python开发学习-day16(Django框架初识)

s12-20160507-day16

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-->

pytho自动化开发 day16

Date:2016.05.07

    @南非波波

课程大纲：

http://www.cnblogs.com/alex3714/articles/5457672.html

一、Django起步

1.创建Django项目

两种方式：使用pycharm工具进行创建
         使用manage命令进行创建

2.url设计

3.views视图设计

4.Template版本设计

二、Template模板渲染

1.调用后端传递的数据

<h3>username:{{user_obj.username}}</h3>
<h3>E-mail:{{user_obj.email}}</h3>

2.使用for循环进行遍历数据

<url>
    {% for user_info in user_obj %}
        <li style="">username:{{user_info.username}},E-mail:{{user_info.email}}</li>
    {% endfor %}
</url>

3.使用if进行相关条件判断

<url>
    {% for user_info in user_obj %}
    {#  {% if user_info.username == "swht" %}#} <!--可以直接判断某个字符串，然后进行处理-->
        {% if forloop.counter0|divisibleby:"2" %} <!--使用forloop。counter参数获取遍历的当前数字。counter0是从0开始的索引值，divisibleby:"2"是指能够被2整除-->
            <li style="background-color: aqua">username:{{user_info.username}},E-mail:{{user_info.email}}</li>
        {% else %}
            <li style="">username:{{user_info.username}},E-mail:{{user_info.email}}</li>
        {% endif %}

    {% endfor %}
</url>

4.模板的继承与复用

使用主页的头部进行继承，然后将主体进行重写

index.html

{% block header-menu %}
    <ul >
        <li style="display: inline-block">Home</li>
        <li style="display: inline-block">page1</li>
        <li style="display: inline-block">page2</li>
        <li style="display: inline-block">page3</li>
    </ul>
    {% endblock %}
    {% block content-container %}
    <h2>这是文章的首页</h2>
    <!--<h3>username:{{user_obj.username}}</h3>-->
    <!--<h3>E-mail:{{user_obj.email}}</h3>-->
    <url>
        {% for user_info in user_obj %}
{#            {% if user_info.username == "swht" %}#} <!--可以直接判断某个字符串，然后进行处理-->
            {% if forloop.counter0|divisibleby:"2" %} <!--使用forloop。counter参数获取遍历的当前数字。counter0是从0开始的索引值，divisibleby:"2"是指能够被2整除-->
                <li style="background-color: aqua">username:{{user_info.username}},E-mail:{{user_info.email}}</li>
            {% else %}
                <li style="">username:{{user_info.username}},E-mail:{{user_info.email}}</li>
            {% endif %}

        {% endfor %}
    </url>
    {% endblock %}

year.html

{% extends 'article/index.html' %}
{% block content-container %}
    <h1>这是{{ year_obj.year }}年的文章</h1>
{% endblock %}

说明：

{% extends 'article/index.html' %} 语法是继承主页的所有属性
{% block content-container %}
{% endblock%}  语法说明该语块是可以被重写的

模板的继承和重写支持：子继承父、孙继承子

三、配置文件

1.setting文件说明

BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))  指定了当前项目文件的基础路径
SECRET_KEY = '-i6p7t+w6@&duki)8s88tf=_ms%@z8fz4_5g@vhvzp@tij36w$' django通信KEY，我们一般不需要进行修改

DEBUG = True  #选项为True时，属于开发环境，当遇到错误时会弹出默认的提示大黄页，当选项为False时，属于生产环境，需要下面的关键字进行配合设置
ALLOWED_HOSTS = [] #当DEBUG = False时，ALLOWED_HOSTS = [*]，即允许所有主机访问，当访问的资源不存在时，默认会返回默认的404页面提示
INSTALLED_APPS=[] #这里需要配置我们安装的应用的名称
TEMPLATES = [] #这里指定项目模板的路径，一般不需要修改，但也可以自定义路径
DATABASES = {} #这里默认使用sqlite3数据库进行存储，我们可以修改成支持的其他数据库类型
TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai' #这里的时区参数需要选择上海时区

2.设置mysql数据库配置

DATABASES = {
    'default':{
        'ENGINE':'django.db.backends.mysql',
        'NAME':'blog',
        'HOST':'127.0.0.1',
        'PORT':'3306',
        'USER':'root',
        'PASSWORD':'',
    }
}

