Being a Good Boy in Spring Festival 尼姆博弈

Time Limit:1000MS     Memory Limit:32768KB     64bit IO Format:%I64d & %I64u

Submit Status

Description

 

Input

 

Output

 

Sample Input

 

Sample Output

 

Hint

 

Description

大家常常感慨，要做好一件事情真的不容易，确实，失败比成功容易多了！
做好“一件”事情尚且不易，若想永远成功而总从不失败，那更是难上加难了，就像花钱总是比挣钱容易的道理一样。
话虽这样说，我还是要告诉大家，要想失败到一定程度也是不容易的。比如，我高中的时候，就有一个神奇的女生，在英语考试的时候，竟然把40个单项选择题全部做错了！大家都学过概率论，应该知道出现这种情况的概率，所以至今我都觉得这是一件神奇的事情。如果套用一句经典的评语，我们可以这样总结：一个人做错一道选择题并不难，难的是全部做错，一个不对。

不幸的是，这种小概率事件又发生了，而且就在我们身边：
事情是这样的——HDU有个网名叫做8006的男性同学，结交网友无数，最近该同学玩起了浪漫，同时给n个网友每人写了一封信，这都没什么，要命的是，他竟然把所有的信都装错了信封！注意了，是全部装错哟！

现在的问题是：请大家帮可怜的8006同学计算一下，一共有多少种可能的错误方式呢？

Input

输入数据包含多个多个测试实例，每个测试实例占用一行，每行包含一个正整数n（1<n<=20），n表示8006的网友的人数。

Output

对于每行输入请输出可能的错误方式的数量，每个实例的输出占用一行。

Sample Input

2
3

Sample Output

1
2

Hint

 

Description

Give you two definitions tree and rooted tree. An undirected connected graph without cycles is called a tree. A tree is called rooted if it has a distinguished vertex r called the root. Your task is to make a program to calculate the number of rooted trees with n vertices denoted as Tn. The case n=5 is shown in Fig. 1.

Input

There are multiple cases in this problem and ended by the EOF. In each case, there is only one integer means n(1<=n<=40) .

Output

For each test case, there is only one integer means Tn.

Sample Input

1
2
5

Sample Output

1
1
9

Hint

 

Description

There is a hill with n holes around. The holes are signed from 0 to n-1.

A rabbit must hide in one of the holes. A wolf searches the rabbit in anticlockwise order. The first hole he get into is the one signed with 0. Then he will get into the hole every m holes. For example, m=2 and n=6, the wolf will get into the holes which are signed 0,2,4,0. If the rabbit hides in the hole which signed 1,3 or 5, she will survive. So we call these holes the safe holes.

Input

The input starts with a positive integer P which indicates the number of test cases. Then on the following P lines,each line consists 2 positive integer m and n(0<m,n<2147483648).

Output

For each input m n, if safe holes exist, you should output "YES", else output "NO" in a single line.

Sample Input

2
1 2
2 2

Sample Output

NO
YES

Hint

 

Description

The greatest common divisor GCD(a,b) of two positive integers a and b,sometimes written (a,b),is the largest divisor common to a and b,For example,(1,2)=1,(12,18)=6.
(a,b) can be easily found by the Euclidean algorithm. Now Carp is considering a little more difficult problem:
Given integers N and M, how many integer X satisfies 1<=X<=N and (X,N)>=M.

Input

The first line of input is an integer T(T<=100) representing the number of test cases. The following T lines each contains two numbers N and M (2<=N<=1000000000, 1<=M<=N), representing a test case.

Output

For each test case,output the answer on a single line.

Sample Input

3
1 1
10 2
10000 72

Sample Output

1
6
260

Hint

 

Description

Let's design a new chess game. There are N positions to hold M chesses in this game. Multiple chesses can be located in the same position. The positions are constituted as a topological graph, i.e. there are directed edges connecting some positions, and no cycle exists. Two players you and I move chesses alternately. In each turn the player should move only one chess from the current position to one of its out-positions along an edge. The game does not end, until one of the players cannot move chess any more. If you cannot move any chess in your turn, you lose. Otherwise, if the misfortune falls on me... I will disturb the chesses and play it again.

Do you want to challenge me? Just write your program to show your qualification!

Input

Input contains multiple test cases. Each test case starts with a number N (1 <= N <= 1000) in one line. Then the following N lines describe the out-positions of each position. Each line starts with an integer Xi that is the number of out-positions for the position i. Then Xi integers following specify the out-positions. Positions are indexed from 0 to N-1. Then multiple queries follow. Each query occupies only one line. The line starts with a number M (1 <= M <= 10), and then come M integers, which are the initial positions of chesses. A line with number 0 ends the test case.

Output

There is one line for each query, which contains a string "WIN" or "LOSE". "WIN" means that the player taking the first turn can win the game according to a clever strategy; otherwise "LOSE" should be printed.

