使用RPM管理软件包

一、概念简介

RPM 全名是『 RedHat Package Manager 』简称则为 RPM,是以一种数据库记录的方式来将你所需要的套件安装到你的 Linux 主机的一套管理程序。

二、实验环境

本地主机：ip地址为192.168.0.，主要用于安装、调试、卸载软件包用

远程主机：含已给出的共享目录，本地主机可以挂载远程主机给出的共享，方便文件安装，ip地址为192.168.0.

三、实例演示

1.查看远程主机已共享目录信息

[root@desktop1 ~]# showmount -e 192.168.0.254
Export list for 192.168.0.254:
/nfstest               192.168.0.0/
/var/ftp/pub/iso       192.168.0.0/
/iso                   192.168.0.0/
/var/ftp/pub/rhel7/dvd 192.168.0.0/
/kickstart             192.168.0.0/
/rhome                 192.168.0.0/
/home/guests           192.168.0.0/
/var/ftp/pub           192.168.0.0/

2.在本地创建／rhel7目录，并将远程主机192.168.0.254的／var/ftp/pub/rhel7目录挂载到本地/rhel7目录，方便后续实验

[root@desktop1 ~]# mkdir /rhel7
[root@desktop1 ~]# mount 192.168.0.254:/var/ftp/pub/rhel7 /rhel7
[root@desktop1 ~]# df -h　　　　　　　　# 查看挂载情况，最后一行显示已挂载成功
Filesystem                        Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vol0-root              49G  .0G   46G   % /
devtmpfs                          905M       905M   % /dev
tmpfs                             914M  140K  914M   % /dev/shm
tmpfs                             914M  9.0M  905M   % /run
tmpfs                             914M       914M   % /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/vol0-home             509M   26M  483M   % /home
/dev/sda1                         497M  104M  394M  % /boot
/dev/sr0                          .8G  .8G      % /run/media/root/RHEL-7.2 Server.x86_64
192.168.0.254:/var/ftp/pub/rhel7   20G  340M   20G   % /rhel7

3. 使用rpm ivh 命令安装bind-9.9.4-14.el7.x86_64.rpm（本地已经安装了，并且该安装包无其他依赖包）

[root@desktop1 ~]# rpm -ivh /rhel7/dvd/Packages/bind-9.9.-.el7.x86_64.rpm
warning: /rhel7/dvd/Packages/bind-9.9.-.el7.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
Preparing...                                                   ################################# [%]
    package bind-:9.9.-.el7.x86_64 is already installed

4. 安装有其他依赖的rpm包会提示缺少依赖项，该示例显示安装tftp-server时需要用到xinetd包。

[root@desktop1 ~]# rpm -ivh /rhel7/dvd/Packages/tftp-server-5.2-.el7.x86_64.rpm
warning: /rhel7/dvd/Packages/tftp-server-5.2-.el7.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
error: Failed dependencies:
    xinetd is needed by tftp-server-5.2-.el7.x86_64

5. 使用 rpm –ivh 先安装 tftp-server 的依赖包 xinetd，再安装 tftp-server

[root@desktop1 ~]# rpm -ivh /rhel7/dvd/Packages/xinetd-2.3.-.el7.x86_64.rpm
warning: /rhel7/dvd/Packages/xinetd-2.3.-.el7.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
Preparing...                                                   ################################# [%]
Updating / installing...
   :xinetd-:2.3.-.el7                                    ################################# [%]
[root@desktop1 ~]# rpm -ivh /rhel7/dvd/Packages/tftp-server-5.2-.el7.x86_64.rpm
warning: /rhel7/dvd/Packages/tftp-server-5.2-.el7.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
Preparing...                                                   ################################# [%]
Updating / installing...
   :tftp-server-5.2-.el7                                    ################################# [%]

6. 使用 rpm 命令，检查tftp-server-5.2-11.el7.x86_64.rpm这个包的信息(可以看到版本，名字、适用架构等)