Windows下面安装mysql环境：http://www.cnblogs.com/songqingbo/p/5080847.html

创建所需的数据库：
    create database blog charset utf8;

3.mysql数据库初始化

models

class Author(models.Model):
    first_name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    last_name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    email = models.EmailField()
    def __unicode__(self):
        return "<%s %s>" %(self.first_name,self.last_name)

    class Meta:
        verbose_name_plural = u"作者"
    #def __str__()
class Publisher(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=64,unique=True)
    address = models.CharField(max_length=128,null=True,blank=True)
    city = models.CharField(max_length=64)
    state_province = models.CharField(max_length=30,help_text="put your country code here..",verbose_name=u"所属省")
    country = models.CharField(max_length=50,editable=False)
    website = models.URLField()
    def __unicode__(self):
        return "<%s>" %(self.name)
class Book(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
    authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author)
    publisher = models.ForeignKey(Publisher)
    #publish_date = models.DateTimeField
    publish_date = models.DateField()
    def __unicode__(self):
        return "<%s>" %(self.name)

由于django需要MySQLdb进行连接mysql数据库，需要安装MySQLdb模块和vc++ for python2.7环境包。

python2 manage.py makemigrations  #生成数据库创建表文件
    Migrations for 'article':
      0001_initial.py:
        - Create model Author
        - Create model Book
        - Create model Publisher
        - Add field publisher to book
python2 manage.py migrate #将表结构写入数据库
    Operations to perform:
      Apply all migrations: admin, article, contenttypes, auth, sessions
    Running migrations:
      Rendering model states... DONE
      Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK
      Applying auth.0001_initial... OK
      Applying admin.0001_initial... OK
      Applying admin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... OK
      Applying article.0001_initial... OK
      Applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK
      Applying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK
      Applying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK
      Applying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK
      Applying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK
      Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK
      Applying auth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OK

4.创建后台用户

admin.py
    #增加下面的语句作用是使用admin后台进行数据库的管理操作
    import models
    admin.site.register(models.Author)
    admin.site.register(models.Book)
    admin.site.register(models.Publisher)
python2 manage.py createsuperuser #创建一个超级用户

四、使用django命令对数据库进行基础操作

1. 进入python django shell

   shell>>python2 manage.py shell

2. 查询数据

   >>>from article.models import Publisher

   >>>publisher_list = Publisher.objects.all() #查询所有的出版社列表

   >>>publisher_list[1].name #查询第2个出版社的名称

   >>>publisher_list[1].id #查询第2个出版社的id

3. 增加一条数据

   >>> p1 = Publisher.objects.create(name='SWht',address='haidian',city='beijing',state_province='CA',country='CN',website='http://www.songqingbo.cn')

   >>>p2 = Publisher(name='SWht2',address='haidian1',city='beijing',state_province='CA',country='CN',website='http://www.songqingbo.cn')

   >>>p2.save() #增加数据两种方式，1.使用对象的objects的create方法进行数据的创建，2.使用对象的save方法进行数据的保存。

4. 数据库过滤查询

   >>> from article.models import Author

   >>> author_list = Author.objects.all()

   >>> author_list

   [<Author: >, <Author: >]

   >>> Author.objects.filter(first_name='shen')

   [<Author: >]

5. 获取单个对象

   >>> Author.objects.get(first_name='shen')

   <Author: >

   >>> Author.objects.get(id='1')

   <Author: >

   >>> Author.objects.get(id='2')

   <Author: >

   注意：如果查询没有返回结果也会抛出异常

6. 数据排序

   >>> Author.objects.orderby("firstname")

   [<Author: >, <Author: >]

   >>> Author.objects.order_by("id")

   [<Author: >, <Author: >]

7. 数据更新

   >>> author = Author.objects.get(last_name='test')

   >>> author.last_name = 'diaoxia'

   >>> author.save()

   >>> Author.objects.all()

   [<Author: >, <Author: >]

8. 删除对象

   >>> author = Author.objects.get(first_name='alix')

   >>> author

   <Author: >

   >>> author.delete()

   (2L, {u'article.Book_authors': 1L, u'article.Author': 1L})

   >>> Author.objects.all()

   [<Author: >]