1  exe 程序

aaarticlea/png;base64,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" alt="" width="506" height="82" />

1.1 最小 cpp

int main(){}    // minimal cpp

  思考一:  为什么最小程序没有 return 语句?

1.2  Hello

#include <iostream>

int main()
{
std::cout << "Hello!\n";
}

  思考二:  \n 和 std::endl 的区别是什么?

1.3  函数

#include <iostream>

double Square(double x)
{
return x*x;
} void PrintSquare(double x)
{
std::cout << "The square of " << x << " is "<< Square(x) << '\n';
} int main()
{
PrintSquare(1.21);
}

思考三:  Square 有必要写成模板函数么?

2  类型、变量和运算

2.1  定义

声明 (declaration): a statement that introduces a name into the program. It specifies a type for the named entity

类型 (type): (为对象) 定义了一系列可能 值(value) 和一系列 操作(operations)

(value): a set of bits interpreted according to a type.

aaarticlea/png;base64,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" alt="" />

2.2  对象和变量

对象 (object):  some memory that holds a value of some type

变量 (variable):  a named object

2.3  初始化

  等号 "=" 属于 C 语言, C++ 中尽量用 {}-list

double d1 = 2.3;
double d2 {2.3}; complex<double> z = ;      // a complex number with double-precision floating-point scalars
complex<double> z2 {d1,d2};
complex<double> z3 = {,}; // the = is optional with {...}
vector<int> v {,,,,,}; // a vector of ints

c++11 的 auto

auto b = true;     // a bool
auto ch = 'x'; // a char
auto i = ; // an int
auto d = 1.2; // a double
auto z = sqrt(y); // z has the type of whatever sqrt(y) returns

尽量使用 auto,除非如下:

1) in a large scope where we want to make the type clearly visible to readers of our code.

2) be explicit about a variable’s range or precision (e.g., double rather than float ).

3  常量

3.1 const 和 constexpr

  const,意思是 “承诺不改变其值”,常用来指定 “接口” (interfaces), 这样 数据 可以传递给 函数 而本身不被修改,编译器通过 const 关键字来保证这种承诺的执行。

const int dmv = ;    // dmv is a named constant
int var = ; // var is not a constant
constexpr double max1 = 1.4∗Square(dmv); // OK if square(17) is a constant expression
constexpr double max2 = 1.4∗Square(var); // error : var is not a constant expression
const double max3 = 1.4∗Square(var); // OK, may be evaluated at run time

constexpr :meaning roughly ‘‘to be evaluated at compile time’’. This is used primarily to specify constants, to allow placement of data in memory where it is unlikely to be corrupted, and for performance.

double sum(const vector<double>&);    // sum will not modify its argument
vector<double> v {1.2, 3.4, 4.5}; // v is not a constant
const double s1 = sum(v); // OK: evaluated at run time
constexpr double s2 = sum(v); // error : sum(v) not constant expression

3.2  constexpr function

For a function to be usable in a constant expression, that is, in an expression that will be evaluated by the compiler, it must be defined constexpr

constexpr double Square(double x) { return x∗x; }

To be constexpr , a function must be rather simple: just a return -statement computing a value.

A constexpr function can be used for non-constant arguments, but when that is done the result is not a constant expression.

4  控制语句

4.1  if 语句

bool Accept()
{
cout << "Do you want to proceed (y or n)?\n"; // write question char answer = ;
cin >> answer; // read answer if(answer == 'y') return true;
return false;
}

4.2  switch 语句

bool Accept2()
{
cout << "Do you want to proceed (y or n)?\n"; // write question char answer = ;
cin >> answer; // read answer switch(answer) {
case 'y':
return true;
case 'n':
return false;
default:
cout << "I will take that for a no.\n";
return false;
}
}

