python面向编程：类的组合、封装、property装饰器、多态

本文目录：

一、组合

二、封装

三、propert装饰器

四、多态

一、组合

1. 什么是组合

一个对象的属性是来自于另外一个类的对象,称之为组合

 

2. 为何用组合

组合也是用来解决类与类代码冗余的问题

 

3. 如何用组合

class Foo:
    aaa = 1111

    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

    def func1(self):
        print('Foo内的功能')

class Bar:
    bbb = 2222

    def __init__(self, m, n):
        self.m = m
        self.n = n

    def func2(self):
        print('Bar内的功能')

obj1 = Foo(10, 20)
obj2 = Bar(30, 40)

obj1.xxx = obj2

print(obj1.x, obj1.y, obj1.aaa, obj1.func1)
print(obj1.xxx.m, obj1.xxx.n, obj1.xxx.bbb, obj1.xxx.func2)

class OldboyPeople:
    school = 'Oldboy'

    def __init__(self, name, age, gender, course_name, course_price, course_period):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.gender = gender
        self.course_name = course_name
        self.course_price = course_price
        self.course_period = course_period

class OldboyStudent(OldboyPeople):
    def choose_course(self):
        print('%s is choosing course' % self.name)

class OldboyTeacher(OldboyPeople):

    def __init__(self, name, age, gender, level, salary, course_name, course_price, course_period):
        OldboyPeople.__init__(self, name, age, gender)
        self.level = level
        self.salary = salary

    def score(self, stu, num):
        stu.num = num
        print('老师%s给学生%s打分%s' % (self.name, stu.name, num))

stu1 = OldboyStudent('egon', 18, 'male', 'Python开发', 3000, '5mons')
stu2 = OldboyStudent('kevin', 38, 'male', 'Python开发', 3000, '5mons')

def tell_course(obj):
    print('课程名:<%s> 价钱:[%s] 周期:[%s]' % (obj.course_name, obj.course_price, obj.course_period))

tell_course(stu1)
tell_course(stu2)

class OldboyPeople:
    school = 'Oldboy'

    def __init__(self, name, age, gender):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.gender = gender

class OldboyStudent(OldboyPeople):

    def choose_course(self):
        print('%s is choosing course' % self.name)

class OldboyTeacher(OldboyPeople):
    def __init__(self, name, age, gender, level, salary):
        OldboyPeople.__init__(self, name, age, gender)
        self.level = level
        self.salary = salary

    def score(self, stu, num):
        stu.num = num
        print('老师%s给学生%s 打分%s' % (self.name, stu.name, num))

class Course:

    def __init__(self, course_name, course_price, course_period):
        self.course_name = course_name
        self.course_price = course_price
        self.course_period = course_period

    def tell_course(self):
        print('课程名:<%s> 价钱:[%s] 周期:[%s]' % (self.course_name, self.course_price, self.course_period))

python_obj = Course('python开发', 3000, '5mons')
linux_obj = Course('linux运维', 5000, '3mons')

stu1 = OldboyStudent('egon', 18, 'male')
stu1.courses = []
stu1.courses.append(linux_obj)
stu1.courses.append(python_obj)
stu1.courses[0].tell_course()

stu2 = OldboyStudent('kevin', 38, 'male')

二、封装

1. 什么是封装

装指的是把属性装进一个容器
封指的是隐藏的意思,但是这种隐藏式对外不对内的

2. 为何要封装

封装不是单纯意义的隐藏
封装数据属性的目的:将数据属性封装起来,类外部的使用就无法直接操作该数据属性了
需要类内部开一个接口给使用者,类的设计者可以在接口之上附加任意逻辑,从而严格控制使用者对属性的操作
封装函数属性的目的:隔离复杂度

3. 如何封装

只需要在属性前加上__开头,该属性就会被隐藏起来,该隐藏具备的特点:
    1. 只是一种语法意义上的变形,即__开头的属性会在检测语法时发生变形_类名__属性名
    2. 这种隐藏式对外不对内的,因为在类内部检测语法时所有的代码统一都发生的变形
    3. 这种变形只在检测语法时发生一次,在类定义之后新增的__开头的属性并不会发生变形
    4. 如果父类不想让子类覆盖自己的属性,可以在属性前加__开头

class Foo:
    __x=111 #_Foo__x
    def __init__(self,m,n):
        self.__m=m # self._Foo__m=m
        self.n=n

    def __func(self): #_Foo__func
        print('Foo.func')

    def func1(self):
        print(self.__m) #self._Foo__m
        print(self.__x) #self._Foo__x

# print(Foo.__dict__)
# Foo.__x
# Foo.__func
# print(Foo._Foo__x)
# print(Foo._Foo__func)

obj=Foo(10,20)
# print(obj.__dict__)
# print(obj.n)
# print(obj.__m)
# print(obj._Foo__m)