Sample Input

4
2 1 2
0
1 3
0
1 0
2 0 2
0

4
1 1
1 2
0
0
2 0 1
2 1 1
3 0 1 3
0

Sample Output

WIN
WIN
WIN
LOSE
WIN

Hint

 

Description

有两堆石子，数量任意，可以不同。游戏开始由两个人轮流取石子。游戏规定，每次有两种不同的取法，一是可以在任意的一堆中取走任意多的石子；二是可以在两堆中同时取走相同数量的石子。最后把石子全部取完者为胜者。现在给出初始的两堆石子的数目，如果轮到你先取，假设双方都采取最好的策略，问最后你是胜者还是败者。

Input

输入包含若干行，表示若干种石子的初始情况，其中每一行包含两个非负整数a和b，表示两堆石子的数目，a和b都不大于1,000,000,000。

Output

输出对应也有若干行，每行包含一个数字1或0，如果最后你是胜者，则为1，反之，则为0。

Sample Input

2 1
8 4
4 7

Sample Output

0
1
0

Hint

 

Description

Marsha and Bill own a collection of marbles. They want to split the collection among themselves so that both receive an equal share of the marbles. This would be easy if all the marbles had the same value, because then they could just split the collection in half. But unfortunately, some of the marbles are larger, or more beautiful than others. So, Marsha and Bill start by assigning a value, a natural number between one and six, to each marble. Now they want to divide the marbles so that each of them gets the same total value.
Unfortunately, they realize that it might be impossible to divide the marbles in this way (even if the total value of all marbles is even). For example, if there are one marble of value 1, one of value 3 and two of value 4, then they cannot be split into sets of equal value. So, they ask you to write a program that checks whether there is a fair partition of the marbles.

Input

Each line in the input describes one collection of marbles to be divided. The lines consist of six non-negative integers n1, n2, ..., n6, where ni is the number of marbles of value i. So, the example from above would be described by the input-line ``1 0 1 2 0 0''. The maximum total number of marbles will be 20000.

The last line of the input file will be ``0 0 0 0 0 0''; do not process this line.

Output

For each colletcion, output ``Collection #k:'', where k is the number of the test case, and then either ``Can be divided.'' or ``Can't be divided.''.

Output a blank line after each test case.

Sample Input

1 0 1 2 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0

Sample Output

Collection #1:
Can't be divided.

Collection #2:
Can be divided.

Hint

 

Description

Before ACM can do anything, a budget must be prepared and the necessary financial support obtained. The main income for this action comes from Irreversibly Bound Money (IBM). The idea behind is simple. Whenever some ACM member has any small money, he takes all the coins and throws them into a piggy-bank. You know that this process is irreversible, the coins cannot be removed without breaking the pig. After a sufficiently long time, there should be enough cash in the piggy-bank to pay everything that needs to be paid.

But there is a big problem with piggy-banks. It is not possible to determine how much money is inside. So we might break the pig into pieces only to find out that there is not enough money. Clearly, we want to avoid this unpleasant situation. The only possibility is to weigh the piggy-bank and try to guess how many coins are inside. Assume that we are able to determine the weight of the pig exactly and that we know the weights of all coins of a given currency. Then there is some minimum amount of money in the piggy-bank that we can guarantee. Your task is to find out this worst case and determine the minimum amount of cash inside the piggy-bank. We need your help. No more prematurely broken pigs!

Input

The input consists of T test cases. The number of them (T) is given on the first line of the input file. Each test case begins with a line containing two integers E and F. They indicate the weight of an empty pig and of the pig filled with coins. Both weights are given in grams. No pig will weigh more than 10 kg, that means 1 <= E <= F <= 10000. On the second line of each test case, there is an integer number N (1 <= N <= 500) that gives the number of various coins used in the given currency. Following this are exactly N lines, each specifying one coin type. These lines contain two integers each, Pand W (1 <= P <= 50000, 1 <= W <=10000). P is the value of the coin in monetary units, W is it's weight in grams.

Output

Print exactly one line of output for each test case. The line must contain the sentence "The minimum amount of money in the piggy-bank is X." where X is the minimum amount of money that can be achieved using coins with the given total weight. If the weight cannot be reached exactly, print a line "This is impossible.".

Sample Input

3
10 110
2
1 1
30 50
10 110
2
1 1
50 30
1 6
2
10 3
20 4

Sample Output

The minimum amount of money in the piggy-bank is 60.
The minimum amount of money in the piggy-bank is 100.
This is impossible.

Hint

 

Description

In a few months the European Currency Union will become a reality. However, to join the club, the Maastricht criteria must be fulfilled, and this is not a trivial task for the countries (maybe except for Luxembourg). To enforce that Germany will fulfill the criteria, our government has so many wonderful options (raise taxes, sell stocks, revalue the gold reserves,...) that it is really hard to choose what to do.

Therefore the German government requires a program for the following task:
Two politicians each enter their proposal of what to do. The computer then outputs the longest common subsequence of words that occurs in both proposals. As you can see, this is a totally fair compromise (after all, a common sequence of words is something what both people have in mind).

Your country needs this program, so your job is to write it for us.

