Twitter的分布式自增ID算法snowflake（雪花算法） C#和Java版

概述

分布式系统中，有一些需要使用全局唯一ID的场景，这种时候为了防止ID冲突可以使用36位的UUID，
但是UUID有一些缺点，首先他相对比较长，另外UUID一般是无序的。
有些时候我们希望能使用一种简单一些的ID，并且希望ID能够按照时间有序生成。
而twitter的snowflake解决了这种需求，最初Twitter把存储系统从MySQL迁移到Cassandra，
因为Cassandra没有顺序ID生成机制，所以开发了这样一套全局唯一ID生成服务。

结构

snowflake的结构如下(每部分用-分开):
0 - 0000000000 0000000000 0000000000 0000000000 0 - 00000 - 00000 - 000000000000
第一位为未使用，接下来的41位为毫秒级时间(41位的长度可以使用69年)，然后是5位datacenterId和5位
workerId(10位的长度最多支持部署1024个节点） ，最后12位是毫秒内的计数（12位的计数顺序号支持每个节
点每毫秒产生4096个ID序号）
一共加起来刚好64位，为一个Long型。(转换成字符串后长度最多19)
snowflake生成的ID整体上按照时间自增排序，并且整个分布式系统内不会产生ID碰撞（由datacenter和
workerId作区分），并且效率较高。经测试snowflake每秒能够产生26万个ID

C#

public class IdWorker
    {
        //机器ID
        private static long workerId;
        private static long twepoch = 687888001020L; //唯一时间，这是一个避免重复的随机量，自行设定不要大于当前时间戳
        private static long sequence = 0L;
        private static int workerIdBits = 4; //机器码字节数。4个字节用来保存机器码(定义为Long类型会出现，最大偏移64位，所以左移64位没有意义)
        public static long maxWorkerId = -1L ^ -1L << workerIdBits; //最大机器ID
        private static int sequenceBits = 10; //计数器字节数，10个字节用来保存计数码
        private static int workerIdShift = sequenceBits; //机器码数据左移位数，就是后面计数器占用的位数
        private static int timestampLeftShift = sequenceBits + workerIdBits; //时间戳左移动位数就是机器码和计数器总字节数
        public static long sequenceMask = -1L ^ -1L << sequenceBits; //一微秒内可以产生计数，如果达到该值则等到下一微妙在进行生成
        private long lastTimestamp = -1L;

        /// <summary>
        /// 机器码
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="workerId"></param>
        public IdWorker(long workerId)
        {
            if (workerId > maxWorkerId || workerId < 0)
                throw new Exception(string.Format("worker Id can't be greater than {0} or less than 0 ", workerId));
            IdWorker.workerId = workerId;
        }

        public long nextId()
        {
            lock (this)
            {
                long timestamp = timeGen();
                if (this.lastTimestamp == timestamp)
                { //同一微妙中生成ID
                    IdWorker.sequence = (IdWorker.sequence + 1) & IdWorker.sequenceMask; //用&运算计算该微秒内产生的计数是否已经到达上限
                    if (IdWorker.sequence == 0)
                    {
                        //一微妙内产生的ID计数已达上限，等待下一微妙
                        timestamp = tillNextMillis(this.lastTimestamp);
                    }
                }
                else
                { //不同微秒生成ID
                    IdWorker.sequence = 0; //计数清0
                }
                if (timestamp < lastTimestamp)
                { //如果当前时间戳比上一次生成ID时时间戳还小，抛出异常，因为不能保证现在生成的ID之前没有生成过
                    throw new Exception(string.Format("Clock moved backwards.  Refusing to generate id for {0} milliseconds",
                        this.lastTimestamp - timestamp));
                }
                this.lastTimestamp = timestamp; //把当前时间戳保存为最后生成ID的时间戳
                long nextId = (timestamp - twepoch << timestampLeftShift) | IdWorker.workerId << IdWorker.workerIdShift | IdWorker.sequence;
                return nextId;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 获取下一微秒时间戳
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="lastTimestamp"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        private long tillNextMillis(long lastTimestamp)
        {
            long timestamp = timeGen();
            while (timestamp <= lastTimestamp)
            {
                timestamp = timeGen();
            }
            return timestamp;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 生成当前时间戳
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        private long timeGen()
        {
            return (long)(DateTime.UtcNow - new DateTime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc)).TotalMilliseconds;
        }
    }

C#调用

      IdWorker idworker = new IdWorker(1);
      for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++)
      {
           Response.Write(idworker.nextId() + "<br/>");
      }

java

public class IdWorker {
    private final long workerId;
    private final static long twepoch = 1288834974657L;
    private long sequence = 0L;
    private final static long workerIdBits = 4L;
    public final static long maxWorkerId = -1L ^ -1L << workerIdBits;
    private final static long sequenceBits = 10L;
    private final static long workerIdShift = sequenceBits;
    private final static long timestampLeftShift = sequenceBits + workerIdBits;
    public final static long sequenceMask = -1L ^ -1L << sequenceBits;
    private long lastTimestamp = -1L;
    public IdWorker(final long workerId) {
        super();
        if (workerId > this.maxWorkerId || workerId < 0) {
              throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format(
                                          "worker Id can't be greater than %d or less than 0",
                    this.maxWorkerId));
        }
        this.workerId = workerId;
    }
    public synchronized long nextId() {
        long timestamp = this.timeGen();
        if (this.lastTimestamp == timestamp) {
            this.sequence = (this.sequence + 1) & this.sequenceMask;
            if (this.sequence == 0) {
                System.out.println("###########" + sequenceMask);
                timestamp = this.tilNextMillis(this.lastTimestamp);
             }
            } else {
                this.sequence = 0;
            }
            if (timestamp < this.lastTimestamp) {
                try {
                    throw new Exception(
                          String.format(
                              "Clock moved backwards. Refusing to generate id for %d milliseconds",
                              this.lastTimestamp - timestamp));
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }

        this.lastTimestamp = timestamp;
        long nextId = ((timestamp - twepoch << timestampLeftShift))
              | (this.workerId << this.workerIdShift) | (this.sequence);
        System.out.println("timestamp:" + timestamp + ",timestampLeftShift:"
                                      + timestampLeftShift + ",nextId:" + nextId + ",workerId:"
                                      + workerId + ",sequence:" + sequence);
        return nextId;
    }

    private long tilNextMillis(final long lastTimestamp) {
        long timestamp = this.timeGen();
        while (timestamp <= lastTimestamp) {
            timestamp = this.timeGen();
        }
        return timestamp;
    }

    private long timeGen() {
        return System.currentTimeMillis();
    }

    //调用
    public static void main(String[] args){
        IdWorker worker2 = new IdWorker(2);
        System.out.println(worker2.nextId());
    }
}

转自：https://www.jianshu.com/p/521dde97d3aa