《C-RNN-GAN: Continuous recurrent neural networks with adversarial training》论文笔记
出处:arXiv: Artificial Intelligence, 2016(一年了还没中吗?)
Motivation
使用GAN+RNN来处理continuous sequential data,并训练生成古典音乐
Introduction
In this work, we investigate the feasibility of using adversarial training for a sequential model with continuous data, and evaluate it using classical music in freely available midi files.也就是利用GAN+RNN来处理midi file中的连续数据。RNN主要工作用于处理时序相关的自然语言,同时也被引入到了音乐生成的领域[1,2,3],but to our knowledge they always use a symbolic representation. In contrast,our work demonstrates how one can train a highly flexible and expressive model with fully continuous sequence data for tone lengths, frequencies, intensities, and timing.作者还刻意提到了LapGAN实现coarse-to-fine的图片生成过程(个人思考:对音乐生成很有启发,包括利用双层GAN来从caption生成image,一层用于生成低分辨率的粗线条色彩图片,一层用于生成细节,这些思路应该可以结合到音乐生成中去)。
Model

对抗网络中的G和D都是RNN模型,损失函数定义为

The input to each cell in G is a random vector, concatenated with the output of previous cell.D采用的是双向循环RNN(LSTM)。数据方面构建了一个tone length, frequency, intensity, and time的四元数组,数据可以表示出复调和弦polyphonous chords。
G和D的LSTM层数皆设置为2,BaseLine为去掉对抗性的单一的RNN生成网络。训练集Dataset是从网上down下来的标准midi格式的古典音乐文件,对所有的”note on“事件进行了记录的读取(包括该note的其他属性,时延,tone,强度等等),代码地址:https://github.com/olofmogren/c-rnn-gan
Training过程中使用了很多小技巧:
- 使用L2 regularization对G和D的权重做正则化约束
- The model was pretrained for 6 epochs with a squared error loss for predicting the next event in the
training sequence - the input to each LSTM cell is a random vector v, concatenated with the output at previous time step. v is uniformly distributed in [0; 1]k, and k
was chosen to be the number of features in each tone, 4. - 在预训练时,对采样的序列长度做了管理,从小序列开始逐渐加大,最后变成长序列
- 采用了[4]中的freezen的trick,当D或G被训练得异常强大以至于对方梯度消失,无法正常进行训练时,对过于强大的一方实施冻结。这里采用的是A‘s training loss is less than 70% of the training loss of B时,冻结A
- 采用了[4]中的feature matching的trick,将G的目标函数替换为使真假样本的feature差值最小化:
其中,R是D的最后一层(激活函数logistic之前)输出。
评估标准
Polyphony 复音是否在同一时间点开始
Scale consistency were computed by counting the fraction of tones that were part of a standard scale, and reporting the number for the best matching such scale.(标准音程是什么鬼?)
Repetitions 小节重复数量
Tone span 最高音和最低音的音程统计
评估工具代码也放在github上面了
结论
第一例通过GAN对抗训练来生成音乐的paper。从人耳听觉的感受上来说,c-RNN-GAN生成的音乐完全不能和真实样本相提并论,应该是单纯地进行对抗训练,单轨音调,缺乏先验乐理知识的融入的缘故导致。
sample 试听:http://mogren.one/publications/2016/c-rnn-gan/
[1]Douglas Eck and Juergen Schmidhuber. Finding temporal structure in music: Blues improvisation
with lstm recurrent networks. In Neural Networks for Signal Processing, 2002. Proceedings of the
2002 12th IEEE Workshop on, pages 747–756. IEEE, 2002.
[2]Pascal Vincent Nicolas Boulanger-Lewandowski, Yoshua Bengio. Modeling temporal dependencies
in high-dimensional sequences: Application to polyphonic music generation and transcription. In
Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), page 1159–1166,
2012.
[3]Lantao Yu, Weinan Zhang, Jun Wang, and Yong Yu. Seqgan: Sequence generative adversarial nets
with policy gradient. arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.05473, 2016.
[4]Tim Salimans, Ian Goodfellow, Wojciech Zaremba, Vicki Cheung, Alec Radford, and Xi Chen.
Improved techniques for training gans. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems,
pages 2226–2234, 2016.
代码分析
Restore保存的参数:
'num_layers_g' : RNN cell g的层数
'num_layers_d' :RNN Cell D的层数
'meta_layer_size':
'hidden_size_g':
'hidden_size_d':
'biscale_slow_layer_ticks':
'multiscale':
'disable_feed_previous':
'pace_events':
'minibatch_d':
'unidirectional_d':
'feature_matching':
'composer':选取训练集中哪个作曲家的风格来进行训练,如巴赫 贝多芬......
do-not-redownload.txt存在,则不再下载新的midi文件
read_data函数读出的格式为[genre, composer, song_data]
这里组织了一个sources列表,键值为风格,艺术家