Input

The input will contain several test cases.
Each test case consists of two texts. Each text is given as a sequence of lower-case words, separated by whitespace, but with no punctuation. Words will be less than 30 characters long. Both texts will contain less than 100 words and will be terminated by a line containing a single '#'.
Input is terminated by end of file.

Output

For each test case, print the longest common subsequence of words occuring in the two texts. If there is more than one such sequence, any one is acceptable. Separate the words by one blank. After the last word, output a newline character.

Sample Input

die einkommen der landwirte
sind fuer die abgeordneten ein buch mit sieben siegeln
um dem abzuhelfen
muessen dringend alle subventionsgesetze verbessert werden
#
die steuern auf vermoegen und einkommen
sollten nach meinung der abgeordneten
nachdruecklich erhoben werden
dazu muessen die kontrollbefugnisse der finanzbehoerden
dringend verbessert werden
#

Sample Output

die einkommen der abgeordneten muessen dringend verbessert werden

Hint

 

Description

 

 

Input

 

Output

 

Sample Input

 

Sample Output

 

Hint

 

Description

 

 

Input

 

Output

 

Sample Input

 

Sample Output

 

Hint

 

Description

Many years ago , in Teddy’s hometown there was a man who was called “Bone Collector”. This man like to collect varies of bones , such as dog’s , cow’s , also he went to the grave …
The bone collector had a big bag with a volume of V ,and along his trip of collecting there are a lot of bones , obviously , different bone has different value and different volume, now given the each bone’s value along his trip , can you calculate out the maximum of the total value the bone collector can get ?

Input

The first line contain a integer T , the number of cases.
Followed by T cases , each case three lines , the first line contain two integer N , V, (N <= 1000 , V <= 1000 )representing the number of bones and the volume of his bag. And the second line contain N integers representing the value of each bone. The third line contain N integers representing the volume of each bone.

Output

One integer per line representing the maximum of the total value (this number will be less than 2 ³¹).

Sample Input

1
5 10
1 2 3 4 5
5 4 3 2 1

Sample Output

14

Hint

 

Description

一年在外 父母时刻牵挂
春节回家 你能做几天好孩子吗
寒假里尝试做做下面的事情吧

陪妈妈逛一次菜场
悄悄给爸爸买个小礼物
主动地 强烈地 要求洗一次碗
某一天早起 给爸妈用心地做回早餐

如果愿意 你还可以和爸妈说
咱们玩个小游戏吧 ACM课上学的呢～

下面是一个二人小游戏：桌子上有M堆扑克牌；每堆牌的数量分别为Ni(i=1…M)；两人轮流进行；每走一步可以任意选择一堆并取走其中的任意张牌；桌子上的扑克全部取光，则游戏结束；最后一次取牌的人为胜者。
现在我们不想研究到底先手为胜还是为负，我只想问大家：
——“先手的人如果想赢，第一步有几种选择呢？”

Input

输入数据包含多个测试用例，每个测试用例占2行，首先一行包含一个整数M(1<M<=100)，表示扑克牌的堆数，紧接着一行包含M个整数Ni(1<=Ni<=1000000，i=1…M)，分别表示M堆扑克的数量。M为0则表示输入数据的结束。

Output

如果先手的人能赢，请输出他第一步可行的方案数，否则请输出0，每个实例的输出占一行。

Sample Input

3
5 7 9
0

Sample Output

1

解题思路：尼姆博弈

尼姆博弈

有三堆各若干个物品，两个人轮流从某一堆取任意多的物品，规定每次至少取一个，多者不限，最后取光者得胜。

这种情况最有意思，它与二进制有密切关系，我们用（a，b，c）表示某种局势，首先（0，0，0）显然是奇异局势，无论谁面对奇异局势，都必然失败。第二种奇异局势是（0，n，n），只要与对手拿走一样多的物品，最后都将导致（0，0，0）。仔细分析一下，（1，2，3）也是奇异局势，无论对手如何拿，接下来都可以变为（0，n，n）的情形。

计算机算法里面有一种叫做按位模2加，也叫做异或的运算，我们用符号（+）表示这种运算，先看（1，2，3）的按位模2加的结果：

1 =二进制01

2 =二进制10

3 =二进制11 （+）

———————

0 =二进制00 （注意不进位）

对于奇异局势（0，n，n）也一样，结果也是0。

任何奇异局势（a，b，c）都有a（+）b（+）c =0。

注意到异或运算的交换律和结合律，及a（+）a=0，:

a（+）b（+）(a（+）b)=(a（+）a)（+）(b（+）b)=0（+）0=0。

所以从一个非奇异局势向一个奇异局势转换的方式可以是：

1）使 a = c（+）b

2）使 b = a（+）c

3）使 c = a（+）b

尼姆博奕例子

编辑

例1。（14，21，39），14（+）21=27，39-27=12，所以从39中拿走12个物体即可达到奇异局势（14，21，27）。

例2。（55，81，121），55（+）81=102，121-102=19，所以从121中拿走19个物品就形成了奇异局势（55，81，102）。

例3。（29，45，58），29（+）45=48，58-48=10，从58中拿走10个，变为（29，45，48）。

例4。我们来实际进行一盘比赛看看：

甲:(7,8,9)->(1,8,9)奇异局势

乙:(1,8,9)->(1,8,4)

