1  exe 程序

aaarticlea/png;base64,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" alt="" width="506" height="82" />

1.1 最小 cpp

int main(){}    // minimal cpp

  思考一:  为什么最小程序没有 return 语句?

1.2  Hello

#include <iostream>

int main()
{
std::cout << "Hello!\n";
}

  思考二:  \n 和 std::endl 的区别是什么?

1.3  函数

#include <iostream>

double Square(double x)
{
return x*x;
} void PrintSquare(double x)
{
std::cout << "The square of " << x << " is "<< Square(x) << '\n';
} int main()
{
PrintSquare(1.21);
}

思考三:  Square 有必要写成模板函数么?

2  类型、变量和运算

2.1  定义

声明 (declaration): a statement that introduces a name into the program. It specifies a type for the named entity

类型 (type): (为对象) 定义了一系列可能 值(value) 和一系列 操作(operations)

(value): a set of bits interpreted according to a type.

aaarticlea/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAaMAAAB1CAIAAABs5xklAAAHaElEQVR4nO3dsWrjWBjF8fsKU+oN9hm2UhqV8wgu8gRDCi1bTZlCEJh2QZB+cTXdguqdEPdBsEyzwWUgqBkmaM4WkmMnEyfKdWx9n/b/Y4rBVsyx+O7BkoobBABTF8YOAAB7R9MBmD6aDsD0uWm6YMPYpwFADDdL10LLWMgAIIKbpWuhZSxkABDBzdK10DIWMgCI4GbpWmgZCxkARNhh6d4qTxQy1W38Z7S1sqCs1IufYaFlLGQAEIGmewULGQBE2LnpUhW5QlBIdHbRF1ZTK08VgkJQfq5l/6rmef9immuxlB40Xdtcnh29e19c3jwd1EDLWMgAIMLOTZdofq12qd9ThUTVrdprHSdKjnXdqlkoDTqeq201P+4PVqMi7Q/YaLof379+/vjhU7X89nRQAy1jIQOACLs2XZLrVpJU5QpBeaW67P9zf0zIdHWlLDw+uKy5egVwCG/cdFmpv/KNpmtVZgpBp4WSjabr2jArdUfTAdg/ftO9goUMACK8zX267tZbSLVonrhPl5VP3KfrHtpynw7AAbzBs9d8phAUUs3r/p3l4olnr+1S5zx7BTAGN0vXQstYyAAggpula6FlLGQAEMHN0rXQMhYyAIjgZulaaBkLGQBEcLN0LbSMhQwAIrhZuhZaxkIGABHcLF0LLWMhA4AIbpauhZaxkAFABDdLd1+bfb3S2KcBQAyWLoDpo+kATB9NB2D6aDoA0+em6cZ+FNEb+zQAiOFm6VpoGQsZAERws3QttIyFDAAiuFm6FlrGQgYAEdwsXQstYyEDgAhulq6FlrGQAUCEt166q20Py/rlY1/FQstYyAAgAk3nLAOACDst3aZe7wE2K1Q366Y7yZVsbBi2uTFYSHR2obZVmSnJ9XepJFPdsjcYgH15g10Q7/d47fZ17Zour/odDrvdrKt8tdnr/X7YXdOl+jV0e7+y3yuAfYlfureVklWRrW1evXZVmKluJampNZ/rz0JJV213KrNV/Q0JaqBlLGQAEOFATXdVKun2tD7RLNloulUPvhzUQMtYyAAgQvzS3bw4fXRN+rjpbtbXuesXaToAh7LD0m3Xl5/NQmnXbk823UapLSul4cmm4z4dgH3Z9dlrMdt4nKqtV6/LC80ShaD8j/4/5dWjpuPZK4B9cbN0LbSMhQwAIrhZuhZaxkIGABHcLF0LLWMhA4AIbpauhZaxkAFABDdL10LLWMgAIIKbpWuhZSxkABDBzdK10DIWMgCI4Gbp7muzr1ca+zQAiMHSBTB9NB2A6aPpAEwfTQdg+mg6ANPnpunGfugKc8YeSXjiZlwsTDYZyACn3IyLhckmAxnglJtxsTDZZCADnHIzLhYmmwxkgFNvOS7dHjpZqW174HTbieVVzIdbmGwykAFOHXRcaDoyTCkDHNnPb7rVtmGnp0pW++nc1cqCQlDojmm+FEe/HBVfmoFBDUw2GcgAp/bZdEHFon+x2wPswW+67/98/vhbUf17NzCogckmAxng1H6brqy3N91rgxqYbDKQAU7RdGQgA6aPpiMDGTB94zUd9+nI4DwDHDlo06lROePZKxkmkgGOuBkXC5NNBjLAKTfjYmGyyUAGOOVmXCxMNhnIAKfcjIuFySYDGeCUm3GxMNlkIAOccjMuFiabDGSAU27GxcJkk4EMcMrNuFiYbDKQAU65GZetO0Th/2rskYQnjAuA6aPpAEwfTQdg+mg6ANPnpunGvv0NwLQXCuQwPbW7F78JGchABjJsPeAwOXbn4mySgQxksJlh/IgDuTibZCADGWxmGD/iQC7OJhnIQAabGcaPOJCLs0kGMpDBZoahEeO29er+KivVbr7a7TLR7SwxmIuzSQYykMFmBpqODGQgw/QzPPt2q4szJUEh6CRfN11TK08VgkJQfq5luyqvoLKWbpUnComq277p0rw/PpnpYvmw6VotzpUGhaBZobqR1DaXZ0fv3heXN6/6JgdABjKQwWmG596+nisJKhZSq/mxQlBeqb3WcaLkWNetmoXSoOP5g20Pf2667uBlpTQoyXW70XTXcyWJ5tf9x6aFGv34/vXzxw+fquW3V32TAyADGcjgNMP2tx9eY95fvdZlX3nSqtQy1XfPNd2DgxNVN6tPvlOZKcl1K0mq8v6v4r7JAZCBDGRwmmH72/ct9rDpqnyj6e5/yl0Nbrr7gzPVN/0rm//KOvKbHAAZyEAGpxkM/abb8ZscABnIQAanGZ57uyu1F+/TdY9Wu996Za22VhaeuE/XHZwWajY6tC4VUlVLqVGRdkdyn44MZCDDG2cY9uw10enp+tfZcvHTs1dpeaFZonD/pHXz2evJ+q262frsNc21WIpnr2QgAxnePMP4EQdycTbJQAYy2MwwfsSBXJxNMpCBDDYzjB9xIBdnkwxkIIPNDONHHMjF2SQDGchgM8P4EQdycTbJQAYy2MwwfsSBXJxNMpCBDDYzjB9xIBdnkwxkIIPNDONHHCgAwHYvFMhhegoARkTTAZg+mg7A9NF0AKaPpgMwfTQdgOmj6QBMH00HYPr+A1pKZQj27Q6jAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" alt="" />