# obj.func1()

# obj.__yyy=3333
# print(obj.__dict__)
# print(obj.__yyy)

# Foo.__zzz=444
# print(Foo.__dict__)
# print(Foo.__zzz)

# class Foo:
#     def __f1(self): #_Foo__f1
#         print('Foo.f1')
#
#     def f2(self):
#         print('Foo.f2')
#         self.__f1() #self._Foo__f1
#
# class Bar(Foo):
#     def __f1(self): #_Bar__f1
#         print('Bar.f1')
#
# obj=Bar()
# obj.f2()

# 封装数据属性的真实意图
# class People:
#     def __init__(self,name,age):
#         self.__name=name
#         self.__age=age
#
#     def tell_info(self):
#         print('<name:%s age:%s>' %(self.__name,self.__age))
#
#     def set_info(self,new_name,new_age):
#         if type(new_name) is not str:
#             print('名字必须是str类型傻叉')
#             return
#         if type(new_age) is not int:
#             print('年龄必须是int类型傻叉')
#             return
#         self.__name=new_name
#         self.__age=new_age
#
#     def clear_info(self):
#         del self.__name
#         del self.__age
#
# obj=People('egon',18)
#
# obj.tell_info()
# obj.set_info('egon',18)

# 封装函数属性的真实意图
# class ATM:
#     def __card(self):
#         print('插卡')
#     def __auth(self):
#         print('用户认证')
#     def __input(self):
#         print('输入取款金额')
#     def __print_bill(self):
#         print('打印账单')
#     def __take_money(self):
#         print('取款')
#
#     def withdraw(self):
#         self.__card()
#         self.__auth()
#         self.__input()
#         self.__print_bill()
#         self.__take_money()
#
# a=ATM()
# a.withdraw()

三、property装饰器

'''
　　例一：BMI指数（bmi是计算而来的，但很明显它听起来像是一个属性而非方法，如果我们将其做成一个属性，更便于理解）

　　成人的BMI数值：
　　过轻：低于18.5
　　正常：18.5-23.9
　　过重：24-27
　　肥胖：28-32
　　非常肥胖, 高于32
　　体质指数（BMI）=体重（kg）÷身高^2（m）
　　EX：70kg÷（1.75×1.75）=22.86
'''

# class People:
#     def __init__(self,name,weight,height):
#         self.name=name
#         self.weight=weight
#         self.height=height
#
#     @property
#     def bmi(self):
#         return self.weight / (self.height ** 2)
#
# obj=People('egon',70,1.82)
# obj.height=1.85
#
# print(obj.bmi)

# 需要了解的property的用法
# class People:
#     def __init__(self,name):
#         self.__name=name
#
#     @property
#     def name(self):
#         return '<name:%s>' %self.__name
#
#     @name.setter
#     def name(self,new_name):
#         if type(new_name) is not str:
#             print('名字必须是str类型')
#             return
#         self.__name=new_name
#
#     @name.deleter
#     def name(self):
#         del self.__name
#
# obj=People('egon')
# print(obj.name)
#
# # obj.name=123
# # print(obj.name)
#
# del obj.name
# print(obj.__dict__)

class People:
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.__name=name

    def xxx_name(self):
        return '<name:%s>' %self.__name

    def yyy_name(self,new_name):
        if type(new_name) is not str:
            print('名字必须是str类型')
            return
        self.__name=new_name

    def zzz_name(self):
        del self.__name

    name=property(xxx_name,yyy_name,zzz_name)

obj=People('egon')
print(obj.name)

# obj.name=123
# print(obj.name)

del obj.name
print(obj.__dict__)

四、多态

1. 什么是多态

同一种事物的多种形态

2. 为何要用多态

多态性:指的是可以在不用考虑对象具体类型的前提下而直接使用对象下的方法

3. 如何用多态

# import abc
#
# class Animal(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
#     @abc.abstractmethod
#     def speak(self):
#         pass
#
# # Animal() # 父类不能实例化,因为父类本身就是用来制定标准的
# class People(Animal):
#     def speak(self):
#         print('say hello')
#     # def jiao(self):
#     #     print('say hello')
#
# class Dog(Animal):
#     def speak(self):
#         print('汪汪汪')
#
# class Pig(Animal):
#     def speak(self):
#         print('哼哼哼')
#
#
# peo=People()
# dog1=Dog()
# pig1=Pig()
# #
# #
# peo.speak()
# dog1.speak()
# pig1.speak()
def speak(animal):
    animal.speak()

speak(peo)
speak(dog1)
speak(pig1)

class Memory:
    def read(self):
        print('mem read')

    def write(self):
        print('mem write')

class Disk:
    def read(self):
        print('disk read')

    def write(self):
        print('disk write')

class Cpu:
    def read(self):
        print('cpu read')

    def write(self):
        print('cpu write')

obj1=Memory()
obj2=Disk()
obj3=Cpu()

obj1.read()
obj2.read()
obj3.read()

# ''.__len__()
# [].__len__()
# len([1,2,3]) #[1,2,3].__len__()