甲:(1,8,4)->(1,5,4)奇异局势

乙:(1,5,4)->(1,4,4)

甲:(1,4,4)->(0,4,4)奇异局势

乙:(0,4,4)->(0,4,2)

甲:(0.4,2)->(0,2,2)奇异局势

乙:(0,2,2)->(0,2,1)

甲:(0,2,1)->(0,1,1)奇异局势

乙:(0,1,1)->(0,1,0)

甲:(0,1,0)->(0,0,0)奇异局势

甲胜。

以上解释出自百度词条-尼姆博弈

 

 

具体代码如下：

#include <cstdio>
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
    int m,ans,n,a[105];
    while(scanf("%d",&m),m)
    {
        memset(a,0,sizeof(a));
        n=ans=0;
        for(int i=1;i<=m;i++)
        {
            scanf("%d",&a[i]);
            n^=a[i];

        }

         for(int i=1;i<=m;i++)
            if((n^a[i])<a[i])
              ans++;
             if(ans)
              printf("%d\n",ans);
              else printf("0\n");
    }
    return 0;
}

　　

 

Description

 

Input

 

Output

 

Sample Input

 

Sample Output

 

Hint

 

Description

大家常常感慨，要做好一件事情真的不容易，确实，失败比成功容易多了！
做好“一件”事情尚且不易，若想永远成功而总从不失败，那更是难上加难了，就像花钱总是比挣钱容易的道理一样。
话虽这样说，我还是要告诉大家，要想失败到一定程度也是不容易的。比如，我高中的时候，就有一个神奇的女生，在英语考试的时候，竟然把40个单项选择题全部做错了！大家都学过概率论，应该知道出现这种情况的概率，所以至今我都觉得这是一件神奇的事情。如果套用一句经典的评语，我们可以这样总结：一个人做错一道选择题并不难，难的是全部做错，一个不对。

不幸的是，这种小概率事件又发生了，而且就在我们身边：
事情是这样的——HDU有个网名叫做8006的男性同学，结交网友无数，最近该同学玩起了浪漫，同时给n个网友每人写了一封信，这都没什么，要命的是，他竟然把所有的信都装错了信封！注意了，是全部装错哟！

现在的问题是：请大家帮可怜的8006同学计算一下，一共有多少种可能的错误方式呢？

Input

输入数据包含多个多个测试实例，每个测试实例占用一行，每行包含一个正整数n（1<n<=20），n表示8006的网友的人数。

Output

对于每行输入请输出可能的错误方式的数量，每个实例的输出占用一行。

Sample Input

2
3

Sample Output

1
2

Hint

 

Description

Give you two definitions tree and rooted tree. An undirected connected graph without cycles is called a tree. A tree is called rooted if it has a distinguished vertex r called the root. Your task is to make a program to calculate the number of rooted trees with n vertices denoted as Tn. The case n=5 is shown in Fig. 1.

Input

There are multiple cases in this problem and ended by the EOF. In each case, there is only one integer means n(1<=n<=40) .

Output

For each test case, there is only one integer means Tn.

Sample Input

1
2
5

Sample Output

1
1
9

Hint

 

Description

There is a hill with n holes around. The holes are signed from 0 to n-1.

A rabbit must hide in one of the holes. A wolf searches the rabbit in anticlockwise order. The first hole he get into is the one signed with 0. Then he will get into the hole every m holes. For example, m=2 and n=6, the wolf will get into the holes which are signed 0,2,4,0. If the rabbit hides in the hole which signed 1,3 or 5, she will survive. So we call these holes the safe holes.

Input

The input starts with a positive integer P which indicates the number of test cases. Then on the following P lines,each line consists 2 positive integer m and n(0<m,n<2147483648).

Output

For each input m n, if safe holes exist, you should output "YES", else output "NO" in a single line.

Sample Input

2
1 2
2 2

Sample Output

NO
YES

Hint

 

Description

The greatest common divisor GCD(a,b) of two positive integers a and b,sometimes written (a,b),is the largest divisor common to a and b,For example,(1,2)=1,(12,18)=6.
(a,b) can be easily found by the Euclidean algorithm. Now Carp is considering a little more difficult problem:
Given integers N and M, how many integer X satisfies 1<=X<=N and (X,N)>=M.

Input

The first line of input is an integer T(T<=100) representing the number of test cases. The following T lines each contains two numbers N and M (2<=N<=1000000000, 1<=M<=N), representing a test case.

Output

For each test case,output the answer on a single line.

