Shell记录-Shell脚本基础（二）

Shell 基本运算符

算术运算符：

运算符	描述	例子
+	Addition - Adds values on either side of the operator	`expr $a + $b` will give 30
-	Subtraction - Subtracts right hand operand from left hand operand	`expr $a - $b` will give -10
*	Multiplication - Multiplies values on either side of the operator	`expr $a * $b` will give 200
/	Division - Divides left hand operand by right hand operand	`expr $b / $a` will give 2
%	Modulus - Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and returns remainder	`expr $b % $a` will give 0
=	Assignment - Assign right operand in left operand	a=$b would assign value of b into a
==	Equality - Compares two numbers, if both are same then returns true.	[ $a == $b ] would return false.
!=	Not Equality - Compares two numbers, if both are different then returns true.	[ $a != $b ] would return true.

这是非常重要的，这里要注意，所有的条件式将放在方括号内，他们身边有一个空格，例如 [ $a == $b ]是正确的，为[$a==$b] 是不正确的。

所有的算术计算，使用长整数。

关系运算符：

Bourne Shell的支持，关系运算符的具体数值。这些运算符不能使用字符串值，除非它们的值是数字。

例如，运算符将努力检查10和20之间的关系，以及在“10”和“20”，但不是“10”和“21”之间。

假设变量a=10,变量b=20：

运算符	描述	示例
-eq	Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true.	[ $a -eq $b ] is not true.
-ne	Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true.	[ $a -ne $b ] is true.
-gt	Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.	[ $a -gt $b ] is not true.
-lt	Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.	[ $a -lt $b ] is true.
-ge	Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.	[ $a -ge $b ] is not true.
-le	Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.	[ $a -le $b ] is true.

这里要注意，所有的条件式将放在方括号内，他们周围有一个空格，这是非常重要的，例如 [ $a <= $b ]是正确的， [$a <= $b]是不正确的。

布尔运算：

布尔运算符有以下Bourne Shell的支持。

假设变量一个变量b=10，然后变量b=20：

运算符	描述	示例
!	This is logical negation. This inverts a true condition into false and vice versa.	[ ! false ] is true.
-o	This is logical OR. If one of the operands is true then condition would be true.	[ $a -lt 20 -o $b -gt 100 ] is true.
-a	This is logical AND. If both the operands are true then condition would be true otherwise it would be false.	[ $a -lt 20 -a $b -gt 100 ] is false.

字符串运算符：

有下列字符串运算由Bourne Shell支持。

假设变量a=“abc”和变量b=“efg”：

运算符	描述	例子
=	Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true.	[ $a = $b ] is not true.
!=	Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true.	[ $a != $b ] is true.
-z	Checks if the given string operand size is zero. If it is zero length then it returns true.	[ -z $a ] is not true.
-n	Checks if the given string operand size is non-zero. If it is non-zero length then it returns true.	[ -z $a ] is not false.
str	Check if str is not the empty string. If it is empty then it returns false.	[ $a ] is not false.

文件测试操作：

有以下是操作测试Unix文件相关联的各种属性。

假设一个的变量文件保存现有文件名“test”，其大小为100字节，有读，写和执行权限：

操作符	描述	示例
-b file	Checks if file is a block special file if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -b $file ] is false.
-c file	Checks if file is a character special file if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -b $file ] is false.
-d file	Check if file is a directory if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -d $file ] is not true.
-f file	Check if file is an ordinary file as opposed to a directory or special file if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -f $file ] is true.
-g file	Checks if file has its set group ID (SGID) bit set if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -g $file ] is false.
-k file	Checks if file has its sticky bit set if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -k $file ] is false.
-p file	Checks if file is a named pipe if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -p $file ] is false.
-t file	Checks if file descriptor is open and associated with a terminal if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -t $file ] is false.
-u file	Checks if file has its set user id (SUID) bit set if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -u $file ] is false.
-r file	Checks if file is readable if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -r $file ] is true.
-w file	Check if file is writable if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -w $file ] is true.
-x file	Check if file is execute if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -x $file ] is true.
-s file	Check if file has size greater than 0 if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -s $file ] is true.
-e file	Check if file exists. Is true even if file is a directory but exists.	[ -e $file ] is true.