用python-midi读出midi_pattern后,遍历每一个track的每一个event,通过NoteOnEvent和NoteOffEvent记录每一个note的四个维度数值:
最后,一首歌的所有的note被汇总到一个song_data的list中去了。每一个[genre, composer, song_data]代表一首歌的特征数据,这些数据被append到 loader.songs['validation'], loader.songs['test'] ,loader.songs['train']中去了。
创建模型训练时使用了l2正则项来避免过拟合:scope.set_regularizer(tf.contrib.layers.l2_regularizer(scale=FLAGS.reg_scale))
创建G,一个多层的LSTM:

输入噪声random_rnninputs的shape为[batch_size, songlength, int(FLAGS.random_input_scale*num_song_features)],然后转换为list

---恢复内容结束---
出处:arXiv: Artificial Intelligence, 2016(一年了还没中吗?)
Motivation
使用GAN+RNN来处理continuous sequential data,并训练生成古典音乐
Introduction
In this work, we investigate the feasibility of using adversarial training for a sequential model with continuous data, and evaluate it using classical music in freely available midi files.也就是利用GAN+RNN来处理midi file中的连续数据。RNN主要工作用于处理时序相关的自然语言,同时也被引入到了音乐生成的领域[1,2,3],but to our knowledge they always use a symbolic representation. In contrast,our work demonstrates how one can train a highly flexible and expressive model with fully continuous sequence data for tone lengths, frequencies, intensities, and timing.作者还刻意提到了LapGAN实现coarse-to-fine的图片生成过程(个人思考:对音乐生成很有启发,包括利用双层GAN来从caption生成image,一层用于生成低分辨率的粗线条色彩图片,一层用于生成细节,这些思路应该可以结合到音乐生成中去)。
Model