Sample Input

3
1 1
10 2
10000 72

Sample Output

1
6
260

Hint

 

Description

Let's design a new chess game. There are N positions to hold M chesses in this game. Multiple chesses can be located in the same position. The positions are constituted as a topological graph, i.e. there are directed edges connecting some positions, and no cycle exists. Two players you and I move chesses alternately. In each turn the player should move only one chess from the current position to one of its out-positions along an edge. The game does not end, until one of the players cannot move chess any more. If you cannot move any chess in your turn, you lose. Otherwise, if the misfortune falls on me... I will disturb the chesses and play it again.

Do you want to challenge me? Just write your program to show your qualification!

Input

Input contains multiple test cases. Each test case starts with a number N (1 <= N <= 1000) in one line. Then the following N lines describe the out-positions of each position. Each line starts with an integer Xi that is the number of out-positions for the position i. Then Xi integers following specify the out-positions. Positions are indexed from 0 to N-1. Then multiple queries follow. Each query occupies only one line. The line starts with a number M (1 <= M <= 10), and then come M integers, which are the initial positions of chesses. A line with number 0 ends the test case.

Output

There is one line for each query, which contains a string "WIN" or "LOSE". "WIN" means that the player taking the first turn can win the game according to a clever strategy; otherwise "LOSE" should be printed.

Sample Input

4
2 1 2
0
1 3
0
1 0
2 0 2
0

4
1 1
1 2
0
0
2 0 1
2 1 1
3 0 1 3
0

Sample Output

WIN
WIN
WIN
LOSE
WIN

Hint

 

Description

有两堆石子，数量任意，可以不同。游戏开始由两个人轮流取石子。游戏规定，每次有两种不同的取法，一是可以在任意的一堆中取走任意多的石子；二是可以在两堆中同时取走相同数量的石子。最后把石子全部取完者为胜者。现在给出初始的两堆石子的数目，如果轮到你先取，假设双方都采取最好的策略，问最后你是胜者还是败者。

Input

输入包含若干行，表示若干种石子的初始情况，其中每一行包含两个非负整数a和b，表示两堆石子的数目，a和b都不大于1,000,000,000。

Output

输出对应也有若干行，每行包含一个数字1或0，如果最后你是胜者，则为1，反之，则为0。

Sample Input

2 1
8 4
4 7

Sample Output

0
1
0

Hint

 

Description

Marsha and Bill own a collection of marbles. They want to split the collection among themselves so that both receive an equal share of the marbles. This would be easy if all the marbles had the same value, because then they could just split the collection in half. But unfortunately, some of the marbles are larger, or more beautiful than others. So, Marsha and Bill start by assigning a value, a natural number between one and six, to each marble. Now they want to divide the marbles so that each of them gets the same total value.
Unfortunately, they realize that it might be impossible to divide the marbles in this way (even if the total value of all marbles is even). For example, if there are one marble of value 1, one of value 3 and two of value 4, then they cannot be split into sets of equal value. So, they ask you to write a program that checks whether there is a fair partition of the marbles.

Input

Each line in the input describes one collection of marbles to be divided. The lines consist of six non-negative integers n1, n2, ..., n6, where ni is the number of marbles of value i. So, the example from above would be described by the input-line ``1 0 1 2 0 0''. The maximum total number of marbles will be 20000.

The last line of the input file will be ``0 0 0 0 0 0''; do not process this line.

Output

For each colletcion, output ``Collection #k:'', where k is the number of the test case, and then either ``Can be divided.'' or ``Can't be divided.''.

Output a blank line after each test case.

Sample Input

1 0 1 2 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0

Sample Output

Collection #1:
Can't be divided.

Collection #2:
Can be divided.

Hint

 

Description

Before ACM can do anything, a budget must be prepared and the necessary financial support obtained. The main income for this action comes from Irreversibly Bound Money (IBM). The idea behind is simple. Whenever some ACM member has any small money, he takes all the coins and throws them into a piggy-bank. You know that this process is irreversible, the coins cannot be removed without breaking the pig. After a sufficiently long time, there should be enough cash in the piggy-bank to pay everything that needs to be paid.

But there is a big problem with piggy-banks. It is not possible to determine how much money is inside. So we might break the pig into pieces only to find out that there is not enough money. Clearly, we want to avoid this unpleasant situation. The only possibility is to weigh the piggy-bank and try to guess how many coins are inside. Assume that we are able to determine the weight of the pig exactly and that we know the weights of all coins of a given currency. Then there is some minimum amount of money in the piggy-bank that we can guarantee. Your task is to find out this worst case and determine the minimum amount of cash inside the piggy-bank. We need your help. No more prematurely broken pigs!

Input

The input consists of T test cases. The number of them (T) is given on the first line of the input file. Each test case begins with a line containing two integers E and F. They indicate the weight of an empty pig and of the pig filled with coins. Both weights are given in grams. No pig will weigh more than 10 kg, that means 1 <= E <= F <= 10000. On the second line of each test case, there is an integer number N (1 <= N <= 500) that gives the number of various coins used in the given currency. Following this are exactly N lines, each specifying one coin type. These lines contain two integers each, Pand W (1 <= P <= 50000, 1 <= W <=10000). P is the value of the coin in monetary units, W is it's weight in grams.