#!/bin/sh

a=10
b=20
val=`expr $a + $b`
echo "a + b : $val"

val=`expr $a - $b`
echo "a - b : $val"

val=`expr $a * $b`
echo "a * b : $val"

val=`expr $b / $a`
echo "b / a : $val"

val=`expr $b % $a`
echo "b % a : $val"

if [ $a == $b ]
then
   echo "a is equal to b"
fi

if [ $a != $b ]
then
   echo "a is not equal to b"
fi

记下有以下几点：

• 运算符和表达式之间必须有空格，例如2+2是不正确的，因为它应该写成 2 + 2。

• ``，称为倒逗号之间应包含完整的表达。

• 应该用*符号的乘法。

  #!/bin/sh
  
  a=10
  b=20
  
  if [ $a -eq $b ]
  then
     echo "$a -eq $b : a is equal to b"
  else
     echo "$a -eq $b: a is not equal to b"
  fi
  
  if [ $a -ne $b ]
  then
     echo "$a -ne $b: a is not equal to b"
  else
     echo "$a -ne $b : a is equal to b"
  fi
  
  if [ $a -gt $b ]
  then
     echo "$a -gt $b: a is greater than b"
  else
     echo "$a -gt $b: a is not greater than b"
  fi
  
  if [ $a -lt $b ]
  then
     echo "$a -lt $b: a is less than b"
  else
     echo "$a -lt $b: a is not less than b"
  fi
  
  if [ $a -ge $b ]
  then
     echo "$a -ge $b: a is greater or  equal to b"
  else
     echo "$a -ge $b: a is not greater or equal to b"
  fi
  
  if [ $a -le $b ]
  then
     echo "$a -le $b: a is less or  equal to b"
  else
     echo "$a -le $b: a is not less or equal to b"
  fi

#!/bin/sh

a=10
b=20

if [ $a != $b ]
then
   echo "$a != $b : a is not equal to b"
else
   echo "$a != $b: a is equal to b"
fi

if [ $a -lt 100 -a $b -gt 15 ]
then
   echo "$a -lt 100 -a $b -gt 15 : returns true"
else
   echo "$a -lt 100 -a $b -gt 15 : returns false"
fi

if [ $a -lt 100 -o $b -gt 100 ]
then
   echo "$a -lt 100 -o $b -gt 100 : returns true"
else
   echo "$a -lt 100 -o $b -gt 100 : returns false"
fi

if [ $a -lt 5 -o $b -gt 100 ]
then
   echo "$a -lt 100 -o $b -gt 100 : returns true"
else
   echo "$a -lt 100 -o $b -gt 100 : returns false"
fi

#!/bin/sh

a="abc"
b="efg"

if [ $a = $b ]
then
   echo "$a = $b : a is equal to b"
else
   echo "$a = $b: a is not equal to b"
fi

if [ $a != $b ]
then
   echo "$a != $b : a is not equal to b"
else
   echo "$a != $b: a is equal to b"
fi

if [ -z $a ]
then
   echo "-z $a : string length is zero"
else
   echo "-z $a : string length is not zero"
fi

if [ -n $a ]
then
   echo "-n $a : string length is not zero"
else
   echo "-n $a : string length is zero"
fi

if [ $a ]
then
   echo "$a : string is not empty"
else
   echo "$a : string is empty"
fi

#!/bin/sh

file="/var/www/yiibai/unix/test.sh"

if [ -r $file ]
then
   echo "File has read access"
else
   echo "File does not have read access"
fi

if [ -w $file ]
then
   echo "File has write permission"
else
   echo "File does not have write permission"
fi

if [ -x $file ]
then
   echo "File has execute permission"
else
   echo "File does not have execute permission"
fi

if [ -f $file ]
then
   echo "File is an ordinary file"
else
   echo "This is sepcial file"
fi

if [ -d $file ]
then
   echo "File is a directory"
else
   echo "This is not a directory"
fi

if [ -s $file ]
then
   echo "File size is zero"
else
   echo "File size is not zero"
fi

if [ -e $file ]
then
   echo "File exists"
else
   echo "File does not exist"
fi