1  exe 程序

aaarticlea/png;base64,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" alt="" width="506" height="82" />

1.1 最小 cpp

int main(){}    // minimal cpp

  思考一:  为什么最小程序没有 return 语句?

1.2  Hello

#include <iostream>

int main()
{
std::cout << "Hello!\n";
}

  思考二:  \n 和 std::endl 的区别是什么?

1.3  函数

#include <iostream>

double Square(double x)
{
return x*x;
} void PrintSquare(double x)
{
std::cout << "The square of " << x << " is "<< Square(x) << '\n';
} int main()
{
PrintSquare(1.21);
}

思考三:  Square 有必要写成模板函数么?

2  类型、变量和运算

2.1  定义

声明 (declaration): a statement that introduces a name into the program. It specifies a type for the named entity

类型 (type): (为对象) 定义了一系列可能 值(value) 和一系列 操作(operations)

(value): a set of bits interpreted according to a type.

aaarticlea/png;base64,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" alt="" />

2.2  对象和变量

对象 (object):  some memory that holds a value of some type

变量 (variable):  a named object

2.3  初始化

  等号 "=" 属于 C 语言, C++ 中尽量用 {}-list

double d1 = 2.3;
double d2 {2.3}; complex<double> z = ;      // a complex number with double-precision floating-point scalars
complex<double> z2 {d1,d2};
complex<double> z3 = {,}; // the = is optional with {...}
vector<int> v {,,,,,}; // a vector of ints

c++11 的 auto

auto b = true;     // a bool
auto ch = 'x'; // a char
auto i = ; // an int
auto d = 1.2; // a double
auto z = sqrt(y); // z has the type of whatever sqrt(y) returns

尽量使用 auto,除非如下:

1) in a large scope where we want to make the type clearly visible to readers of our code.

2) be explicit about a variable’s range or precision (e.g., double rather than float ).

3  常量

3.1 const 和 constexpr

  const,意思是 “承诺不改变其值”,常用来指定 “接口” (interfaces), 这样 数据 可以传递给 函数 而本身不被修改,编译器通过 const 关键字来保证这种承诺的执行。

const int dmv = ;    // dmv is a named constant
int var = ; // var is not a constant
constexpr double max1 = 1.4∗Square(dmv); // OK if square(17) is a constant expression
constexpr double max2 = 1.4∗Square(var); // error : var is not a constant expression
const double max3 = 1.4∗Square(var); // OK, may be evaluated at run time

constexpr :meaning roughly ‘‘to be evaluated at compile time’’. This is used primarily to specify constants, to allow placement of data in memory where it is unlikely to be corrupted, and for performance.

double sum(const vector<double>&);    // sum will not modify its argument
vector<double> v {1.2, 3.4, 4.5}; // v is not a constant
const double s1 = sum(v); // OK: evaluated at run time
constexpr double s2 = sum(v); // error : sum(v) not constant expression

3.2  constexpr function

For a function to be usable in a constant expression, that is, in an expression that will be evaluated by the compiler, it must be defined constexpr

constexpr double Square(double x) { return x∗x; }

To be constexpr , a function must be rather simple: just a return -statement computing a value.

A constexpr function can be used for non-constant arguments, but when that is done the result is not a constant expression.

4  控制语句

4.1  if 语句

bool Accept()
{
cout << "Do you want to proceed (y or n)?\n"; // write question char answer = ;
cin >> answer; // read answer if(answer == 'y') return true;
return false;
}

4.2  switch 语句

bool Accept2()
{
cout << "Do you want to proceed (y or n)?\n"; // write question char answer = ;
cin >> answer; // read answer switch(answer) {
case 'y':
return true;
case 'n':
return false;
default:
cout << "I will take that for a no.\n";
return false;
}
}

4.3  while 语句

bool Accept3()
{
int tries = ;
while(tries < ){
cout << "Do you want to proceed (y or n)?\n"; // write question
char answer = ;
cin >> answer; // read answer switch(answer) {
case 'y':
return true;
case 'n':
return false;
default:
cout << "Sorry, I don't understand that.\n";
++tries; // increment
}
}
cout << "I'll take that for a no.\n";
return false;
}

