Netty源码—9.性能优化和设计模式
大纲
1.Netty的两大性能优化工具
2.FastThreadLocal的实现之构造方法
3.FastThreadLocal的实现之get()方法
4.FastThreadLocal的实现之set()方法
5.FastThreadLocal的总结
6.Recycler的设计理念
7.Recycler的使用
8.Recycler的四个核心组件
9.Recycler的初始化
10.Recycler的对象获取
11.Recycler的对象回收
12.异线程收割对象
13.Recycler的总结
14.Netty设计模式之单例模式
15.Netty设计模式之策略模式
16.Netty设计模式之装饰器模式
17.Netty设计模式之观察者模式
18.Netty设计模式之迭代器模式
19.Netty设计模式之责任链模式
1.Netty的两大性能优化工具
(1)FastThreadLocal
(2)Recycler
(1)FastThreadLocal
FastThreadLocal的作用与ThreadLocal相当，但比ThreadLocal更快。ThreadLocal的作用是多线程访问同一变量时能够通过线程本地化的方式避免多线程竞争、实现线程隔离。
Netty的FastThreadLocal重新实现了JDK的ThreadLocal的功能，且访问速度更快，但前提是使用FastThreadLocalThread线程。
(2)Recycler
Recycler实现了一个轻量级的对象池机制。对象池的作用是一方面可以实现快速创建对象，另一方面可以避免反复创建对象、减少YGC压力。
Netty使用Recycler的方式来获取ByteBuf对象的原因是：ByteBuf对象的创建在Netty里是非常频繁的且又比较占空间。但是如果对象比较小，使用对象池也不是那么划算。
2.FastThreadLocal的实现之构造方法
Netty为FastThreadLocal量身打造了FastThreadLocalThread和InternalThreadLocalMap两个重要的类，FastThreadLocal的构造方法会设置一个由final修饰的int型变量index，该index变量的值会由InternalThreadLocalMap的静态方法通过原子类来进行获取。
//A special variant of ThreadLocal that yields higher access performance when accessed from a FastThreadLocalThread.
//Internally, a FastThreadLocal uses a constant index in an array, instead of using hash code and hash table, to look for a variable.
//Although seemingly very subtle, it yields slight performance advantage over using a hash table, and it is useful when accessed frequently.
//To take advantage of this thread-local variable, your thread must be a FastThreadLocalThread or its subtype.
//By default, all threads created by DefaultThreadFactory are FastThreadLocalThread due to this reason.
//Note that the fast path is only possible on threads that extend FastThreadLocalThread,
//because it requires a special field to store the necessary state.
//An access by any other kind of thread falls back to a regular ThreadLocal.
//@param <V> the type of the thread-local variable
public class FastThreadLocal<V> {
//每个FastThreadLocal都有一个唯一的身份标识ID
private final int index;
//类初始化时调用，所以默认为variablesToRemoveIndex = 0
//第n个值存放在数组下标为n的位置，下标为0的位置存所有FastThreadLocal<V>
private static final int variablesToRemoveIndex = InternalThreadLocalMap.nextVariableIndex();
public FastThreadLocal() {
index = InternalThreadLocalMap.nextVariableIndex();
}
...
}
//The internal data structure that stores the thread-local variables for Netty and all FastThreadLocals.
//Note that this class is for internal use only and is subject to change at any time.
//Use FastThreadLocal unless you know what you are doing.
public final class InternalThreadLocalMap extends UnpaddedInternalThreadLocalMap {
public static final Object UNSET = new Object();
public static int nextVariableIndex() {
int index = nextIndex.getAndIncrement();
if (index < 0) {
nextIndex.decrementAndGet();
throw new IllegalStateException("too many thread-local indexed variables");
}
return index;
}
...
}
//The internal data structure that stores the thread-local variables for Netty and all FastThreadLocals.
//Note that this class is for internal use only and is subject to change at any time.
//Use FastThreadLocal unless you know what you are doing.
class UnpaddedInternalThreadLocalMap {
static final ThreadLocal<InternalThreadLocalMap> slowThreadLocalMap = new ThreadLocal<InternalThreadLocalMap>();
static final AtomicInteger nextIndex = new AtomicInteger();
//Used by FastThreadLocal
Object[] indexedVariables;
...