2.2  对象和变量

对象 (object):  some memory that holds a value of some type

变量 (variable):  a named object

2.3  初始化

  等号 "=" 属于 C 语言, C++ 中尽量用 {}-list

double d1 = 2.3;
double d2 {2.3}; complex<double> z = ;      // a complex number with double-precision floating-point scalars
complex<double> z2 {d1,d2};
complex<double> z3 = {,}; // the = is optional with {...}
vector<int> v {,,,,,}; // a vector of ints

c++11 的 auto

auto b = true;     // a bool
auto ch = 'x'; // a char
auto i = ; // an int
auto d = 1.2; // a double
auto z = sqrt(y); // z has the type of whatever sqrt(y) returns

尽量使用 auto,除非如下:

1) in a large scope where we want to make the type clearly visible to readers of our code.

2) be explicit about a variable’s range or precision (e.g., double rather than float ).

3  常量

3.1 const 和 constexpr

  const,意思是 “承诺不改变其值”,常用来指定 “接口” (interfaces), 这样 数据 可以传递给 函数 而本身不被修改,编译器通过 const 关键字来保证这种承诺的执行。

const int dmv = ;    // dmv is a named constant
int var = ; // var is not a constant
constexpr double max1 = 1.4∗Square(dmv); // OK if square(17) is a constant expression
constexpr double max2 = 1.4∗Square(var); // error : var is not a constant expression
const double max3 = 1.4∗Square(var); // OK, may be evaluated at run time

constexpr :meaning roughly ‘‘to be evaluated at compile time’’. This is used primarily to specify constants, to allow placement of data in memory where it is unlikely to be corrupted, and for performance.

double sum(const vector<double>&);    // sum will not modify its argument
vector<double> v {1.2, 3.4, 4.5}; // v is not a constant
const double s1 = sum(v); // OK: evaluated at run time
constexpr double s2 = sum(v); // error : sum(v) not constant expression

3.2  constexpr function

For a function to be usable in a constant expression, that is, in an expression that will be evaluated by the compiler, it must be defined constexpr

constexpr double Square(double x) { return x∗x; }

To be constexpr , a function must be rather simple: just a return -statement computing a value.

