/lidonghao/p/8497145.html

npm install -g solc
//npm install -g solc-cli
//检测是否安装成功
solcjs --help

//sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ethereum/ethereum
//sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ethereum/ethereum-dev
//sudo apt-get update

//sudo apt-get install solc

//检测是否安装成功:solc --help

终端2获取字节码

//使用solcjs获取合约的字节码
solcjs --bin DemeterContract.sol
//使用gedit打开 ,并复制字节码
gedit DemeterContract_sol_DemeterContract.bin

终端1定义字节码变量（在字节码前面加上 0x）:

var bytecode = 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终端2生成abi

//使用solcjs生成abi
solcjs --abi DemeterContract.sol
//使用gedit打开，并复制abi
gedit DemeterContract_sol_DemeterContract.abi

终端1定义字abi：

var abi = [{"constant":false,"inputs":[{"name":"_name","type":"string"},{"name":"_content","type":"string"},{"name":"_receiveraddr","type":"address"}],"name":"test","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"},{"name":"","type":"address"},{"name":"","type":"string"},{"name":"","type":"string"}],"payable":false,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[{"name":"addr","type":"address"}],"name":"getBalanceInEth","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[{"name":"_ticketId","type":"uint256"}],"name":"getTicket","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"},{"name":"","type":"string"},{"name":"","type":"string"}],"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":[{"name":"receiver","type":"address"},{"name":"amount","type":"uint256"}],"name":"sendCoin","outputs":[{"name":"sufficient","type":"bool"}],"payable":false,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":[{"name":"_name","type":"string"},{"name":"_content","type":"string"},{"name":"_receiveraddr","type":"address"}],"name":"addTicketToStore","outputs":[],"payable":false,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[{"name":"searcher","type":"address"},{"name":"_ticketId","type":"uint256"}],"name":"getTicketByByAddress","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"},{"name":"","type":"string"},{"name":"","type":"string"}],"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":[{"name":"_name","type":"string"},{"name":"_content","type":"string"},{"name":"_senderaddr","type":"address"},{"name":"_receiveraddr","type":"address"}],"name":"addTicketToStoreByAddress","outputs":[],"payable":false,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[],"name":"ticketIndex","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[{"name":"addr","type":"address"}],"name":"getBalance","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"inputs":[],"payable":false,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"constructor"},{"anonymous":false,"inputs":[{"indexed":true,"name":"_from","type":"address"},{"indexed":true,"name":"_to","type":"address"},{"indexed":false,"name":"_value","type":"uint256"}],"name":"Transfer","type":"event"}]

终端1部署合约

//通过abi创建合约对象
var myContract = web3.eth.contract(abi);
//预估手续费
web3.eth.estimateGas({data:bytecode})
//1822408

account1 = eth.coinbase;
//解锁coinbase账号，我们通过coinbase账号来付费部署合约
personal.unlockAccount(account1)

//定义合约实例，gas要大于手续费

contractInstance = myContract.new(
　　{
　　　　data: bytecode, 
　　　　gas: 2000000, 
　　　　from: account1
　　}, 
　　function(e, contract){
　　　　if(!e){
　　　　　　if(!contract.address){
　　　　　　　　console.log("Contract transaction send: Transaction Hash: "+contract.transactionHash
　　　　　　　　　　+" waiting to be mined...");
　　　　　　}else{
　　　　　　　　console.log("Contract mined! Address: "
　　　　　　　　　　+contract.address); 
　　　　　　　　console.log(contract); 
　　　　　　} 
　　　　}else{ 
　　　　　　console.log(e) 
　　　　}
　　}
)
//返回合约部署成功后的地址
//Contract mined! Address: 0xfcaeee24285696e4427cdb41a105829f3156d33f

//查看交易状态(pending = 1)
txpool.status
//开始挖矿
miner.start();
//停止挖矿
miner.stop();
//查看交易状态(pending =0)
txpool.status
//查看是否部署成功（如果没有部署成功，续集重新部署）
eth.getCode(contractInstance.address)