}3.FastThreadLocal的实现之get()方法
(1)FastThreadLocalThread的关键属性
(2)Thread与ThreadLocalMap
(3)FastThreadLocal.get()方法的实现流程
(4)从InternalThreadLocalMap中获取值
(1)FastThreadLocalThread的关键属性
FastThreadLocal继承了Thread类，每个FastThreadLocalThread线程对应一个InternalThreadLocalMap实例。只有FastThreadLocal和FastThreadLocalThread线程组合在一起使用的时候才能发挥出FastThreadLocal的性能优势。
public class FastThreadLocalThread extends Thread {
private InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap;
public FastThreadLocalThread() { }
public FastThreadLocalThread(Runnable target) {
super(target);
}
public FastThreadLocalThread(ThreadGroup group, Runnable target) {
super(group, target);
}
public FastThreadLocalThread(String name) {
super(name);
}
public FastThreadLocalThread(ThreadGroup group, String name) {
super(group, name);
}
public FastThreadLocalThread(Runnable target, String name) {
super(target, name);
}
public FastThreadLocalThread(ThreadGroup group, Runnable target, String name) {
super(group, target, name);
}
public FastThreadLocalThread(ThreadGroup group, Runnable target, String name, long stackSize) {
super(group, target, name, stackSize);
}
//Returns the internal data structure that keeps the thread-local variables bound to this thread.
//Note that this method is for internal use only, and thus is subject to change at any time.
public final InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap() {
return threadLocalMap;
}
//Sets the internal data structure that keeps the thread-local variables bound to this thread.
//Note that this method is for internal use only, and thus is subject to change at any time.
public final void setThreadLocalMap(InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap) {
//这个方法会在调用InternalThreadLocalMap.get()方法时被调用
//具体就是通过fastGet()方法设置FastThreadLocalThread一个新创建的InternalThreadLocalMap对象
this.threadLocalMap = threadLocalMap;
}
}(2)Thread与ThreadLocalMap
注意：每个Thread线程对应一个ThreadLocalMap实例。ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap是采用线性探测法来解决哈希冲突的。
public class Thread implements Runnable {
...
//ThreadLocal values pertaining to this thread. This map is maintained by the ThreadLocal class.
ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap threadLocals = null;
...
}
public class ThreadLocal<T> {
...
//Returns the value in the current thread's copy of this thread-local variable.
//If the variable has no value for the current thread,
//it is first initialized to the value returned by an invocation of the #initialValue method.
//@return the current thread's value of this thread-local
public T get() {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null) {
ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
if (e != null) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
T result = (T)e.value;
return result;
}
}
return setInitialValue();
}
//ThreadLocalMap is a customized hash map suitable only for maintaining thread local values.
//No operations are exported outside of the ThreadLocal class.
//The class is package private to allow declaration of fields in class Thread.
//To help deal with very large and long-lived usages, the hash table entries use WeakReferences for keys.
//However, since reference queues are not used,
//stale entries are guaranteed to be removed only when the table starts running out of space.
static class ThreadLocalMap {
//The entries in this hash map extend WeakReference, using its main ref field as the key (which is always a ThreadLocal object).
//Note that null keys (i.e. entry.get() == null) mean that the key is no longer referenced, so the entry can be expunged from table.
//Such entries are referred to as "stale entries" in the code that follows.
static class Entry extends WeakReference<ThreadLocal<?>> {
//The value associated with this ThreadLocal.
Object value;
Entry(ThreadLocal<?> k, Object v) {
super(k);
value = v;
}
}
//The initial capacity -- MUST be a power of two.
private static final int INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;
//The table, resized as necessary.
//table.length MUST always be a power of two.
private Entry[] table;
//The number of entries in the table.
private int size = 0;
//The next size value at which to resize.
private int threshold; // Default to 0
...
}
...
}(3)FastThreadLocal.get()方法的实现流程
首先获取由当前FastThreadLocalThread线程维护的InternalThreadLocalMap。然后通过唯一标识当前FastThreadLocal对象的索引index，从InternalThreadLocalMap中取出数组元素值。如果取出的值是缺省的，则对该数组元素进行初始化并将当前FastThreadLocal对象保存到待清理的Set中。
//A special variant of ThreadLocal that yields higher access performance when accessed from a FastThreadLocalThread.
//Internally, a FastThreadLocal uses a constant index in an array, instead of using hash code and hash table, to look for a variable.
//Although seemingly very subtle, it yields slight performance advantage over using a hash table, and it is useful when accessed frequently.
//To take advantage of this thread-local variable, your thread must be a FastThreadLocalThread or its subtype.
//By default, all threads created by DefaultThreadFactory are FastThreadLocalThread due to this reason.
//Note that the fast path is only possible on threads that extend FastThreadLocalThread,
//because it requires a special field to store the necessary state.
//An access by any other kind of thread falls back to a regular ThreadLocal.