4.3  while 语句

bool Accept3()
{
int tries = ;
while(tries < ){
cout << "Do you want to proceed (y or n)?\n"; // write question
char answer = ;
cin >> answer; // read answer switch(answer) {
case 'y':
return true;
case 'n':
return false;
default:
cout << "Sorry, I don't understand that.\n";
++tries; // increment
}
}
cout << "I'll take that for a no.\n";
return false;
}

5  指针和数组

5.1  [] 和 *

[ ] 等于 ‘‘array of’’, ∗ 意思是 ‘‘pointer to’’

char v[];   // array of 6 characters
char∗ p; // pointer to character

前缀 ∗ 是取内容, 前缀 & 是取地址

char∗ p = &v[];     // p points to v’s fourth element
char x = ∗p; // *p is the object that p points to

  aaarticlea/png;base64,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" alt="" />

T a[n];   // T[n]: array of n Ts
T∗ p;    // T*: pointer to T
T& r;    // T&: reference to T
T f(A);  // T(A): function taking an argument of type A returning a result of type T

5.2  拷贝和输出

拷贝一个数组的元素到另一个数组

void CopyFct()
{
int v1[] = {, , , , , , , , , };
int v2[]; for(auto i=; i!=; ++i) // copy elements
v2[i] = v1[i];
}

将 v 中每一个元素的值 , 拷贝给 x 并显示其输出。

void Print()
{
int v[] = {, , , , , , , , , }; for(auto x : v)          // range-for 的形式一
std::cout << x << '\n';   // for every element of v, from the first to the last, place a copy in x and print it for(auto x : {, , , , })
std::cout << x << '\n';
}

5.3  引用

void Increment()
{
int v[] = {, , , , , , , , , }; for(auto &x : v)  // range-for 的形式二
++x;
}

后缀 & 意思是 ‘‘reference to’’,类似指针,但却不需要一个前缀 ∗ 来访问值

// count the number of occurrences of x in p[]
// p is assumed to point to a zero-ter minated array of char (or to nothing)
int CountX(char* p, char x)
{
if(p==nullptr) return ;
int count = ;
for(; *p!=; ++p)
if(*p == x)
++count;
return count;
}

其中,nullptr 参见博文 C++11 之 nullptr

参考资料:

<C++ Programming Language_4th>

C++笔记 之 基础回顾(一)的更多相关文章

  1. 数论算法 剩余系相关 学习笔记 (基础回顾,(ex)CRT,(ex)lucas,(ex)BSGS,原根与指标入门,高次剩余,Miller_Rabin+Pollard_Rho)

    注:转载本文须标明出处. 原文链接https://www.cnblogs.com/zhouzhendong/p/Number-theory.html 数论算法 剩余系相关 学习笔记 (基础回顾,(ex ...

  2. C#学习笔记(基础知识回顾)之值类型与引用类型转换(装箱和拆箱)

    一:值类型和引用类型的含义参考前一篇文章 C#学习笔记(基础知识回顾)之值类型和引用类型 1.1,C#数据类型分为在栈上分配内存的值类型和在托管堆上分配内存的引用类型.如果int只不过是栈上的一个4字 ...

  3. C#学习笔记(基础知识回顾)之值传递和引用传递

    一:要了解值传递和引用传递,先要知道这两种类型含义,可以参考上一篇 C#学习笔记(基础知识回顾)之值类型和引用类型 二:给方法传递参数分为值传递和引用传递. 2.1在变量通过引用传递给方法时,被调用的 ...

  4. C#学习笔记(基础知识回顾)之值类型和引用类型

    一:C#把数据类型分为值类型和引用类型 1.1:从概念上来看,其区别是值类型直接存储值,而引用类型存储对值的引用. 1.2:这两种类型在内存的不同地方,值类型存储在堆栈中,而引用类型存储在托管对上.存 ...

  5. 深度学习word2vec笔记之基础篇

    作者为falao_beiliu. 作者:杨超链接:http://www.zhihu.com/question/21661274/answer/19331979来源:知乎著作权归作者所有.商业转载请联系 ...