5  指针和数组

5.1  [] 和 *

[ ] 等于 ‘‘array of’’, ∗ 意思是 ‘‘pointer to’’

char v[];   // array of 6 characters
char∗ p; // pointer to character

前缀 ∗ 是取内容, 前缀 & 是取地址

char∗ p = &v[];     // p points to v’s fourth element
char x = ∗p; // *p is the object that p points to

  aaarticlea/png;base64,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" alt="" />

T a[n];   // T[n]: array of n Ts
T∗ p;    // T*: pointer to T
T& r;    // T&: reference to T
T f(A);  // T(A): function taking an argument of type A returning a result of type T

5.2  拷贝和输出

拷贝一个数组的元素到另一个数组

void CopyFct()
{
int v1[] = {, , , , , , , , , };
int v2[]; for(auto i=; i!=; ++i) // copy elements
v2[i] = v1[i];
}

将 v 中每一个元素的值 , 拷贝给 x 并显示其输出。

void Print()
{
int v[] = {, , , , , , , , , }; for(auto x : v)          // range-for 的形式一
std::cout << x << '\n';   // for every element of v, from the first to the last, place a copy in x and print it for(auto x : {, , , , })
std::cout << x << '\n';
}

5.3  引用

void Increment()
{
int v[] = {, , , , , , , , , }; for(auto &x : v)  // range-for 的形式二
++x;
}

后缀 & 意思是 ‘‘reference to’’,类似指针,但却不需要一个前缀 ∗ 来访问值

// count the number of occurrences of x in p[]
// p is assumed to point to a zero-ter minated array of char (or to nothing)
int CountX(char* p, char x)
{
if(p==nullptr) return ;
int count = ;
for(; *p!=; ++p)
if(*p == x)
++count;
return count;
}

其中,nullptr 参见博文 C++11 之 nullptr

参考资料:

<C++ Programming Language_4th>

C++笔记 之 基础回顾(一)的更多相关文章

  1. 数论算法 剩余系相关 学习笔记 (基础回顾,(ex)CRT,(ex)lucas,(ex)BSGS,原根与指标入门,高次剩余,Miller_Rabin+Pollard_Rho)

    注:转载本文须标明出处. 原文链接https://www.cnblogs.com/zhouzhendong/p/Number-theory.html 数论算法 剩余系相关 学习笔记 (基础回顾,(ex ...

  2. C#学习笔记(基础知识回顾)之值类型与引用类型转换(装箱和拆箱)

    一:值类型和引用类型的含义参考前一篇文章 C#学习笔记(基础知识回顾)之值类型和引用类型 1.1,C#数据类型分为在栈上分配内存的值类型和在托管堆上分配内存的引用类型.如果int只不过是栈上的一个4字 ...

  3. C#学习笔记(基础知识回顾)之值传递和引用传递

    一:要了解值传递和引用传递,先要知道这两种类型含义,可以参考上一篇 C#学习笔记(基础知识回顾)之值类型和引用类型 二:给方法传递参数分为值传递和引用传递. 2.1在变量通过引用传递给方法时,被调用的 ...

  4. C#学习笔记(基础知识回顾)之值类型和引用类型

    一:C#把数据类型分为值类型和引用类型 1.1:从概念上来看,其区别是值类型直接存储值,而引用类型存储对值的引用. 1.2:这两种类型在内存的不同地方,值类型存储在堆栈中,而引用类型存储在托管对上.存 ...

  5. 深度学习word2vec笔记之基础篇

    作者为falao_beiliu. 作者:杨超链接:http://www.zhihu.com/question/21661274/answer/19331979来源:知乎著作权归作者所有.商业转载请联系 ...