//@param <V> the type of the thread-local variable
public class FastThreadLocal<V> {
//每个FastThreadLocal都有一个唯一的身份标识ID
//每个FastThreadLocal对应的V值存储在当前FastThreadLocalThread线程维护的InternalThreadLocalMap的下标为index的位置
private final int index;
//类初始化时调用，所以默认为variablesToRemoveIndex = 0
//第n个值存放在数组下标为n的位置，下标为0的位置会存储所有FastThreadLocal<V>
private static final int variablesToRemoveIndex = InternalThreadLocalMap.nextVariableIndex();
public FastThreadLocal() {
//每new一个FastThreadLocal，index就会自增1，所以index是FastThreadLocal的唯一身份ID
index = InternalThreadLocalMap.nextVariableIndex();
}
//Returns the current value for the current thread
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public final V get() {
//首先获取由当前FastThreadLocalThread线程维护的InternalThreadLocalMap
InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap = InternalThreadLocalMap.get();
//从数组中取出index位置的元素
Object v = threadLocalMap.indexedVariable(index);
//如果获取到的元素不是一个UNSET即一个new Object()，则返回该元素
if (v != InternalThreadLocalMap.UNSET) {
return (V) v;
}
//如果获取到的数组元素是缺省对象，则对threadLocalMap在index位置的元素值执行初始化操作
return initialize(threadLocalMap);
}
private V initialize(InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap) {
V v = null;
try {
//通过initialValue()方法对threadLocalMap在index位置的元素值进行初始化
//initialValue()方法可以被FastThreadLocal<V>的子类重写
v = initialValue();
} catch (Exception e) {
PlatformDependent.throwException(e);
}
//设置threadLocalMap数组在下标index处的元素值
threadLocalMap.setIndexedVariable(index, v);
addToVariablesToRemove(threadLocalMap, this);
return v;
}
//Returns the initial value for this thread-local variable.
protected V initialValue() throws Exception {
return null;
}
private static void addToVariablesToRemove(InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap, FastThreadLocal<?> variable) {
//获取threadLocalMap数组下标为0的元素
Object v = threadLocalMap.indexedVariable(variablesToRemoveIndex);
Set<FastThreadLocal<?>> variablesToRemove;
//将variable添加到数组下标为0位置的Set集合中，以便可以通过remove()方法统一删除
if (v == InternalThreadLocalMap.UNSET || v == null) {
//创建FastThreadLocal类型的Set集合
variablesToRemove = Collections.newSetFromMap(new IdentityHashMap<FastThreadLocal<?>, Boolean>());
//将variablesToRemove这个Set集合设置到数组下标为0的位置
threadLocalMap.setIndexedVariable(variablesToRemoveIndex, variablesToRemove);
} else {
//强转获得Set集合
variablesToRemove = (Set<FastThreadLocal<?>>) v;
}
variablesToRemove.add(variable);
}
...
}(4)从InternalThreadLocalMap中获取值
InternalThreadLocalMap.get()方法会分别通过fastGet()和slowGet()来获取一个InternalThreadLocalMap对象。
如果当前线程是普通线程则调用slowGet()方法，让每个线程通过JDK的ThreadLocal来拿到一个InternalThreadLocalMap对象，所以如果普通线程使用FastThreadLocal其实和普通线程使用ThreadLocal是一样的。
如果当前线程是FastThreadLocalThread线程则调用fastGet()方法，由于FastThreadLocalThread线程维护了一个InternalThreadLocalMap对象，所以fastGet()方法相当于直接从线程对象里把这个InternalThreadLocalMap拿出来。
注意：Reactor线程所创建的线程实体便是FastThreadLocalThread线程。
//The internal data structure that stores the thread-local variables for Netty and all FastThreadLocals.
//Note that this class is for internal use only and is subject to change at any time.
//Use FastThreadLocal unless you know what you are doing.
public final class InternalThreadLocalMap extends UnpaddedInternalThreadLocalMap {
public static final Object UNSET = new Object();
private static final int INDEXED_VARIABLE_TABLE_INITIAL_SIZE = 32;
...
private InternalThreadLocalMap() {
//设置父类的成员变量indexedVariables的初始值
super(newIndexedVariableTable());
}
private static Object[] newIndexedVariableTable() {
//初始化一个32个元素的数组
Object[] array = new Object[INDEXED_VARIABLE_TABLE_INITIAL_SIZE];
//每个元素都是UNSET值
Arrays.fill(array, UNSET);
return array;
}
//index是当前访问的FastThreadLocal在JVM里的索引
//indexedVariables数组是当前线程维护的InternalThreadLocalMap对象在初始化时创建的
public Object indexedVariable(int index) {
Object[] lookup = indexedVariables;
//直接通过索引来取出对象
return index < lookup.length? lookup[index] : UNSET;
}
public static InternalThreadLocalMap get() {
Thread thread = Thread.currentThread();
if (thread instanceof FastThreadLocalThread) {
return fastGet((FastThreadLocalThread) thread);
} else {
return slowGet();
}
}
private static InternalThreadLocalMap fastGet(FastThreadLocalThread thread) {
InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap = thread.threadLocalMap();
if (threadLocalMap == null) {
thread.setThreadLocalMap(threadLocalMap = new InternalThreadLocalMap());
}
return threadLocalMap;
}
private static InternalThreadLocalMap slowGet() {
//如果普通线程使用FastThreadLocal其实和普通线程使用ThreadLocal是一样的
//因为此时返回的是一个通过ThreadLocal维护的InternalThreadLocalMap对象
ThreadLocal<InternalThreadLocalMap> slowThreadLocalMap = UnpaddedInternalThreadLocalMap.slowThreadLocalMap;
InternalThreadLocalMap ret = slowThreadLocalMap.get();
if (ret == null) {
ret = new InternalThreadLocalMap();
slowThreadLocalMap.set(ret);
}
return ret;
}
...