Output

Print exactly one line of output for each test case. The line must contain the sentence "The minimum amount of money in the piggy-bank is X." where X is the minimum amount of money that can be achieved using coins with the given total weight. If the weight cannot be reached exactly, print a line "This is impossible.".

Sample Input

3
10 110
2
1 1
30 50
10 110
2
1 1
50 30
1 6
2
10 3
20 4

Sample Output

The minimum amount of money in the piggy-bank is 60.
The minimum amount of money in the piggy-bank is 100.
This is impossible.

Hint

 

Description

In a few months the European Currency Union will become a reality. However, to join the club, the Maastricht criteria must be fulfilled, and this is not a trivial task for the countries (maybe except for Luxembourg). To enforce that Germany will fulfill the criteria, our government has so many wonderful options (raise taxes, sell stocks, revalue the gold reserves,...) that it is really hard to choose what to do.

Therefore the German government requires a program for the following task:
Two politicians each enter their proposal of what to do. The computer then outputs the longest common subsequence of words that occurs in both proposals. As you can see, this is a totally fair compromise (after all, a common sequence of words is something what both people have in mind).

Your country needs this program, so your job is to write it for us.

Input

The input will contain several test cases.
Each test case consists of two texts. Each text is given as a sequence of lower-case words, separated by whitespace, but with no punctuation. Words will be less than 30 characters long. Both texts will contain less than 100 words and will be terminated by a line containing a single '#'.
Input is terminated by end of file.

Output

For each test case, print the longest common subsequence of words occuring in the two texts. If there is more than one such sequence, any one is acceptable. Separate the words by one blank. After the last word, output a newline character.

Sample Input

die einkommen der landwirte
sind fuer die abgeordneten ein buch mit sieben siegeln
um dem abzuhelfen
muessen dringend alle subventionsgesetze verbessert werden
#
die steuern auf vermoegen und einkommen
sollten nach meinung der abgeordneten
nachdruecklich erhoben werden
dazu muessen die kontrollbefugnisse der finanzbehoerden
dringend verbessert werden
#

Sample Output

die einkommen der abgeordneten muessen dringend verbessert werden

Hint

 

Description

 

 

Input

 

Output

 

Sample Input

 

Sample Output

 

Hint

 

Description

 

 

Input

 

Output

 

Sample Input

 

Sample Output

 

Hint

 

Description

Many years ago , in Teddy’s hometown there was a man who was called “Bone Collector”. This man like to collect varies of bones , such as dog’s , cow’s , also he went to the grave …
The bone collector had a big bag with a volume of V ,and along his trip of collecting there are a lot of bones , obviously , different bone has different value and different volume, now given the each bone’s value along his trip , can you calculate out the maximum of the total value the bone collector can get ?

Input

The first line contain a integer T , the number of cases.
Followed by T cases , each case three lines , the first line contain two integer N , V, (N <= 1000 , V <= 1000 )representing the number of bones and the volume of his bag. And the second line contain N integers representing the value of each bone. The third line contain N integers representing the volume of each bone.

Output

One integer per line representing the maximum of the total value (this number will be less than 2 31).

Sample Input

1
5 10
1 2 3 4 5
5 4 3 2 1

Sample Output

14

Hint

 

 

Description

 

Input

 

Output

 

Sample Input

 

Sample Output

 

Hint

 

Description

大家常常感慨，要做好一件事情真的不容易，确实，失败比成功容易多了！
做好“一件”事情尚且不易，若想永远成功而总从不失败，那更是难上加难了，就像花钱总是比挣钱容易的道理一样。
话虽这样说，我还是要告诉大家，要想失败到一定程度也是不容易的。比如，我高中的时候，就有一个神奇的女生，在英语考试的时候，竟然把40个单项选择题全部做错了！大家都学过概率论，应该知道出现这种情况的概率，所以至今我都觉得这是一件神奇的事情。如果套用一句经典的评语，我们可以这样总结：一个人做错一道选择题并不难，难的是全部做错，一个不对。

不幸的是，这种小概率事件又发生了，而且就在我们身边：
事情是这样的——HDU有个网名叫做8006的男性同学，结交网友无数，最近该同学玩起了浪漫，同时给n个网友每人写了一封信，这都没什么，要命的是，他竟然把所有的信都装错了信封！注意了，是全部装错哟！

现在的问题是：请大家帮可怜的8006同学计算一下，一共有多少种可能的错误方式呢？

Input

输入数据包含多个多个测试实例，每个测试实例占用一行，每行包含一个正整数n（1<n<=20），n表示8006的网友的人数。

Output

对于每行输入请输出可能的错误方式的数量，每个实例的输出占用一行。

Sample Input

2
3

Sample Output

1
2

Hint

 

Description

Give you two definitions tree and rooted tree. An undirected connected graph without cycles is called a tree. A tree is called rooted if it has a distinguished vertex r called the root. Your task is to make a program to calculate the number of rooted trees with n vertices denoted as Tn. The case n=5 is shown in Fig. 1.