A constexpr function can be used for non-constant arguments, but when that is done the result is not a constant expression.

4  控制语句

4.1  if 语句

bool Accept()
{
cout << "Do you want to proceed (y or n)?\n"; // write question char answer = ;
cin >> answer; // read answer if(answer == 'y') return true;
return false;
}

4.2  switch 语句

bool Accept2()
{
cout << "Do you want to proceed (y or n)?\n"; // write question char answer = ;
cin >> answer; // read answer switch(answer) {
case 'y':
return true;
case 'n':
return false;
default:
cout << "I will take that for a no.\n";
return false;
}
}

4.3  while 语句

bool Accept3()
{
int tries = ;
while(tries < ){
cout << "Do you want to proceed (y or n)?\n"; // write question
char answer = ;
cin >> answer; // read answer switch(answer) {
case 'y':
return true;
case 'n':
return false;
default:
cout << "Sorry, I don't understand that.\n";
++tries; // increment
}
}
cout << "I'll take that for a no.\n";
return false;
}

5  指针和数组

5.1  [] 和 *

[ ] 等于 ‘‘array of’’, ∗ 意思是 ‘‘pointer to’’

char v[];   // array of 6 characters
char∗ p; // pointer to character

前缀 ∗ 是取内容, 前缀 & 是取地址

char∗ p = &v[];     // p points to v’s fourth element
char x = ∗p; // *p is the object that p points to

  aaarticlea/png;base64,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" alt="" />

T a[n];   // T[n]: array of n Ts
T∗ p;    // T*: pointer to T
T& r;    // T&: reference to T
T f(A);  // T(A): function taking an argument of type A returning a result of type T

5.2  拷贝和输出

拷贝一个数组的元素到另一个数组

void CopyFct()
{
int v1[] = {, , , , , , , , , };
int v2[]; for(auto i=; i!=; ++i) // copy elements
v2[i] = v1[i];
}

将 v 中每一个元素的值 , 拷贝给 x 并显示其输出。

void Print()
{
int v[] = {, , , , , , , , , }; for(auto x : v)          // range-for 的形式一
std::cout << x << '\n';   // for every element of v, from the first to the last, place a copy in x and print it for(auto x : {, , , , })
std::cout << x << '\n';
}

5.3  引用

void Increment()
{
int v[] = {, , , , , , , , , }; for(auto &x : v)  // range-for 的形式二
++x;
}

后缀 & 意思是 ‘‘reference to’’,类似指针,但却不需要一个前缀 ∗ 来访问值

// count the number of occurrences of x in p[]
// p is assumed to point to a zero-ter minated array of char (or to nothing)
int CountX(char* p, char x)
{
if(p==nullptr) return ;
int count = ;
for(; *p!=; ++p)
if(*p == x)
++count;
return count;
}

其中,nullptr 参见博文 C++11 之 nullptr

参考资料:

<C++ Programming Language_4th>

C++笔记 之 基础回顾(一)的更多相关文章

  1. 数论算法 剩余系相关 学习笔记 (基础回顾,(ex)CRT,(ex)lucas,(ex)BSGS,原根与指标入门,高次剩余,Miller_Rabin+Pollard_Rho)

    注:转载本文须标明出处. 原文链接https://www.cnblogs.com/zhouzhendong/p/Number-theory.html 数论算法 剩余系相关 学习笔记 (基础回顾,(ex ...

  2. C#学习笔记(基础知识回顾)之值类型与引用类型转换(装箱和拆箱)

    一:值类型和引用类型的含义参考前一篇文章 C#学习笔记(基础知识回顾)之值类型和引用类型 1.1,C#数据类型分为在栈上分配内存的值类型和在托管堆上分配内存的引用类型.如果int只不过是栈上的一个4字 ...

  3. C#学习笔记(基础知识回顾)之值传递和引用传递

    一:要了解值传递和引用传递,先要知道这两种类型含义,可以参考上一篇 C#学习笔记(基础知识回顾)之值类型和引用类型 二:给方法传递参数分为值传递和引用传递. 2.1在变量通过引用传递给方法时,被调用的 ...