}
class UnpaddedInternalThreadLocalMap {
static final ThreadLocal<InternalThreadLocalMap> slowThreadLocalMap = new ThreadLocal<InternalThreadLocalMap>();
static final AtomicInteger nextIndex = new AtomicInteger();
//Used by FastThreadLocal
Object[] indexedVariables;
...
UnpaddedInternalThreadLocalMap(Object[] indexedVariables) {
this.indexedVariables = indexedVariables;
}
...
}InternalThreadLocalMap的indexedVariable()方法中的入参index索引，指的是每一个FastThreadLocal对象在JVM里的标识ID，通过自增的方式由原子类进行创建。
对于当前线程维护的InternalThreadLocalMap对象里的数组indexedVariables，可以通过下标方式indexedVariables[index]获取一个Object。
初始化InternalThreadLocalMap对象时，会初始化一个32个元素的indexedVariables数组，每一个元素都是UNSET值。
4.FastThreadLocal的实现之set()方法
(1)FastThreadLocal.set()方法的实现流程
(2)向InternalThreadLocalMap设置值
(3)InternalThreadLocalMap的扩容原理
(1)FastThreadLocal.set()方法的实现流程
首先获取由当前FastThreadLocalThread线程维护的InternalThreadLocalMap。然后通过唯一标识当前FastThreadLocal对象的索引index，给InternalThreadLocalMap数组中对应的位置设置值。接着将当前FastThreadLocal对象保存到待清理的Set中，如果设置的值是一个缺省的Object对象，则通过remove()方法删除InternalThreadLocalMap数组中对应位置的元素。
public class FastThreadLocal<V> {
//每个FastThreadLocal都有一个唯一的身份标识ID
//每个FastThreadLocal对应的V值存储在当前FastThreadLocalThread线程维护的InternalThreadLocalMap的下标为index的位置
private final int index;
//类初始化时调用，所以默认为variablesToRemoveIndex = 0
//第n个值存放在数组下标为n的位置，下标为0的位置会存储所有FastThreadLocal<V>
private static final int variablesToRemoveIndex = InternalThreadLocalMap.nextVariableIndex();
...
//Set the value for the current thread.
public final void set(V value) {
if (value != InternalThreadLocalMap.UNSET) {
InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap = InternalThreadLocalMap.get();
setKnownNotUnset(threadLocalMap, value);
} else {
remove();
}
}
private void setKnownNotUnset(InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap, V value) {
//将当前FastThreadLocal对象对应的数据添加到当前线程维护的InternalThreadLocalMap中
if (threadLocalMap.setIndexedVariable(index, value)) {
//将当前FastThreadLocal对象保存到待清理的Set中
addToVariablesToRemove(threadLocalMap, this);
}
}
private static void addToVariablesToRemove(InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap, FastThreadLocal<?> variable) {
//获取threadLocalMap数组下标为0的元素
Object v = threadLocalMap.indexedVariable(variablesToRemoveIndex);
Set<FastThreadLocal<?>> variablesToRemove;
//将variable添加到数组下标为0位置的Set集合中，以便可以通过remove()方法统一删除
if (v == InternalThreadLocalMap.UNSET || v == null) {
//创建FastThreadLocal类型的Set集合
variablesToRemove = Collections.newSetFromMap(new IdentityHashMap<FastThreadLocal<?>, Boolean>());
//将variablesToRemove这个Set集合设置到数组下标为0的位置
threadLocalMap.setIndexedVariable(variablesToRemoveIndex, variablesToRemove);
} else {
//强转获得Set集合
variablesToRemove = (Set<FastThreadLocal<?>>) v;
}
variablesToRemove.add(variable);
}
//Sets the value to uninitialized;
//a proceeding call to get() will trigger a call to initialValue().
public final void remove() {
remove(InternalThreadLocalMap.getIfSet());
}
//Sets the value to uninitialized for the specified thread local map;
//a proceeding call to get() will trigger a call to initialValue().