[root@desktop1 ~]# rpm -qpi /rhel7/dvd/Packages/tftp-server-5.2-.el7.x86_64.rpm
warning: /rhel7/dvd/Packages/tftp-server-5.2-.el7.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
Name        : tftp-server
Version     : 5.2
Release     : .el7
Architecture: x86_64
Install Date: (not installed)
Group       : System Environment/Daemons
Size        :
License     : BSD
Signature   : RSA/SHA256, Thu  Apr  :: AM CST, Key ID 199e2f91fd431d51
Source RPM  : tftp-5.2-.el7.src.rpm
Build Date  : Tue  Jan  :: AM CST
Build Host  : x86-.build.eng.bos.redhat.com
Relocations : (not relocatable)
Packager    : Red Hat, Inc. <http://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla>
Vendor      : Red Hat, Inc.
URL         : http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/network/tftp/
Summary     : The server for the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
Description :
The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is normally used only for
booting diskless workstations.  The tftp-server package provides the
server for TFTP, which allows users to transfer files to and from a
remote machine. TFTP provides very little security, and should not be
enabled unless it is expressly needed.  The TFTP server is run from
/etc/xinetd.d/tftp, and is disabled by default.

7.使用 rpm 命令，检查/rhel7/dvd/Packages/tftp-server-5.2-11.el7.x86_64.rpm这个软件包安装后在系统中会创建的文件

[root@desktop1 ~]# rpm -qpl /rhel7/dvd/Packages/tftp-server-5.2-.el7.x86_64.rpm
warning: /rhel7/dvd/Packages/tftp-server-5.2-.el7.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
/etc/xinetd.d/tftp
/usr/lib/systemd/system/tftp.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/tftp.socket
/usr/sbin/in.tftpd
/usr/share/doc/tftp-server-5.2
/usr/share/doc/tftp-server-5.2/CHANGES
/usr/share/doc/tftp-server-5.2/README
/usr/share/doc/tftp-server-5.2/README.security
/usr/share/man/man8/in.tftpd..gz
/usr/share/man/man8/tftpd..gz
/var/lib/tftpboot

8. 用 rpm 命令，检查/etc/named.conf 是由哪个 rpm 包生成的

[root@desktop1 ~]# rpm -qf /etc/named.conf
bind-9.9.-.el7.x86_64

9. 使用rpm卸载bind这个软件包

[root@desktop1 ~]# rpm -e bind

10. 再次查看/etc/named.conf这个文件，已被删除。

[root@desktop1 ~]# rpm -qf /etc/named.conf
error: file /etc/named.conf: No such file or directory

11. 使用rpm命令删除xinetd，删除不成功，还有tftp-server依赖项，所以删除不了。

[root@desktop1 ~]# rpm -e xinetd
error: Failed dependencies:
    xinetd is needed by (installed) tftp-server-5.2-.el7.x86_64

12. 使用rpm命令先卸载tftp-server,xinetd

[root@desktop1 ~]# rpm -e tftp-server xinetd

13. 使用 rpm –import 导入/rhel7/dvd/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release 这个用于验证 RPM包签名的公钥文件

[root@desktop1 ~]# rpm --import /rhel7/dvd/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release

14. 使用rpm -K 验证bind-9.9.4-14.el7.x86_64.rpm，看到显示md5 OK

[root@desktop1 ~]# rpm -K /rhel7/dvd/Packages/bind-9.9.-.el7.x86_64.rpm
/rhel7/dvd/Packages/bind-9.9.-.el7.x86_64.rpm: rsa sha1 (md5) pgp md5 OK

15. 将bind-9.9.4-14.el7.x86_64.rpm复制到／tmp目录下，在尾部添加123后再次使用rpm -K确认，显示MD5 NOT OK"

[root@desktop1 ~]# cp /rhel7/dvd/Packages/bind-9.9.-.el7.x86_64.rpm /tmp
[root@desktop1 ~]# echo  >> /tmp/bind-9.9.-.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@desktop1 ~]# rpm -K /tmp/bind-9.9.-.el7.x86_64.rpm
/tmp/bind-9.9.-.el7.x86_64.rpm: rsa sha1 (MD5) PGP MD5 NOT OK