Hack语言类型化简介

在typechecker的配合下，Hack语言的类型化能力是Hack其他功能特性的基石。开发Hack语言的主要动机也正是为代码提供显式类型标注以便对代码进行类型一致性和潜在错误分析。

这是用于对比Hack特性的一个实例，用传统PHP形式编写：

<?php

namespace Hack\UserDocumentation\Types\Intro\Examples\PreHack;

class Z {}
class A {
  public $a;
  public $b;

  public function __construct($a, $b) {
    $this->a = $a;
    $this->b = $b;
  }

  public function foo($x, $y) {
    return $x * $this->a + $y * $this->b;
  }
}

function bar(A $a, $x, $y) {
  return $a->foo($x, $y);
}

function baz() {
  $a = new A(2, 4);
  $z = new Z();
  var_dump(bar($a, 9, 4));
  // Did we really want to allow passing a stringy int?
  var_dump(bar($a, 8, "3"));
  // Did we really want to allow passing booleans?
  var_dump(bar($a, true, false));
  // This will throw a fatal at runtime
  var_dump(bar($z, 1, 1));
}

baz();
Output
int(34)
int(28)
int(2)

Catchable fatal error: Argument 1 passed to Hack\UserDocumentation\Types\Intro\Examples\PreHack\bar() must be an instance of Hack\UserDocumentation\Types\Intro\Examples\PreHack\A, Hack\UserDocumentation\Types\Intro\Examples\PreHack\Z given in /data/users/joelm/user-documentation/guides/hack/20-types/01-introduction-examples/pre-hack.php on line 22

上述示例可以完美运行于HHVM上（除了在最后的var_dump处发生一个致命错误）。尽管如此，在很多方面它没有清晰的表达出开发者的意图。比如，开发者是否允许A::foo()接受字符串类型的int值。当然，习惯上的处理方式，如通过is_int()函数来检测或抛出异常可以缓解这种情况。

但是你看看下面的例子，开发者的意图是否更清晰：

<?hh

namespace Hack\UserDocumentation\Types\Intro\Examples\Hack;

class Z {}
class A {
  public int $a;
  public int $b;

  public function __construct(int $a, int $b) {
    $this->a = $a;
    $this->b = $b;
  }

  public function foo(int $x, int $y): int {
    return $x * $this->a + $y * $this->b;
  }
}

function bar(A $a, int $x, int $y): int {
  return $a->foo($x, $y);
}

function baz(): void {
  $a = new A(2, 4);
  $z = new Z();
  var_dump(bar($a, 9, 4));
  // Did we really want to allow passing a stringy int? NO!
  // The typechecker will actually error here before you even run the program,
  // so you can catch problems before runtime.
  var_dump(bar($a, 8, "3"));

  // Did we really want to allow passing booleans? NO!
  // The typechecker will error here too.
  var_dump(bar($a, true, false));

  // This will throw a fatal at runtime
  // The typechecker will error here as well
  var_dump(bar($z, 1, 1));
}

baz();

/****

Type checker errors:

hack.php:29:23,25: Invalid argument (Typing[4110])
  hack.php:20:28,30: This is an int
  hack.php:29:23,25: It is incompatible with a string
hack.php:31:20,23: Invalid argument (Typing[4110])
  hack.php:20:20,22: This is an int
  hack.php:31:20,23: It is incompatible with a bool
hack.php:31:26,30: Invalid argument (Typing[4110])
  hack.php:20:28,30: This is an int
  hack.php:31:26,30: It is incompatible with a bool
hack.php:33:16,17: Invalid argument (Typing[4110])
  hack.php:20:14,14: This is an object of type
                     Hack\UserDocumentation\Types\Intro\Examples\Hack\A
  hack.php:26:8,14: It is incompatible with an object of type
                    Hack\UserDocumentation\Types\Intro\Examples\Hack\Z
*****/
Output
int(34)

Catchable fatal error: Argument 3 passed to Hack\UserDocumentation\Types\Intro\Examples\Hack\bar() must be an instance of int, string given in /data/users/joelm/user-documentation/guides/hack/20-types/01-introduction-examples/hack.php.type-errors on line 22

看到这个例子里的代码，我们可以很清晰的知道仅允许传递int型值。这样API的调用者知道需要传递什么类型的值。为方法和属性添加显式类型声明，配合Hack typechecker，你就有了一款真正的很强的安全基础的动态编程语言。

要想了解代码中可以使用哪些类型以及在哪纺织显式类型标注，查看：

• 类型系统
• 类型标注