//The specified thread local map must be for the current thread.
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public final void remove(InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap) {
if (threadLocalMap == null) {
return;
}
//删除数组下标index位置对应的value
Object v = threadLocalMap.removeIndexedVariable(index);
//从数组下标0的位置取出Set集合，删除当前FastThreadLocal对象
removeFromVariablesToRemove(threadLocalMap, this);
if (v != InternalThreadLocalMap.UNSET) {
try {
//和initValue()方法一样，可以被FastThreadLocal的子类重写
onRemoval((V) v);
} catch (Exception e) {
PlatformDependent.throwException(e);
}
}
}
//Returns the initial value for this thread-local variable.
protected V initialValue() throws Exception {
return null;
}
//Invoked when this thread local variable is removed by #remove().
//Be aware that #remove() is not guaranteed to be called when the `Thread` completes which means
//you can not depend on this for cleanup of the resources in the case of `Thread` completion.
protected void onRemoval(@SuppressWarnings("UnusedParameters") V value) throws Exception {
}
...
}FastThreadLocal的addToVariablesToRemove()方法解释了：为什么InternalThreadLocalMap的value数据是从下标1的位置开始进行存储的，因为下标0的位置存储的是一个Set集合，集合里面的元素是FastThreadLocal对象。
(2)向InternalThreadLocalMap设置值
//The internal data structure that stores the thread-local variables for Netty and all FastThreadLocals.
//Note that this class is for internal use only and is subject to change at any time.
//Use FastThreadLocal unless you know what you are doing.
public final class InternalThreadLocalMap extends UnpaddedInternalThreadLocalMap {
public static final Object UNSET = new Object();
...
//index是当前访问的FastThreadLocal在JVM里的索引
//indexedVariables数组是当前线程维护的InternalThreadLocalMap对象在初始化时创建的
public Object indexedVariable(int index) {
Object[] lookup = indexedVariables;
//直接通过索引来取出对象
return index < lookup.length? lookup[index] : UNSET;
}
//如果设置的是新值，则返回true；如果设置的是旧值，则返回false；
public boolean setIndexedVariable(int index, Object value) {
Object[] lookup = indexedVariables;
if (index < lookup.length) {
Object oldValue = lookup[index];
//直接将数组index位置的元素设置为value，时间复杂度为O(1)
lookup[index] = value;
return oldValue == UNSET;
} else {
//扩容数组
expandIndexedVariableTableAndSet(index, value);
return true;
}
}
//通过无符号右移和位或运算实现2^n * 2，这与HashMap的扩容原理是一样的
private void expandIndexedVariableTableAndSet(int index, Object value) {
Object[] oldArray = indexedVariables;
final int oldCapacity = oldArray.length;
int newCapacity = index;//假设index = 16，也就是1000
newCapacity |= newCapacity >>> 1;//变为1100
newCapacity |= newCapacity >>> 2;//变为1111
newCapacity |= newCapacity >>> 4;//还是1111
newCapacity |= newCapacity >>> 8;//还是1111
newCapacity |= newCapacity >>> 16;//还是1111
newCapacity ++;//变为10000
Object[] newArray = Arrays.copyOf(oldArray, newCapacity);
Arrays.fill(newArray, oldCapacity, newArray.length, UNSET);
newArray[index] = value;
indexedVariables = newArray;
}
//根据不同的Thread返回InternalThreadLocalMap
public static InternalThreadLocalMap getIfSet() {
Thread thread = Thread.currentThread();
if (thread instanceof FastThreadLocalThread) {
return ((FastThreadLocalThread) thread).threadLocalMap();
}
return slowThreadLocalMap.get();
}
...
