Web开发相关笔记 #04# WebSocket

本文的主要内容：

HTTP VS. WebSocket
WebSocket 的客户端实现（JavaScript）
WebSocket 的服务端实现（Java & apache WebSocketAPI）
WebSocket 深入学习

HTTP VS. WebSocket

简单来讲， WebSocket 就是一种允许服务端主动向客户端 PUSH 数据的技术。

传统的 HTTP 只能是客户端先主动向服务器发起请求然后获得服务器响应。

WebSocket是HTML5开始提供的一种在单个 TCP 连接上进行全双工通讯的协议。

在WebSocket API中，浏览器和服务器只需要做一个握手的动作，然后，浏览器和服务器之间就形成了一条快速通道。两者之间就直接可以数据互相传送。

浏览器通过 JavaScript 向服务器发出建立 WebSocket 连接的请求，连接建立以后，客户端和服务器端就可以通过 TCP 连接直接交换数据。

当你获取 Web Socket 连接后，你可以通过 send() 方法来向服务器发送数据，并通过 onmessage 事件来接收服务器返回的数据。

上面是网络上对于 websocket 的一段简短介绍。

值得一提的是，有不少人认为 websocket （于2011年被IETF定为标准RFC 6455）是一项可以取代 AJAX （约 1998 年前后得到应用）的技术。

简单的草图（。。自己画的不太极不严谨，例如说ws最开始有个 HTTP 验证漏掉了。。但是可以表达大概意思吧）：

然后是我收集的一些关于 websocket 的资料：

1、WebSocket - Wikipedia 比较权威、全面

2、An Introduction to WebSockets - Treehouse Blog 生动的个人博客

3、websocket.org - Powered by Kaazing 以 websocket 为主题的网站！（websocket.org - WebSocket technology, demos, articles, and products.）

4、菜鸟教程之 websocket 赶时间的看这个。

总而言之，websocket 非常强大，应用也非常多，例如说可以用来构建基于浏览器的网页游戏、即时聊天工具之类的。

顺便收藏（主题无关 ~ ）：

What's the difference between getRequestURI and getPathInfo methods in HttpServletRequest?

WebSocket 的客户端实现（JavaScript）

客户端代码完全拷贝自上面列出来的资料二：

index.html

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

    <meta charset="utf-8">

    <title>WebSockets Demo</title>

    <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">

</head>

<body>

<div id="page-wrapper">

    <h1>WebSockets Demo</h1>

    <div id="status">Connecting...</div>

    <ul id="messages"></ul>

    <form id="message-form" action="#" method="post">

        <textarea id="message" placeholder="Write your message here..." required></textarea>

        <button type="submit">Send Message</button>

        <button type="button" id="close">Close Connection</button>

    </form>

</div>

<script src="app.js"></script>

</body>

</html>

style.css

*, *:before, *:after {

    -moz-box-sizing: border-box;

    -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;

    box-sizing: border-box;

}

html {

    font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;

    font-size: 100%;

    background: #333;

}

#page-wrapper {

    width: 650px;

    background: #FFF;

    padding: 1em;

    margin: 1em auto;

    border-top: 5px solid #69c773;

    box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.8);

}

h1 {

    margin-top:;

}

#status {

    font-size: 0.9rem;

    margin-bottom: 1rem;

}

.open {

    color: green;

}

.closed {

    color: red;

}

ul {

    list-style: none;

    margin:;

    padding:;

    font-size: 0.95rem;

}

ul li {

    padding: 0.5rem 0.75rem;

    border-bottom: 1px solid #EEE;

}

ul li:first-child {

    border-top: 1px solid #EEE;

}

ul li span {

    display: inline-block;

    width: 90px;

    font-weight: bold;

    color: #999;

    font-size: 0.7rem;

    text-transform: uppercase;

    letter-spacing: 1px;

}

.sent {

    background-color: #F7F7F7;

}

.received {}

#message-form {

    margin-top: 1.5rem;

}

textarea {

    width: 100%;

    padding: 0.5rem;

    font-size: 1rem;

    border: 1px solid #D9D9D9;

    border-radius: 3px;

    box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);

    min-height: 100px;

    margin-bottom: 1rem;

}

button {

    display: inline-block;

    border-radius: 3px;

    border: none;

    font-size: 0.9rem;

    padding: 0.6rem 1em;

    color: white;

    margin: 0 0.25rem;

    text-align: center;

    background: #BABABA;

    border-bottom: 1px solid #999;

}

button[type="submit"] {

    background: #86b32d;

    border-bottom: 1px solid #5d7d1f;

}

button:hover {

    opacity: 0.75;

    cursor: pointer;

}

app.js

window.onload = function() {

    // Get references to elements on the page.

    var form = document.getElementById('message-form');

    var messageField = document.getElementById('message');

    var messagesList = document.getElementById('messages');

    var socketStatus = document.getElementById('status');

    var closeBtn = document.getElementById('close');

    // The rest of the code in this tutorial will go here...