对抗网络中的G和D都是RNN模型,损失函数定义为

The input to each cell in G is a random vector, concatenated with the output of previous cell.D采用的是双向循环RNN(LSTM)。数据方面构建了一个tone length, frequency, intensity, and time的四元数组,数据可以表示出复调和弦polyphonous chords。
G和D的LSTM层数皆设置为2,BaseLine为去掉对抗性的单一的RNN生成网络。训练集Dataset是从网上down下来的标准midi格式的古典音乐文件,对所有的”note on“事件进行了记录的读取(包括该note的其他属性,时延,tone,强度等等),代码地址:https://github.com/olofmogren/c-rnn-gan
Training过程中使用了很多小技巧:
- 使用L2 regularization对G和D的权重做正则化约束
- The model was pretrained for 6 epochs with a squared error loss for predicting the next event in the
training sequence - the input to each LSTM cell is a random vector v, concatenated with the output at previous time step. v is uniformly distributed in [0; 1]k, and k
was chosen to be the number of features in each tone, 4. - 在预训练时,对采样的序列长度做了管理,从小序列开始逐渐加大,最后变成长序列
- 采用了[4]中的freezen的trick,当D或G被训练得异常强大以至于对方梯度消失,无法正常进行训练时,对过于强大的一方实施冻结。这里采用的是A‘s training loss is less than 70% of the training loss of B时,冻结A
- 采用了[4]中的feature matching的trick,将G的目标函数替换为使真假样本的feature差值最小化:
其中,R是D的最后一层(激活函数logistic之前)输出。
评估标准
Polyphony 复音是否在同一时间点开始
Scale consistency were computed by counting the fraction of tones that were part of a standard scale, and reporting the number for the best matching such scale.(标准音程是什么鬼?)
Repetitions 小节重复数量
Tone span 最高音和最低音的音程统计
评估工具代码也放在github上面了
结论
第一例通过GAN对抗训练来生成音乐的paper。从人耳听觉的感受上来说,c-RNN-GAN生成的音乐完全不能和真实样本相提并论,应该是单纯地进行对抗训练,单轨音调,缺乏先验乐理知识的融入的缘故导致。
sample 试听:http://mogren.one/publications/2016/c-rnn-gan/
[1]Douglas Eck and Juergen Schmidhuber. Finding temporal structure in music: Blues improvisation
with lstm recurrent networks. In Neural Networks for Signal Processing, 2002. Proceedings of the
2002 12th IEEE Workshop on, pages 747–756. IEEE, 2002.
[2]Pascal Vincent Nicolas Boulanger-Lewandowski, Yoshua Bengio. Modeling temporal dependencies
in high-dimensional sequences: Application to polyphonic music generation and transcription. In
Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), page 1159–1166,
2012.
[3]Lantao Yu, Weinan Zhang, Jun Wang, and Yong Yu. Seqgan: Sequence generative adversarial nets
with policy gradient. arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.05473, 2016.
[4]Tim Salimans, Ian Goodfellow, Wojciech Zaremba, Vicki Cheung, Alec Radford, and Xi Chen.
Improved techniques for training gans. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems,
pages 2226–2234, 2016.
代码分析
Restore保存的参数:
'num_layers_g' : RNN cell g的层数
'num_layers_d' :RNN Cell D的层数
'meta_layer_size':
'hidden_size_g':
'hidden_size_d':
'biscale_slow_layer_ticks':
'multiscale':
'disable_feed_previous':
'pace_events':
'minibatch_d':
'unidirectional_d':
'feature_matching':
'composer':选取训练集中哪个作曲家的风格来进行训练,如巴赫 贝多芬......
do-not-redownload.txt存在,则不再下载新的midi文件
read_data函数读出的格式为[genre, composer, song_data]
这里组织了一个sources列表,键值为风格,艺术家

用python-midi读出midi_pattern后,遍历每一个track的每一个event,通过NoteOnEvent和NoteOffEvent记录每一个note的四个维度数值:
最后,一首歌的所有的note被汇总到一个song_data的list中去了。每一个[genre, composer, song_data]代表一首歌的特征数据,这些数据被append到 loader.songs['validation'] loader.songs['test'] loader.songs['train']中去了。
对于待训练的placeholder数据有:
创建模型训练时使用了l2正则项来避免过拟合:scope.set_regularizer(tf.contrib.layers.l2_regularizer(scale=FLAGS.reg_scale))
创建G的LSTM网络:

输入噪声random_rnninputs的shape为[batch_size, songlength, int(FLAGS.random_input_scale*num_song_features)],然后转换为list(unstack?)

对G进行RNN的分步训练过程,每个循环是一步,输入为噪音random_rnninput和上一步的输出generated_point(两者concat为一个[batch_size,2*num_song_features]的tensor,第一步输出的初始化从均匀分布中采样)

对G还有个pretraining的过程,输入为噪音random_rnninputs和真实的sample songdata_input[i]

针对G的pretraining的loss是L2距离,注意这里的链表stack和[1,0,2]转置:
要注意的是(1)由于bidirectional_dynamic_rnn每构建一次就会自动在名字空间中序号+1,所以用层数名来限定了scope(折腾了一天,是我菜还是tf太坑?)
(2)每次的输入_inputs需要把output中包含了bw和fw的tuple元组concat起来,每个tensor的shape为[batch_size,song_length,ouput_dim],其中output_dim和lstm隐层单元数量(状态数量)
一致,合并后shape为[batch_size,song_length,2×ouput_dim]
随后D将双向LSTM的输出全连接(output num = 1)并sigmoid映射为真假概率,同时输出output作为features,参与到feature loss的计算中去。
loss计算:

《C-RNN-GAN: Continuous recurrent neural networks with adversarial training》论文笔记的更多相关文章
- 《Vision Permutator: A Permutable MLP-Like ArchItecture For Visual Recognition》论文笔记
论文题目:<Vision Permutator: A Permutable MLP-Like ArchItecture For Visual Recognition> 论文作者:Qibin ...
- [place recognition]NetVLAD: CNN architecture for weakly supervised place recognition 论文翻译及解析(转)
https://blog.csdn.net/qq_32417287/article/details/80102466 abstract introduction method overview Dee ...
- 论文笔记系列-Auto-DeepLab:Hierarchical Neural Architecture Search for Semantic Image Segmentation
Pytorch实现代码:https://github.com/MenghaoGuo/AutoDeeplab 创新点 cell-level and network-level search 以往的NAS ...
- 论文笔记——Rethinking the Inception Architecture for Computer Vision
1. 论文思想 factorized convolutions and aggressive regularization. 本文给出了一些网络设计的技巧. 2. 结果 用5G的计算量和25M的参数. ...
- 论文笔记:Fast Neural Architecture Search of Compact Semantic Segmentation Models via Auxiliary Cells
Fast Neural Architecture Search of Compact Semantic Segmentation Models via Auxiliary Cells 2019-04- ...
- 论文笔记:ProxylessNAS: Direct Neural Architecture Search on Target Task and Hardware
ProxylessNAS: Direct Neural Architecture Search on Target Task and Hardware 2019-03-19 16:13:18 Pape ...
- 论文笔记:DARTS: Differentiable Architecture Search
DARTS: Differentiable Architecture Search 2019-03-19 10:04:26accepted by ICLR 2019 Paper:https://arx ...
- 论文笔记:Progressive Neural Architecture Search
Progressive Neural Architecture Search 2019-03-18 20:28:13 Paper:http://openaccess.thecvf.com/conten ...
- 论文笔记:Auto-DeepLab: Hierarchical Neural Architecture Search for Semantic Image Segmentation
Auto-DeepLab: Hierarchical Neural Architecture Search for Semantic Image Segmentation2019-03-18 14:4 ...
- 论文笔记系列-DARTS: Differentiable Architecture Search
Summary 我的理解就是原本节点和节点之间操作是离散的,因为就是从若干个操作中选择某一个,而作者试图使用softmax和relaxation(松弛化)将操作连续化,所以模型结构搜索的任务就转变成了 ...
随机推荐
- bzoj5108 [CodePlus2017]可做题 位运算dp+离散
[CodePlus2017]可做题 Time Limit: 10 Sec Memory Limit: 512 MBSubmit: 87 Solved: 63[Submit][Status][Dis ...
- 学.net必学的东西 10项【不知道我能不能学这么多,!- -,光程序编辑我都累死了】
原文发布时间为:2008-10-30 -- 来源于本人的百度文章 [由搬家工具导入] 10项.NET必学的技术2007年08月28日 星期二 14:58 1、WCF (Windows Communic ...
- Java jsp页面中jstl标签详解
JSLT标签库,是日常开发经常使用的,也是众多标签中性能最好的.把常用的内容,放在这里备份一份,随用随查.尽量做到不用查,就可以随手就可以写出来.这算是Java程序员的基本功吧,一定要扎实. JSTL ...
- hdu1072(bfs)
#include<iostream> #include<queue> #include<cstring> using namespace std; int a[10 ...
- uva 10604
状态压缩 奇怪的是A与B混合 和 B与A 混合得到的热量可能不同 #include <cstdio> #include <cstdlib> #include <cmat ...
- java基础语法1
一:基础语法之--标识符,修饰符,关键字 1.标识符: 定义:类名.变量名以及方法名都被称为标识符.自定义的名字. 注意: ·所有的标识符都应该以字母(A-Z或者a-z),美元符($).或者下划线(_ ...
- Linux后台运行命令nohub输出pid到文件(转)
用nohup可以启动一个后台进程.让一个占用前台的程序在后台运行,并静默输出日志到文件: nohup command > logfile.txt & 但是如果需要结束这个进程,一般做法是 ...
- foobar2000使用cue文件播放时出现Unable to open item for playback (Object not found):的问题解决
如下错误: 一般是找不到APE文件导致的.解决方法如下: 1.打开APE文件,对一下路径修改即可.
- openstack ocata 的cell 和 placement api
The Ocata openstack just released recently. The official docs is not very stable yet. Some key steps ...
- window环境下搭建SVN服务器
<span style="font-family: Arial; rgb(255, 255, 255);">第一步:准备工具:</span> 1.SVN服务 ...