}(3)InternalThreadLocalMap的扩容原理
InternalThreadLocalMap的数组扩容原理和JDK的HashMap扩容原理是一样的。注意：InternalThreadLocalMap是以index为基准进行扩容而不是以原数组长度为基准进行扩容。
假设初始化了70个FastThreadLocal，但这些FastThreadLocal从来没有调用过set()方法，此时InternalThreadLocalMap数组的长度还是默认的32。当index = 70的FastThreadLocal调用set()方法时，就不能以32为基准进行两倍扩容了。
5.FastThreadLocal的总结
(1)FastThreadLocal不一定比ThreadLocal快
(2)FastThreadLocal并不会浪费很大的空间
(3)FastThreadLocal如何实现高效查找
(4)FastThreadLocal具有更高的安全性
(1)FastThreadLocal不一定比ThreadLocal快
只有FastThreadLocalThread线程使用FastThreadLocal才会更快，如果普通线程使用FastThreadLocal其实和普通线程使用ThreadLocal是一样的。
(2)FastThreadLocal并不会浪费很大的空间
虽然FastThreadLocal采用了空间换时间的思路，但其设计之初就认为不会存在特别多的FastThreadLocal对象，而且在数据中没有使用的元素只是存放了同一个缺省对象的引用(UNSET)，所以并不会占用太多内存空间。
(3)FastThreadLocal如何实现高效查找
一.FastThreadLocal
在定位数据时可以直接根据数组下标index进行定位，时间复杂度为O(1)，所以在数据较多时也不会存在Hash冲突。在进行数组扩容时只需要把数组容量扩容2倍，然后再把原数据拷贝到新数组。
二.ThreadLocal
在定位数据时是根据哈希算法进行定位的，在数据较多时容易发生Hash冲突。发生Hash冲突时采用线性探测法解决Hash冲突要不断向下寻找，效率较低。在进行数组扩容时由于采用了哈希算法，所以在数组扩容后需要再做一轮rehash。
(4)FastThreadLocal具有更高的安全性
FastThreadLocal不仅提供了remove()方法可以主动清除对象，而且在线程池场景中(也就是SingleThreadEventExecutor和DefaultThreadFactory)，Netty还封装了FastThreadLocalRunnable。
FastThreadLocalRunnable最后会执行FastThreadLocal的removeAll()方法将Set集合中所有的FastThreadLocal对象都清理掉。
ThreadLocal使用不当可能会造成内存泄露，只能等待线程销毁。或者只能通过主动检测的方式防止内存泄露，从而增加了额外的开销。
6.Recycler的设计理念
(1)对象池和内存池都是为了提高并发处理能力
(2)Recycler是Netty实现的轻量级对象池
(1)对象池和内存池都是为了提高并发处理能力
Java中频繁创建和销毁对象的开销是很大的，所以通常会将一些对象缓存起来。当需要某个对象时，优先从对象池中获取对象实例。通过重用对象不仅避免了频繁创建和销毁对象带来的性能损耗，而且对于JVM GC也是友好的，这就是对象池的作用。
(2)Recycler是Netty提供实现的轻量级对象池
通过Recycler，在创建对象时，就不需要每次都通过new的方式去创建了。如果Recycler里面有已经用过的对象，则可以直接把这个对象取出来进行二次利用。在不需要该对象时，只需要把它放到Recycler里以备下次需要时取出。
7.Recycler的使用
定义一个对象池实例RECYCLER时，先实现newObject()方法。如果对象池里没有可用的对象，就会调用newObject()方法来新建对象。此外需要创建Recycler.Handle对象与T对象进行绑定，这样才可以通过RECYCLER.get()方法从对象池中获取对象。如果对象不再需要使用，则通过调用T类实现的recycle()方法将对象回收到对象池。
public class RecycleTest {
private static final Recycler<User> RECYCLER = new Recycler<User>() {
protected User newObject(Handle<User> handle) {
return new User(handle);
}
};
private static class User {
//创建Recycler.Handle<User>对象与User对象进行绑定
private final Recycler.Handle<User> handle;
public User(Recycler.Handle<User> handle) {
this.handle = handle;
}
public void recycle() {
handle.recycle(this);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
//1.从对象池中获取User对象
User user1 = RECYCLER.get();
//2.回收对象到对象池
user1.recycle();
//3.从对象池中获取对象
User user2 = RECYCLER.get();
System.out.println(user1 == user2);
}
}8.Recycler的四个核心组件
(1)Recycler的初始化和get()方法
(2)第一个核心组件是Stack
(3)第二个核心组件是WeakOrderQueue
(4)第三个核心组件是Link
(5)第四个核心组件是DefaultHandle
(1)Recycler的初始化和get()方法
public abstract class Recycler<T> {
...
private static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_MAX_CAPACITY_PER_THREAD = 4 * 1024;//Use 4k instances as default.
private static final int DEFAULT_MAX_CAPACITY_PER_THREAD;
private static final int MAX_SHARED_CAPACITY_FACTOR;
private static final int MAX_DELAYED_QUEUES_PER_THREAD;
private static final int LINK_CAPACITY;
private static final int RATIO;
static {
int maxCapacityPerThread = SystemPropertyUtil.getInt("io.netty.recycler.maxCapacityPerThread",
SystemPropertyUtil.getInt("io.netty.recycler.maxCapacity", DEFAULT_INITIAL_MAX_CAPACITY_PER_THREAD));
if (maxCapacityPerThread < 0) {
maxCapacityPerThread = DEFAULT_INITIAL_MAX_CAPACITY_PER_THREAD;
}
DEFAULT_MAX_CAPACITY_PER_THREAD = maxCapacityPerThread;
MAX_SHARED_CAPACITY_FACTOR = max(2, SystemPropertyUtil.getInt("io.netty.recycler.maxSharedCapacityFactor", 2));
MAX_DELAYED_QUEUES_PER_THREAD = max(0, SystemPropertyUtil.getInt("io.netty.recycler.maxDelayedQueuesPerThread", NettyRuntime.availableProcessors() * 2));
LINK_CAPACITY = safeFindNextPositivePowerOfTwo(max(SystemPropertyUtil.getInt("io.netty.recycler.linkCapacity", 16), 16));
RATIO = safeFindNextPositivePowerOfTwo(SystemPropertyUtil.getInt("io.netty.recycler.ratio", 8));
...