  4. C#学习笔记(基础知识回顾)之值类型和引用类型

    一:C#把数据类型分为值类型和引用类型 1.1:从概念上来看,其区别是值类型直接存储值,而引用类型存储对值的引用. 1.2:这两种类型在内存的不同地方,值类型存储在堆栈中,而引用类型存储在托管对上.存 ...

  5. 深度学习word2vec笔记之基础篇

    作者为falao_beiliu. 作者:杨超链接:http://www.zhihu.com/question/21661274/answer/19331979来源:知乎著作权归作者所有.商业转载请联系 ...

  6. Quartz学习笔记:基础知识

    Quartz学习笔记:基础知识 引入Quartz 关于任务调度 关于任务调度,Java.util.Timer是最简单的一种实现任务调度的方法,简单的使用如下: import java.util.Tim ...

  7. [C#] C# 基础回顾 - 匿名方法

    C# 基础回顾 - 匿名方法 目录 简介 匿名方法的参数使用范围 委托示例 简介 在 C# 2.0 之前的版本中,我们创建委托的唯一形式 -- 命名方法. 而 C# 2.0 -- 引进了匿名方法,在 ...

  8. Javascript基础回顾 之(三) 面向对象

    本来是要继续由浅入深表达式系列最后一篇的,但是最近团队突然就忙起来了,从来没有过的忙!不过喜欢表达式的朋友请放心,已经在写了:) 在工作当中发现大家对Javascript的一些基本原理普遍存在这里或者 ...

  9. Javascript基础回顾 之(二) 作用域

    本来是要继续由浅入深表达式系列最后一篇的,但是最近团队突然就忙起来了,从来没有过的忙!不过喜欢表达式的朋友请放心,已经在写了:) 在工作当中发现大家对Javascript的一些基本原理普遍存在这里或者 ...

随机推荐

  1. 《Entity Framework 6 Recipes》中文翻译系列 (14) -----第三章 查询之查询中设置默认值和存储过程返回多结果集

    翻译的初衷以及为什么选择<Entity Framework 6 Recipes>来学习,请看本系列开篇 3-6在查询中设置默认值 问题 你有这样一个用例,当查询返回null值时,给相应属性 ...

  2. Android开发学习之路-PopupWindow和仿QQ左滑删除

    这周作业,要做一个类似QQ的左滑删除效果的ListView,因为不想给每个item都放一个按钮,所以决定用PopupWindow,这里记录一下 先放一下效果图: 先说明一下这里面的问题: ①没有做到像 ...

  3. C#实现二维码功能,winform 以及 asp.net均可以用

    二维码现在用途很多,怎么用C#编程生成呢? 准备 ThoughtWorks.QRCode.dll 需要 一个类 QRCode,这个类专门来生成二维码的 using System; using Syst ...

  4. 利用typescript使backbone强类型智能提示

    模型类一旦多了没有强类型和智能提示是相当痛苦的,所以. 仅仅用ts定义一个模型类: class Person extends Backbone.Model { defaults = { Name:&q ...

  5. 操作系统页面置换算法(opt,lru,fifo,clock)实现

    选择调出页面的算法就称为页面置换算法.好的页面置换算法应有较低的页面更换频率,也就是说,应将以后不会再访问或者以后较长时间内不会再访问的页面先调出. 常见的置换算法有以下四种(以下来自操作系统课本). ...

  6. mac下安装tomcat

    在window下面搭建tomcat环境很简单,那是因为我们不熟悉mac系统,当我们习惯了命令行的时候,也是so easy,只要通过以下几个步骤就可以解决,本人亲测可用,不会可以留言. 1.进入apch ...

  7. PinnedHeaderListView实现删除

    项目中用到四个List集合展示一个页面,并且每个页面都会有一个标题栏.找了半天资料决定用PinnedHeaderListView开源项目.最后需求又来了,需要一个删除的功能,又去网上找资料,发现没有实 ...

  8. 哪些HTML5特性值得期待

    首先大家可以看一下<HTML5程序设计(第二版)>最后一章关于HTML5未来展望.地址:http://www.ituring.com.cn/article/1690?q=html5%E6% ...

  9. Objective-C中的Block回调模式

    在前面的博客中提到了Block的概念和使用方法,个人感觉Block最爽的用法莫过于在回调时用block.感觉比委托回调和目标方法回调用着要顺手,好不好用还得读者亲自用一下才知道.如果 读者之前用过SS ...

  10. MyCAT报java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space

    早上同事反映,mycat又假死了,估计还是内存溢出,查看了一下错误日志. INFO | jvm | // :: | java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap spac ...