MySQL检索和过滤数据

注意

• 多条SQL语句必须以分号（；）分隔；
• SQL语句不区分大小写；
• 在处理SQL语句时，其中所有空格都被忽略；
• 当选择多个列是，一定要在列名之间加上逗号，但最后一个列名后不加。

SELECT语句

检索单个列

mysql> SELECT prod_name FROM products;
+----------------+
| prod_name      |
+----------------+
| .5 ton anvil   |
| 1 ton anvil    |
| 2 ton anvil    |
| Detonator      |
| Bird seed      |
| Carrots        |
| Fuses          |
| JetPack 1000   |
| JetPack 2000   |
| Oil can        |
| Safe           |
| Sling          |
| TNT (1 stick)  |
| TNT (5 sticks) |
+----------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

检索所有列

mysql> SELECT * FROM products;
+---------+---------+----------------+------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| prod_id | vend_id | prod_name      | prod_price | prod_desc                                                      |
+---------+---------+----------------+------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| ANV01   |    1001 | .5 ton anvil   |       5.99 | .5 ton anvil, black, complete with handy hook                  |
| ANV02   |    1001 | 1 ton anvil    |       9.99 | 1 ton anvil, black, complete with handy hook and carrying case |
| ANV03   |    1001 | 2 ton anvil    |      14.99 | 2 ton anvil, black, complete with handy hook and carrying case |
| DTNTR   |    1003 | Detonator      |      13.00 | Detonator (plunger powered), fuses not included                |
| FB      |    1003 | Bird seed      |      10.00 | Large bag (suitable for road runners)                          |
| FC      |    1003 | Carrots        |       2.50 | Carrots (rabbit hunting season only)                           |
| FU1     |    1002 | Fuses          |       3.42 | 1 dozen, extra long                                            |
| JP1000  |    1005 | JetPack 1000   |      35.00 | JetPack 1000, intended for single use                          |
| JP2000  |    1005 | JetPack 2000   |      55.00 | JetPack 2000, multi-use                                        |
| OL1     |    1002 | Oil can        |       8.99 | Oil can, red                                                   |
| SAFE    |    1003 | Safe           |      50.00 | Safe with combination lock                                     |
| SLING   |    1003 | Sling          |       4.49 | Sling, one size fits all                                       |
| TNT1    |    1003 | TNT (1 stick)  |       2.50 | TNT, red, single stick                                         |
| TNT2    |    1003 | TNT (5 sticks) |      10.00 | TNT, red, pack of 10 sticks                                    |
+---------+---------+----------------+------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

检索不同行

mysql> SELECT vend_id FROM products;
+---------+
| vend_id |
+---------+
|    1001 |
|    1001 |
|    1001 |
|    1002 |
|    1002 |
|    1003 |
|    1003 |
|    1003 |
|    1003 |
|    1003 |
|    1003 |
|    1003 |
|    1005 |
|    1005 |
+---------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

去重

mysql> SELECT DISTINCT vend_id FROM products;
+---------+
| vend_id |
+---------+
|    1001 |
|    1002 |
|    1003 |
|    1005 |
+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• DISTINCT关键字，应用于所有列而不是前置它的列。

限制结果

mysql> SELECT vend_id FROM products LIMIT 5,5;
+---------+
| vend_id |
+---------+
|    1003 |
|    1003 |
|    1003 |
|    1003 |
|    1003 |
+---------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• LIMIT 5,5 指示MySQL返回从行5开始的5行。

ORDER BY子句

单个排序

mysql> SELECT prod_name FROM products ORDER BY prod_name;
+----------------+
| prod_name      |
+----------------+
| .5 ton anvil   |
| 1 ton anvil    |
| 2 ton anvil    |
| Bird seed      |
| Carrots        |
| Detonator      |
| Fuses          |
| JetPack 1000   |
| JetPack 2000   |
| Oil can        |
| Safe           |
| Sling          |
| TNT (1 stick)  |
| TNT (5 sticks) |
+----------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