}
private static final FastThreadLocal<Map<Stack<?>, WeakOrderQueue>> DELAYED_RECYCLED = new FastThreadLocal<Map<Stack<?>, WeakOrderQueue>>() {
@Override
protected Map<Stack<?>, WeakOrderQueue> initialValue() {
return new WeakHashMap<Stack<?>, WeakOrderQueue>();
}
};
private final int maxCapacityPerThread;
private final int maxSharedCapacityFactor;
private final int interval;
private final int maxDelayedQueuesPerThread;
private final FastThreadLocal<Stack<T>> threadLocal = new FastThreadLocal<Stack<T>>() {
@Override
protected Stack<T> initialValue() {
return new Stack<T>(Recycler.this, Thread.currentThread(), maxCapacityPerThread, maxSharedCapacityFactor, interval, maxDelayedQueuesPerThread);
}
@Override
protected void onRemoval(Stack<T> value) {
//Let us remove the WeakOrderQueue from the WeakHashMap directly if its safe to remove some overhead
if (value.threadRef.get() == Thread.currentThread()) {
if (DELAYED_RECYCLED.isSet()) {
DELAYED_RECYCLED.get().remove(value);
}
}
}
};
protected Recycler() {
this(DEFAULT_MAX_CAPACITY_PER_THREAD);
}
protected Recycler(int maxCapacityPerThread) {
this(maxCapacityPerThread, MAX_SHARED_CAPACITY_FACTOR);
}
protected Recycler(int maxCapacityPerThread, int maxSharedCapacityFactor) {
this(maxCapacityPerThread, maxSharedCapacityFactor, RATIO, MAX_DELAYED_QUEUES_PER_THREAD);
}
protected Recycler(int maxCapacityPerThread, int maxSharedCapacityFactor, int ratio, int maxDelayedQueuesPerThread) {
interval = safeFindNextPositivePowerOfTwo(ratio);
if (maxCapacityPerThread <= 0) {
this.maxCapacityPerThread = 0;
this.maxSharedCapacityFactor = 1;
this.maxDelayedQueuesPerThread = 0;
} else {
this.maxCapacityPerThread = maxCapacityPerThread;
this.maxSharedCapacityFactor = max(1, maxSharedCapacityFactor);
this.maxDelayedQueuesPerThread = max(0, maxDelayedQueuesPerThread);
}
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public final T get() {
if (maxCapacityPerThread == 0) {
return newObject((Handle<T>) NOOP_HANDLE);
}
Stack<T> stack = threadLocal.get();
DefaultHandle<T> handle = stack.pop();
if (handle == null) {
//创建一个DefaultHandle
handle = stack.newHandle();
//创建一个对象，并绑定这个DefaultHandle
handle.value = newObject(handle);
}
return (T) handle.value;
}
...
}(2)第一个核心组件是Stack
Stack是整个对象池的顶层数据结构。Stack描述了整个对象池的构造，用于存储当前同线程回收的对象，这里同线程的意思就是和后续的异线程相对的。在多线程的场景下，Netty为了避免锁竞争问题，每个线程都会持有各自的Stack。Recycler会通过FastThreadLocal实现每个线程对Stack的私有化。
public abstract class Recycler<T> {
...
private static final class Stack<T> {
//所属的Recycler
final Recycler<T> parent;
//所属线程的弱引用
final WeakReference<Thread> threadRef;
//异线程回收对象时，其他线程能保存的被回收对象的最大个数
final AtomicInteger availableSharedCapacity;
//WeakOrderQueue最大个数
private final int maxDelayedQueues;
//对象池的最大大小，默认最大为4K
private final int maxCapacity;
//存储缓存数据的数组
DefaultHandle<?>[] elements;
//缓存的DefaultHandle对象个数
int size;
//WeakOrderQueue链表的三个重要结点
private WeakOrderQueue cursor, prev;
private volatile WeakOrderQueue head;
Stack(Recycler<T> parent, Thread thread, int maxCapacity, int maxSharedCapacityFactor, int interval, int maxDelayedQueues) {
this.parent = parent;
threadRef = new WeakReference<Thread>(thread);
this.maxCapacity = maxCapacity;
availableSharedCapacity = new AtomicInteger(max(maxCapacity / maxSharedCapacityFactor, LINK_CAPACITY));
elements = new DefaultHandle[min(INITIAL_CAPACITY, maxCapacity)];
this.interval = interval;
handleRecycleCount = interval;//Start at interval so the first one will be recycled.
this.maxDelayedQueues = maxDelayedQueues;
}
...
