python 文件路径问题

需要用到 os 模块和 sys 模块

import os
print(__file__)# 输出相对路径
print(os.path.abspath(__file__)) #输出绝对路径
# D:\Project\180410gentic\Rahul_Genetic_Program\analysis\test.py

print os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)) #返回目录名不要文件名
# D:\Project\180410gentic\Rahul_Genetic_Program\analysis

import sys

BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)) # 设为基本路径

sys.path.append(BASE_DIR) #将路径添加环境变量　

os.walk目录遍历

os.walk(top, topdown=True, onerror=None, followlinks=False)

- top是要遍历的目录。 
- topdown是代表要从上而下遍历还是从下往上遍历。 
- onerror可以用来设置当遍历出现错误的处理函数(该函数接受一个OSError的实例作为参数)，设置为空则不作处理。 
- followlinks表示是否要跟随目录下的链接去继续遍历，要注意的是，os.walk不会记录已经遍历的目录，所以跟随链接遍历的话有可能一直循环调用下去。

os.walk返回的是一个3个元素的元组 (root, dirs, files) ，分别表示遍历的路径名，该路径下的目录列表和该路径下文件列表。注意目录列表和文件列表不是具体路径，需要具体路径(从root开始的路径)的话可以用 os.path.join(root,dir)和 os.path.join(root,dir) 。

├── a.py
├── b.py
├── c.py
├── dir1
│   ├── dir4
│   │   ├── g.py
│   │   └── h.py
│   ├── dirx
│   │   ├── diry
│   │   │   └── k.py
│   │   └── z.py
│   ├── e.py
│   ├── f.py
│   └── g.py
├── dir2
│   ├── dira
│   │   └── dirb
│   │       └── dirc
│   │           └── aha.py
│   ├── k.py
│   ├── l.py
│   └── m.py
└── dir3
    ├── dir5
    │   └── z.py
    ├── x.py
    └── y.py

10 directories, 17 files　　

测试topdown

当我用 os.walk 遍历这个目录时，程序和输出如下:

import os

path = '/Users/nisen/Projects/python_advanced_class/test/test_os_walk'

for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path, True):
    print('root: %s' % root)
    print('dirs: %s' % dirs)
    print('files: %s' % files)
    print (' ')

　　结果如下，从root的路径可以看出遍历是自上而下的：

root: /Users/nisen/Projects/python_advanced_class/test/test_os_walk
dirs: ['dir1', 'dir2', 'dir3']
files: ['a.py', 'b.py', 'c.py']

root: /Users/nisen/Projects/python_advanced_class/test/test_os_walk/dir1
dirs: ['dir4', 'dirx']
files: ['e.py', 'f.py', 'g.py']

root: /Users/nisen/Projects/python_advanced_class/test/test_os_walk/dir1/dir4
dirs: []
files: ['g.py', 'h.py']

root: /Users/nisen/Projects/python_advanced_class/test/test_os_walk/dir1/dirx
dirs: ['diry']
files: ['z.py']

root: /Users/nisen/Projects/python_advanced_class/test/test_os_walk/dir1/dirx/diry
dirs: []
files: ['k.py']

root: /Users/nisen/Projects/python_advanced_class/test/test_os_walk/dir2
dirs: ['dira']
files: ['k.py', 'l.py', 'm.py']

root: /Users/nisen/Projects/python_advanced_class/test/test_os_walk/dir2/dira
dirs: ['dirb']
files: []

root: /Users/nisen/Projects/python_advanced_class/test/test_os_walk/dir2/dira/dirb
dirs: ['dirc']
files: []

root: /Users/nisen/Projects/python_advanced_class/test/test_os_walk/dir2/dira/dirb/dirc
dirs: []
files: ['aha.py']

root: /Users/nisen/Projects/python_advanced_class/test/test_os_walk/dir3
dirs: ['dir5']
files: ['x.py', 'y.py']

root: /Users/nisen/Projects/python_advanced_class/test/test_os_walk/dir3/dir5
dirs: []
files: ['z.py']

　　而当设置os.walk的topdown为False时，结果如下, 可以看出他是自上而下遍历的：

root: /Users/nisen/Projects/python_advanced_class/test/test_os_walk/dir1/dir4
dirs: []
files: ['g.py', 'h.py']

root: /Users/nisen/Projects/python_advanced_class/test/test_os_walk/dir1/dirx/diry
dirs: []
files: ['k.py']

root: /Users/nisen/Projects/python_advanced_class/test/test_os_walk/dir1/dirx
dirs: ['diry']
files: ['z.py']

root: /Users/nisen/Projects/python_advanced_class/test/test_os_walk/dir1
dirs: ['dir4', 'dirx']
files: ['e.py', 'f.py', 'g.py']

root: /Users/nisen/Projects/python_advanced_class/test/test_os_walk/dir2/dira/dirb/dirc
dirs: []
files: ['aha.py']

root: /Users/nisen/Projects/python_advanced_class/test/test_os_walk/dir2/dira/dirb
dirs: ['dirc']
files: []

root: /Users/nisen/Projects/python_advanced_class/test/test_os_walk/dir2/dira
dirs: ['dirb']
files: []

root: /Users/nisen/Projects/python_advanced_class/test/test_os_walk/dir2
dirs: ['dira']
files: ['k.py', 'l.py', 'm.py']

root: /Users/nisen/Projects/python_advanced_class/test/test_os_walk/dir3/dir5
dirs: []
files: ['z.py']

root: /Users/nisen/Projects/python_advanced_class/test/test_os_walk/dir3
dirs: ['dir5']
files: ['x.py', 'y.py']

root: /Users/nisen/Projects/python_advanced_class/test/test_os_walk
dirs: ['dir1', 'dir2', 'dir3']
files: ['a.py', 'b.py', 'c.py']

　　os.path.join()函数用于路径拼接文件路径

• 会从第一个以”/”开头的参数开始拼接，之前的参数全部丢弃。

• 以上一种情况为先。在上一种情况确保情况下，若出现”./”开头的参数，会从”./”开头的参数的上一个参数开始拼接

import os

print("1:",os.path.join('aaaa','/bbbb','ccccc.txt'))

print("2:",os.path.join('/aaaa','/bbbb','/ccccc.txt'))

print("3:",os.path.join('aaaa','./bbb','ccccc.txt'))

# 1: /bbbb\ccccc.txt
# 2: /ccccc.txt
# 3: aaaa\./bbb\ccccc.txt