  6. Quartz学习笔记:基础知识

    Quartz学习笔记:基础知识 引入Quartz 关于任务调度 关于任务调度,Java.util.Timer是最简单的一种实现任务调度的方法,简单的使用如下: import java.util.Tim ...

  7. [C#] C# 基础回顾 - 匿名方法

    C# 基础回顾 - 匿名方法 目录 简介 匿名方法的参数使用范围 委托示例 简介 在 C# 2.0 之前的版本中,我们创建委托的唯一形式 -- 命名方法. 而 C# 2.0 -- 引进了匿名方法,在 ...

  8. Javascript基础回顾 之(三) 面向对象

    本来是要继续由浅入深表达式系列最后一篇的,但是最近团队突然就忙起来了,从来没有过的忙!不过喜欢表达式的朋友请放心,已经在写了:) 在工作当中发现大家对Javascript的一些基本原理普遍存在这里或者 ...

  9. Javascript基础回顾 之(二) 作用域

    本来是要继续由浅入深表达式系列最后一篇的,但是最近团队突然就忙起来了,从来没有过的忙!不过喜欢表达式的朋友请放心,已经在写了:) 在工作当中发现大家对Javascript的一些基本原理普遍存在这里或者 ...

随机推荐

  1. ThreaLocal内存泄露的问题

    在最近一个项目中,在项目发布之后,发现系统中有内存泄漏问题.表象是堆内存随着系统的运行时间缓慢增长,一直没有办法通过gc来回收,最终于导致堆内存耗尽,内存溢出.开始是怀疑ThreadLocal的问题, ...

  2. JS实战 · 表单验证

    思路:         1.定义页面             通过表格格式化表单:             表格行都有自己的背景颜色:             单元格中的数据(文本等)用div进行封装 ...

  3. 一则spring容器启动死锁问题(DefaultListableBeanFactory/DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry)

    线上发现一个问题,应用在启动时会卡死,log上并没有什么异常输出,初判应该是死锁问题. 抓现场的thread dump文件, 确实是有两个线程有deadlock问题. 线程一 "HSFBiz ...

  4. canvas绘图、WebGL、SVG

    目录 一.Canvas 1.1.创建canvas元素 1.2.画线 1.3.绘制矩形 1.4.绘制圆弧 1.5.绘制图像 1.6.绘制文字 1.7.随机颜色与简单动画 二.WebGL 2.1.HTML ...

  5. SSIS Design5:使用暂存

    以数据流的方式来设计Package,将核心数据处理移动到数据流中,一般情况下,能够减少临时表的创建,获得较高的处理性能,在某些情况下,使用暂存表(staging table)能够优化package设计 ...

  6. 【Win 10 应用开发】打印UI元素

    Windows App支持将UI界面进行打印的功能,这与浏览器中的打印网页的用途相近,其好处就是“所见即所得”,直接把界面上呈现的内容打印下来,比重新创建打印图像方便得多. 要在通用App中实现打印, ...

  7. Create views of OpenCASCADE objects in the Debugger

    Create views of OpenCASCADE objects in the Debugger eryar@163.com Abstract. The Visual Studio Natvis ...

  8. 深入理解DOM节点类型第一篇——12种DOM节点类型概述

    × 目录 [1]元素 [2]特性 [3]文本[4]CDATA[5]实体引用[6]实体名称[7]处理指令[8]注释[9]文档[10]文档类型[11]文档片段[12]DTD 前面的话 DOM是javasc ...

  9. [ASP.NET MVC] 利用自定义的AuthenticationFilter实现Basic认证

    很多情况下目标Action方法都要求在一个安全上下文中被执行,这里所谓的安全上下文主要指的是当前请求者是一个经过授权的用户.授权的本质就是让用户在他许可的权限范围内做他能够做的事情,授权的前提是请求者 ...

  10. Backup Volume 操作 - 每天5分钟玩转 OpenStack(59)

    本节我们讨论 volume 的 Backup 操作. Backup 是将 volume 备份到别的地方(备份设备),将来可以通过 restore 操作恢复. Backup VS Snapshot 初看 ...