多个列排序

mysql> SELECT prod_id,prod_price,prod_name FROM products ORDER BY prod_price,prod_name;
+---------+------------+----------------+
| prod_id | prod_price | prod_name      |
+---------+------------+----------------+
| FC      |       2.50 | Carrots        |
| TNT1    |       2.50 | TNT (1 stick)  |
| FU1     |       3.42 | Fuses          |
| SLING   |       4.49 | Sling          |
| ANV01   |       5.99 | .5 ton anvil   |
| OL1     |       8.99 | Oil can        |
| ANV02   |       9.99 | 1 ton anvil    |
| FB      |      10.00 | Bird seed      |
| TNT2    |      10.00 | TNT (5 sticks) |
| DTNTR   |      13.00 | Detonator      |
| ANV03   |      14.99 | 2 ton anvil    |
| JP1000  |      35.00 | JetPack 1000   |
| SAFE    |      50.00 | Safe           |
| JP2000  |      55.00 | JetPack 2000   |
+---------+------------+----------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• 对于上述例子中的输出，仅在多个行具有相同的prod_price值时才对产品按prod_name进行排序。如果prod_price列中所有的值都是唯一的，则不会按prod_name排序。

指定排序方向

mysql> SELECT prod_id,prod_price,prod_name FROM products ORDER BY prod_price,prod_name,prod_name;
+---------+------------+----------------+
| prod_id | prod_price | prod_name      |
+---------+------------+----------------+
| FC      |       2.50 | Carrots        |
| TNT1    |       2.50 | TNT (1 stick)  |
| FU1     |       3.42 | Fuses          |
| SLING   |       4.49 | Sling          |
| ANV01   |       5.99 | .5 ton anvil   |
| OL1     |       8.99 | Oil can        |
| ANV02   |       9.99 | 1 ton anvil    |
| FB      |      10.00 | Bird seed      |
| TNT2    |      10.00 | TNT (5 sticks) |
| DTNTR   |      13.00 | Detonator      |
| ANV03   |      14.99 | 2 ton anvil    |
| JP1000  |      35.00 | JetPack 1000   |
| SAFE    |      50.00 | Safe           |
| JP2000  |      55.00 | JetPack 2000   |
+---------+------------+----------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• 默认是顺序排序（ASC）；
• 如果要逆序就在需要逆序的列指定DESC。

WHERE 子句

WHERE 子句操作符

操 作 符	说 明
=	等于
<>	不等于
！=	不等于
<	小于
<=	小于等于
>	大于
>=	大于等于
=	等于
BETWEEN	在指定的两个值之间

检查单个值

mysql> SELECT prod_id,prod_price,prod_name FROM products WHERE prod_name='fuses';
+---------+------------+-----------+
| prod_id | prod_price | prod_name |
+---------+------------+-----------+
| FU1     |       3.42 | Fuses     |
+---------+------------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

不匹配检查

mysql> SELECT vend_id,prod_name FROM products WHERE vend_id <> 1003;
+---------+--------------+
| vend_id | prod_name    |
+---------+--------------+
|    1001 | .5 ton anvil |
|    1001 | 1 ton anvil  |
|    1001 | 2 ton anvil  |
|    1002 | Fuses        |
|    1002 | Oil can      |
|    1005 | JetPack 1000 |
|    1005 | JetPack 2000 |
+---------+--------------+
7 rows in set (0.01 sec)

范围值检查

mysql> SELECT vend_id,prod_name FROM products WHERE prod_price BETWEEN 5 AND 10;
+---------+----------------+
| vend_id | prod_name      |
+---------+----------------+
|    1001 | .5 ton anvil   |
|    1001 | 1 ton anvil    |
|    1003 | Bird seed      |
|    1002 | Oil can        |
|    1003 | TNT (5 sticks) |
+---------+----------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

空值检查

mysql> SELECT cust_id FROM customers WHERE cust_email IS NULL;
+---------+
| cust_id |
+---------+
|   10002 |
|   10005 |
+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)