    // Create a new WebSocket.

    var socket = new WebSocket('ws://echo.websocket.org');

    // Show a connected message when the WebSocket is opened.

    socket.onopen = function(event) {

        socketStatus.innerHTML = 'Connected to: ' + event.currentTarget.url;

        socketStatus.className = 'open';

    };

    // Handle any errors that occur.

    socket.onerror = function(error) {

        console.log('WebSocket Error: ' + error);

    };

    // Send a message when the form is submitted.

    form.onsubmit = function(e) {

        e.preventDefault();

        // Retrieve the message from the textarea.

        var message = messageField.value;

        // Send the message through the WebSocket.

        socket.send(message);

        // Add the message to the messages list.

        messagesList.innerHTML += '<li class="sent"><span>Sent:</span>' + message +

            '</li>';

        // Clear out the message field.

        messageField.value = '';

        return false;

    };

    // Handle messages sent by the server.

    socket.onmessage = function(event) {

        var message = event.data;

        messagesList.innerHTML += '<li class="received"><span>Received:</span>' +

            message + '</li>';

    };

    // Show a disconnected message when the WebSocket is closed.

    socket.onclose = function(event) {

        socketStatus.innerHTML = 'Disconnected from WebSocket.';

        socketStatus.className = 'closed';

    };

    // Close the WebSocket connection when the close button is clicked.

    closeBtn.onclick = function(e) {

        e.preventDefault();

        // Close the WebSocket.

        socket.close();

        return false;

    };

};

直接把三个文件放在同一个目录下，用浏览器打开 index.html 就可以用了。连接的是代码原作者的 websocket 服务器。

WebSocket 的服务端实现（Java & apache WebSocketAPI）

构建WebSocket 服务器的方式有很多，不过我只会用 tomcat 的 API，代码即是Tomcat 的 websocket example 相比自己写的肯定要规范些。↓

/*

 *  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more

 *  contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with

 *  this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.

 *  The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0

 *  (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with

 *  the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at

 *

 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

 *

 *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software

 *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,

 *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.

 *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and

 *  limitations under the License.

 */

package org.sample.web;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.util.Set;

import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArraySet;

import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;

import javax.websocket.OnClose;

import javax.websocket.OnError;

import javax.websocket.OnMessage;

import javax.websocket.OnOpen;

import javax.websocket.Session;

import javax.websocket.server.ServerEndpoint;

@ServerEndpoint(value = "/websocket")

public class ChatAnnotation {

    private static final String GUEST_PREFIX = "Guest";

    private static final AtomicInteger connectionIds = new AtomicInteger();

    private static final Set<ChatAnnotation> connections =

            new CopyOnWriteArraySet<>();

    private final String nickname;

    private Session session;

    public ChatAnnotation() {

        nickname = GUEST_PREFIX + connectionIds.getAndIncrement();

    }

    @OnOpen

    public void start(Session session) {

        this.session = session;

        connections.add(this);

        String message = String.format("* %s %s", nickname, "has joined.");

        broadcast(message);

    }

    @OnClose

    public void end() {

        connections.remove(this);

        String message = String.format("* %s %s",

                nickname, "has disconnected.");

        broadcast(message);

    }

    @OnMessage

    public void incoming(String message) {

        // Never trust the client

        String filteredMessage = String.format("%s: %s",

                nickname, message.toString());

        broadcast(filteredMessage);

    }

    @OnError

    public void onError(Throwable t) throws Throwable {

    }

    private static void broadcast(String msg) {

        for (ChatAnnotation client : connections) {

            try {

                synchronized (client) {

                    client.session.getBasicRemote().sendText(msg);

                }

            } catch (IOException e) {

                connections.remove(client);

                try {

                    client.session.close();

                } catch (IOException e1) {

                    // Ignore

                }

                String message = String.format("* %s %s",

                        client.nickname, "has been disconnected.");

                broadcast(message);

            }

        }

    }

}

在运行之前需要修改 app.js 中的地址：

    // The rest of the code in this tutorial will go here...

    // Create a new WebSocket.

    var socket = new WebSocket('ws://localhost:8080/websocket');

WebSocket 深入学习

当然，上面仅用到了 WebSocket API 的一个小子集，要想真正用好这些 API 并没那么简单。下面是我找到的一些学习资料（基本上看 URL 就知道什么内容了）：

1、https://docs.oracle.com/javaee/7/api/javax/websocket/package-summary.html

2、https://docs.oracle.com/javaee/7/tutorial/websocket.htm

3、http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/java/jsr356-1937161.html

4、https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebSockets_API/Writing_a_WebSocket_server_in_Java

5、http://www.oracle.com/webfolder/technetwork/tutorials/obe/java/HomeWebsocket/WebsocketHome.html

6、http://www.baeldung.com/java-websockets

7、https://tomcat.apache.org/tomcat-9.0-doc/websocketapi/index.html

8、https://benas.github.io/2016/02/21/using-the-java-api-for-webSocket-to-create-a-chat-server.html