//合约地址
contractInstance.address

查询合约发布情况

transReceipt=eth.getTransactionReceipt(contractInstance.transactionHash)

status 0x1 表示成功 0x0 表示失败  contractAddress就是合约地址

通过合约地址获取合约对象

entityContract = myContract.at(transReceipt.contractAddress)

调用合约的查询方法ticketIndex()

entityContract.ticketIndex()

通过交易transaction调用合约方法addTicketToStore

txSend=eth.sendTransaction({"from": eth.coinbase, "to": transReceipt.contractAddress, "data": "0xa869765a00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000014697320636f6e747261637420737563636573733f000000000000000000000000"})

参考博文：https://blog.csdn.net/boneix/article/details/80223189

//调用合约方法

contractInstance.ticketIndex()
//0

> contractInstance.addTicketToStore("name","content",eth.coinbase)
Error: invalid address
    at web3.js::
    at web3.js::
    at web3.js::
    at map (<native code>)
    at web3.js::
    at web3.js::
    at web3.js::
    at web3.js::
    at apply (<native code>)
    at web3.js::16

解决办法：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_31915745/article/details/84205849

> contractInstance.addTicketToStoreByAddress("name","content",eth.accounts[],eth.accounts[])

b、Mist钱包中部署

花费1个eth

将合约复制粘贴过来，并把合约版本改为 0.4.24（我们下载的mist钱包合约编译器的版本就是0.4.24）

开始部署

等待合约挖矿确认

P76 、2-以太坊私网建立 (2) - 同一台电脑／不同电脑运行多个节点

先思考两个问题

• 决定存储区块链数据的目录
• 选择网络id，默认1为主网

为了在同一台机器能够运行两个节点，我们需要为不同的节点设置不同的 port 和 rpcport。

//去除--dev
geth --networkid  --datadir data2 --rpc --rpcaddr 192.168.1.23 --rpcport 9000 --port 3001 console

再新开启一个终端，执行

//去除--dev
geth --networkid  --datadir data3 --rpc --rpcaddr 192.168.1.23 --rpcport  --port  console

查看节点信息

admin.nodeInfo.enode

查看连接

admin.peers

增加连接（有时候可以，有时候不可以，连接不稳定！）

admin.addPeer("enode://d1b089c2c7c8b00aff37d7671de93a011136b5caeafa2ba24d92aee50643ee368b819cee059d8bd046410131a805058c8b0cd31c6a969b7591cc9050bdcaea5b@117.164.239.245:3002?discport=7498")

查看连接

admin.peers

查看节点连接数

web3.net.peerCount

P77 、3-以太坊私网建立 (3) - 通过创世区块来初始化区块链

保存配置文件为genesis.json

{
        "config": {
                "chainId": 15,
                "homesteadBlock": ,
                "eip155Block": ,
                "eip158Block":
        },
        "alloc": {
                "bc9a3ece02d7cb31cf63dfdfc48db0b82770d014": {
                        "balance": ""
                },
                "457e7d69fd3ac576aa744228e6b3319cde768473": {
                        "balance": ""
                }
        },"difficulty": "","gasLimit": "2100000"
}

加载配置文件

geth init genesis.json --datadir data5

打开终端

geth --networkid  --datadir data5 console

查看余额

eth.getBalance("0xbc9a3ece02d7cb31cf63dfdfc48db0b82770d014");
eth.getBalance("0x457e7d69fd3ac576aa744228e6b3319cde768473");

设置coinbase

miner.setEtherbase("0xbc9a3ece02d7cb31cf63dfdfc48db0b82770d014")

参考博文：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_36652517/article/details/86235738
https://learnblockchain.cn/2017/11/29/geth_cmd_options/

https://www.cnblogs.com/tinyxiong/p/7918706.html