  6. Quartz学习笔记:基础知识

    Quartz学习笔记:基础知识 引入Quartz 关于任务调度 关于任务调度,Java.util.Timer是最简单的一种实现任务调度的方法,简单的使用如下: import java.util.Tim ...

  7. [C#] C# 基础回顾 - 匿名方法

    C# 基础回顾 - 匿名方法 目录 简介 匿名方法的参数使用范围 委托示例 简介 在 C# 2.0 之前的版本中,我们创建委托的唯一形式 -- 命名方法. 而 C# 2.0 -- 引进了匿名方法,在 ...

  8. Javascript基础回顾 之(三) 面向对象

    本来是要继续由浅入深表达式系列最后一篇的,但是最近团队突然就忙起来了,从来没有过的忙!不过喜欢表达式的朋友请放心,已经在写了:) 在工作当中发现大家对Javascript的一些基本原理普遍存在这里或者 ...

  9. Javascript基础回顾 之(二) 作用域

    本来是要继续由浅入深表达式系列最后一篇的,但是最近团队突然就忙起来了,从来没有过的忙!不过喜欢表达式的朋友请放心,已经在写了:) 在工作当中发现大家对Javascript的一些基本原理普遍存在这里或者 ...

随机推荐

  1. ystep jQuery流程、步骤插件

    今天小菜给大家带来又一款给力jQuery插件:ystep. 从名称上大致可以看出,这是一个流程步骤插件. 如果无意外的话,这可能是小菜近期最后一个作品了...苦逼的小菜即将创业,可能就没时间折腾啦~好 ...

  2. RTSP协议转换RTMP直播协议

    RTSP协议转换RTMP直播协议 RTSP协议也是广泛使用的直播/点播流媒体协议,最近实现了一个RTSP协议转换RTMP直播协议的程序,为的是可以接收远端设备或服务器的多路RTSP直播数据,实时转换为 ...

  3. 如何使用Worktile进行敏捷项目开发管理

    Worktile在任务管理上采用了看板视图,非常适合进行敏捷项目开发管理.事实上,在开发Worktile的过程中,我们也是自产自销,使用Worktile管理Worktile本身的开发过程,在本文中跟大 ...

  4. Android开发学习之路-指纹识别api

    在android6.0之后谷歌对指纹识别进行了官方支持,今天还在放假,所以就随意尝试了一下这个api,但是遇到了各种各样的问题 ①在使用FingerPrintManager这个类实现的时候发现了很多问 ...

  5. Atitit Mysql查询优化器 存取类型 范围存取类型 索引存取类型 AND or的分析

    Atitit Mysql查询优化器 存取类型 范围存取类型 索引存取类型 AND or的分析     Atitit Mysql查询优化器 存取类型 范围存取类型 索引存取类型 AND or的分析1 存 ...

  6. JMeter--一、安装JMeter

    Apache JMeter是Apache组织开发的基于Java的接口和性能测试工具. 作用: 1.能够对HTTP和FTP服务器进行压力和性能测试, 也可以对任何数据库进行同样的测试(通过JDBC). ...

  7. Android开发-之数据的存储方式一

    在Android中,数据的存储分为两种方式: 1.直接以文件的形式存储在目录中 2.以json格式存储在数据库中 将数据以文件的存储又分为两种方式: 1.生成.txt文件 2.生成xml文件 那么今天 ...

  8. Utility3:Understand Dashboard Report

    To see data in the SQL Server Utility dashboard, select the top node in the Utility Explorer tree - ...

  9. 运用webkit绘制渲染页面原理解决iscroll4闪动的问题

    原:http://www.iunbug.com/archives/2012/09/19/411.html 已经有不少前端同行抱怨iScroll4的各种问题,我个人并不赞同将这些问题归咎于iScroll ...

  10. 收集的React.JS资料

    主页 http://facebook.github.io/react/ https://github.com/facebook/react   中文站 http://www.reactjs.cn/ h ...