Input

There are multiple cases in this problem and ended by the EOF. In each case, there is only one integer means n(1<=n<=40) .

Output

For each test case, there is only one integer means Tn.

Sample Input

1
2
5

Sample Output

1
1
9

Hint

 

Description

There is a hill with n holes around. The holes are signed from 0 to n-1.

A rabbit must hide in one of the holes. A wolf searches the rabbit in anticlockwise order. The first hole he get into is the one signed with 0. Then he will get into the hole every m holes. For example, m=2 and n=6, the wolf will get into the holes which are signed 0,2,4,0. If the rabbit hides in the hole which signed 1,3 or 5, she will survive. So we call these holes the safe holes.

Input

The input starts with a positive integer P which indicates the number of test cases. Then on the following P lines,each line consists 2 positive integer m and n(0<m,n<2147483648).

Output

For each input m n, if safe holes exist, you should output "YES", else output "NO" in a single line.

Sample Input

2
1 2
2 2

Sample Output

NO
YES

Hint

 

Description

The greatest common divisor GCD(a,b) of two positive integers a and b,sometimes written (a,b),is the largest divisor common to a and b,For example,(1,2)=1,(12,18)=6.
(a,b) can be easily found by the Euclidean algorithm. Now Carp is considering a little more difficult problem:
Given integers N and M, how many integer X satisfies 1<=X<=N and (X,N)>=M.

Input

The first line of input is an integer T(T<=100) representing the number of test cases. The following T lines each contains two numbers N and M (2<=N<=1000000000, 1<=M<=N), representing a test case.

Output

For each test case,output the answer on a single line.

Sample Input

3
1 1
10 2
10000 72

Sample Output

1
6
260

Hint

 

Description

Let's design a new chess game. There are N positions to hold M chesses in this game. Multiple chesses can be located in the same position. The positions are constituted as a topological graph, i.e. there are directed edges connecting some positions, and no cycle exists. Two players you and I move chesses alternately. In each turn the player should move only one chess from the current position to one of its out-positions along an edge. The game does not end, until one of the players cannot move chess any more. If you cannot move any chess in your turn, you lose. Otherwise, if the misfortune falls on me... I will disturb the chesses and play it again.

Do you want to challenge me? Just write your program to show your qualification!

Input

Input contains multiple test cases. Each test case starts with a number N (1 <= N <= 1000) in one line. Then the following N lines describe the out-positions of each position. Each line starts with an integer Xi that is the number of out-positions for the position i. Then Xi integers following specify the out-positions. Positions are indexed from 0 to N-1. Then multiple queries follow. Each query occupies only one line. The line starts with a number M (1 <= M <= 10), and then come M integers, which are the initial positions of chesses. A line with number 0 ends the test case.

Output

There is one line for each query, which contains a string "WIN" or "LOSE". "WIN" means that the player taking the first turn can win the game according to a clever strategy; otherwise "LOSE" should be printed.

Sample Input

4
2 1 2
0
1 3
0
1 0
2 0 2
0

4
1 1
1 2
0
0
2 0 1
2 1 1
3 0 1 3
0

Sample Output

WIN
WIN
WIN
LOSE
WIN

Hint

 

Description

有两堆石子，数量任意，可以不同。游戏开始由两个人轮流取石子。游戏规定，每次有两种不同的取法，一是可以在任意的一堆中取走任意多的石子；二是可以在两堆中同时取走相同数量的石子。最后把石子全部取完者为胜者。现在给出初始的两堆石子的数目，如果轮到你先取，假设双方都采取最好的策略，问最后你是胜者还是败者。

Input

输入包含若干行，表示若干种石子的初始情况，其中每一行包含两个非负整数a和b，表示两堆石子的数目，a和b都不大于1,000,000,000。

Output

输出对应也有若干行，每行包含一个数字1或0，如果最后你是胜者，则为1，反之，则为0。

Sample Input

2 1
8 4
4 7

Sample Output

0
1
0

Hint

 

Description

Marsha and Bill own a collection of marbles. They want to split the collection among themselves so that both receive an equal share of the marbles. This would be easy if all the marbles had the same value, because then they could just split the collection in half. But unfortunately, some of the marbles are larger, or more beautiful than others. So, Marsha and Bill start by assigning a value, a natural number between one and six, to each marble. Now they want to divide the marbles so that each of them gets the same total value.
Unfortunately, they realize that it might be impossible to divide the marbles in this way (even if the total value of all marbles is even). For example, if there are one marble of value 1, one of value 3 and two of value 4, then they cannot be split into sets of equal value. So, they ask you to write a program that checks whether there is a fair partition of the marbles.

Input

Each line in the input describes one collection of marbles to be divided. The lines consist of six non-negative integers n1, n2, ..., n6, where ni is the number of marbles of value i. So, the example from above would be described by the input-line ``1 0 1 2 0 0''. The maximum total number of marbles will be 20000.

The last line of the input file will be ``0 0 0 0 0 0''; do not process this line.

Output

For each colletcion, output ``Collection #k:'', where k is the number of the test case, and then either ``Can be divided.'' or ``Can't be divided.''.

