每日英语：In Digital Era, What Does 'Watching TV' Even Mean?

We spend a full five hours and 16 minutes a day in front of a screen, and that's without even turning on a television.

So says a statistic from eMarketer, a research firm that focuses on digital media and marketing. It says that for the first time we are devoting more attention each day to smartphones, computers and tablets. All of which points to a big question: What counts as TV-watching today?

We are actually watching more television programming, just from a growing range of devices and platforms, say digital and television executives, as well as academics and statisticians. Traditional TV or cable-network fare is now available online, via streaming services like Netflix or for sale to be watched on mobile phones and tablets.

The report says that adults are watching their televisions slightly less -- with a daily intake of four hours and 31 minutes this year, seven minutes less than in 2012.

The increase in mobile devices and the multitasking they allow, plus the trend toward watching TV shows on devices other than televisions, is driving the changes measured in the report, says Clark Fredricksen, a spokesman for eMarketer. The study, which came out in August, is conducted twice annually.

The company says its numbers reflect raw data and studies of consumer media behavior from sources such as companies that measure TV ratings and online traffic, social networking platforms, gadget retailers, software manufacturers and government records.

TV ratings：电视收视率　　　　gadget：小玩意，小配件　　　　

Although Americans are gravitating toward digital platforms and social networks, 'in many cases, what's popular comes from the large entertainment companies,' says James Webster, a professor who studies audience measurement and behavior at Northwestern University. He points to a recent video that looks homemade and shows a woman failing badly at the twerking dance move.

After the video exploded on YouTube -- it has been viewed more than 13 million times -- ABC late night host Jimmy Kimmel announced that his team had produced the short.

Like other multimedia companies, Viacom Inc. has been rolling out apps that provide digital access to its shows. Nickelodeon, MTV and Comedy Central programs reach authenticated viewers (cable subscribers who go online and register). 'You can see mobile device usage growing, but it's not eating into TV-watching,' says Colleen Fahey Rush, executive vice president and chief research officer of Viacom Media Networks.

As networks provide new ways for people to access their programming, they're creating new viewers too, says Albert Cheng, Disney ABC Television Group's executive vice president and chief product officer for digital media.

Last May, the company launched Watch ABC, a service in which authenticated viewers can access online live streaming of programs as they air on the network, in markets like New York, Philadelphia, Chicago and Los Angeles. Mr. Cheng says the company is noting an uptick in regular viewing through Watch ABC of 'Good Morning America' and local ABC morning news programs.

Adding to the confusion over what constitutes TV, digital companies are taking on network-like roles. Yahoo, for instance, just launched Screen, an app from which users can watch clips of 'Saturday Night Live,' and 'The Daily Show With Jon Stewart.'

Nielsen -- whose television ratings data factored into eMarketer's recent report -- disputes eMarketer's findings. The rate of 'TV consumption is healthy. If anything, it's up from a year ago,' says Dounia Turrill, Nielsen's senior vice president of client insights. 'We don't see any contraction on time spent with television sets.'

contraction：收缩，紧缩

The eMarketer study found two connected trends: Our time spent on mobile devices is surging and increasingly we are multitasking.

surging：冲击，波动　　　　

The average time spent by U.S. adults per day using a mobile device in a non-voice capacity is 2 hours and 21 minutes this year, up from 24 minutes in 2010. The study counted simultaneous media use -- scanning Twitter while watching a football game, for instance -- as time spent both with a TV set and a digital device.

Social media is a big draw on smartphones and tablets, the eMarketer study says. In 2013, adults will spend an average of one hour and seven minutes per day on smartphones, with 28.4% dedicated to social networking, with the remainder spent on email, texting, maps, shopping, news and other activities. In 2011, U.S. adults spent 22 minutes a day on a smartphone, 18.1% of that time was spent on social networking. Carolyn Everson, Facebook's vice president of global marketing solutions, says that 101 million people in America access the social network every day from mobile devices.

dedicated to：奉献于，献身于，致力于　　　　

One group finds nothing surprising about eMarketer's findings: parents of young children. Jacques Stambouli, a wholesale liquidator in Los Angeles, has three children, ages 4, 6 and 8.

wholesale：批发的     　　　　  liquidator：清算人

All have their own Wi-Fi-enabled mobile device -- hand-me-downs from their parents. The younger two can't yet read, Mr. Stambouli says, but all three can stream video via Netflix apps and find programs on the family's DVR. 'They expect to be able to see whatever they want, whenever they want, wherever they want,' he says.

hand-me-down：传下来的，半新的