Output a blank line after each test case.

Sample Input

1 0 1 2 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0

Sample Output

Collection #1:
Can't be divided.

Collection #2:
Can be divided.

Hint

 

Description

Before ACM can do anything, a budget must be prepared and the necessary financial support obtained. The main income for this action comes from Irreversibly Bound Money (IBM). The idea behind is simple. Whenever some ACM member has any small money, he takes all the coins and throws them into a piggy-bank. You know that this process is irreversible, the coins cannot be removed without breaking the pig. After a sufficiently long time, there should be enough cash in the piggy-bank to pay everything that needs to be paid.

But there is a big problem with piggy-banks. It is not possible to determine how much money is inside. So we might break the pig into pieces only to find out that there is not enough money. Clearly, we want to avoid this unpleasant situation. The only possibility is to weigh the piggy-bank and try to guess how many coins are inside. Assume that we are able to determine the weight of the pig exactly and that we know the weights of all coins of a given currency. Then there is some minimum amount of money in the piggy-bank that we can guarantee. Your task is to find out this worst case and determine the minimum amount of cash inside the piggy-bank. We need your help. No more prematurely broken pigs!

Input

The input consists of T test cases. The number of them (T) is given on the first line of the input file. Each test case begins with a line containing two integers E and F. They indicate the weight of an empty pig and of the pig filled with coins. Both weights are given in grams. No pig will weigh more than 10 kg, that means 1 <= E <= F <= 10000. On the second line of each test case, there is an integer number N (1 <= N <= 500) that gives the number of various coins used in the given currency. Following this are exactly N lines, each specifying one coin type. These lines contain two integers each, Pand W (1 <= P <= 50000, 1 <= W <=10000). P is the value of the coin in monetary units, W is it's weight in grams.

Output

Print exactly one line of output for each test case. The line must contain the sentence "The minimum amount of money in the piggy-bank is X." where X is the minimum amount of money that can be achieved using coins with the given total weight. If the weight cannot be reached exactly, print a line "This is impossible.".

Sample Input

3
10 110
2
1 1
30 50
10 110
2
1 1
50 30
1 6
2
10 3
20 4

Sample Output

The minimum amount of money in the piggy-bank is 60.
The minimum amount of money in the piggy-bank is 100.
This is impossible.

Hint

 

Description

In a few months the European Currency Union will become a reality. However, to join the club, the Maastricht criteria must be fulfilled, and this is not a trivial task for the countries (maybe except for Luxembourg). To enforce that Germany will fulfill the criteria, our government has so many wonderful options (raise taxes, sell stocks, revalue the gold reserves,...) that it is really hard to choose what to do.

Therefore the German government requires a program for the following task:
Two politicians each enter their proposal of what to do. The computer then outputs the longest common subsequence of words that occurs in both proposals. As you can see, this is a totally fair compromise (after all, a common sequence of words is something what both people have in mind).

Your country needs this program, so your job is to write it for us.

Input

The input will contain several test cases.
Each test case consists of two texts. Each text is given as a sequence of lower-case words, separated by whitespace, but with no punctuation. Words will be less than 30 characters long. Both texts will contain less than 100 words and will be terminated by a line containing a single '#'.
Input is terminated by end of file.

Output

For each test case, print the longest common subsequence of words occuring in the two texts. If there is more than one such sequence, any one is acceptable. Separate the words by one blank. After the last word, output a newline character.

Sample Input

die einkommen der landwirte
sind fuer die abgeordneten ein buch mit sieben siegeln
um dem abzuhelfen
muessen dringend alle subventionsgesetze verbessert werden
#
die steuern auf vermoegen und einkommen
sollten nach meinung der abgeordneten
nachdruecklich erhoben werden
dazu muessen die kontrollbefugnisse der finanzbehoerden
dringend verbessert werden
#

Sample Output

die einkommen der abgeordneten muessen dringend verbessert werden

Hint

 

Description

 

 

Input

 

Output

 

Sample Input

 

Sample Output

 

Hint

 

Description

 

 

Input

 

Output

 

Sample Input

 

Sample Output

 

Hint

 

Description

Many years ago , in Teddy’s hometown there was a man who was called “Bone Collector”. This man like to collect varies of bones , such as dog’s , cow’s , also he went to the grave …
The bone collector had a big bag with a volume of V ,and along his trip of collecting there are a lot of bones , obviously , different bone has different value and different volume, now given the each bone’s value along his trip , can you calculate out the maximum of the total value the bone collector can get ?

Input

The first line contain a integer T , the number of cases.
Followed by T cases , each case three lines , the first line contain two integer N , V, (N <= 1000 , V <= 1000 )representing the number of bones and the volume of his bag. And the second line contain N integers representing the value of each bone. The third line contain N integers representing the volume of each bone.

Output

One integer per line representing the maximum of the total value (this number will be less than 2 ³¹).

Sample Input

1
5 10
1 2 3 4 5
5 4 3 2 1

Sample Output

14

Hint