}
...
}Stack的结构如下图示，其中Thread A是同线程，Thread B、Thread C、Thread D是异线程。
(3)第二个核心组件是WeakOrderQueue
WeakOrderQueue的作用是用于存储其他线程(异线程)回收由当前线程所分配的对象，并且在合适的时机，Stack会从异线程的WeakOrderQueue中收割对象。
public abstract class Recycler<T> {
private static final int LINK_CAPACITY;
static {
...
LINK_CAPACITY = safeFindNextPositivePowerOfTwo(max(SystemPropertyUtil.getInt("io.netty.recycler.linkCapacity", 16), 16));
...
}
...
//a queue that makes only moderate guarantees about visibility: items are seen in the correct order,
//but we aren't absolutely guaranteed to ever see anything at all, thereby keeping the queue cheap to maintain
private static final class WeakOrderQueue extends WeakReference<Thread> {
...
static final class Link extends AtomicInteger {
final DefaultHandle<?>[] elements = new DefaultHandle[LINK_CAPACITY];
int readIndex;
Link next;
}
private static final class Head {
private final AtomicInteger availableSharedCapacity;
Link link;
...
}
...
}
...
}(4)第三个核心组件是Link
每个WeakOrderQueue中都包含一个Link链表。回收对象都会被存放在Link链表的结点上，每个Link结点默认存储16个对象。当每个Link结点存储满了，会创建新的Link结点并放入链表尾部。
(5)第四个核心组件是DefaultHandle
一个对象在发起回收时需要调用DefaultHandle的recycle()方法进行具体的回收处理，这个要被回收的对象会保存在DefaultHandle中。
Stack和WeakOrderQueue都使用DefaultHandle来存储被回收的对象。在Stack和Link中都有一个elements数组，该数组保存的就是一个个的DefaultHandle实例。
public abstract class Recycler<T> {
...
private static final class DefaultHandle<T> implements Handle<T> {
int lastRecycledId;
int recycleId;
boolean hasBeenRecycled;
Stack<?> stack;
Object value;
DefaultHandle(Stack<?> stack) {
this.stack = stack;
}
@Override
public void recycle(Object object) {
if (object != value) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("object does not belong to handle");
}
Stack<?> stack = this.stack;
if (lastRecycledId != recycleId || stack == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("recycled already");
}
stack.push(this);
}
}
...
}9.Recycler的初始化
创建Recycler的方法是直接new一个Recycler。每个Recycler里都有一个threadLocal变量，即FastThreadLocal<Stack<T>>。所以每个Recycler里对于每个线程都会有一个Stack对象。调用Recycler的get()方法获取T类对象时，便会初始化一个Stack对象。
public abstract class Recycler<T> {
...
private final FastThreadLocal<Stack<T>> threadLocal = new FastThreadLocal<Stack<T>>() {
//在Recycler中调用threadLocal.get()时，便会触发调用这个initialValue()方法
@Override
protected Stack<T> initialValue() {
return new Stack<T>(Recycler.this, Thread.currentThread(), maxCapacityPerThread, maxSharedCapacityFactor, interval, maxDelayedQueuesPerThread);
}
@Override
protected void onRemoval(Stack<T> value) {
//Let us remove the WeakOrderQueue from the WeakHashMap directly if its safe to remove some overhead
if (value.threadRef.get() == Thread.currentThread()) {
if (DELAYED_RECYCLED.isSet()) {
DELAYED_RECYCLED.get().remove(value);
}
}
}
};
private final int interval;
private final int maxCapacityPerThread;
private final int maxSharedCapacityFactor;
private final int maxDelayedQueuesPerThread;
protected Recycler(int maxCapacityPerThread, int maxSharedCapacityFactor, int ratio, int maxDelayedQueuesPerThread) {
//默认是8，用于控制对象的回收比率
interval = safeFindNextPositivePowerOfTwo(ratio);
if (maxCapacityPerThread <= 0) {
this.maxCapacityPerThread = 0;
this.maxSharedCapacityFactor = 1;
this.maxDelayedQueuesPerThread = 0;
} else {
//对象池的最大大小，能存多少元素，默认4K
this.maxCapacityPerThread = maxCapacityPerThread;
//默认是2
this.maxSharedCapacityFactor = max(1, maxSharedCapacityFactor);
//默认2倍CPU核数
this.maxDelayedQueuesPerThread = max(0, maxDelayedQueuesPerThread);
}
}
private static final class Stack<T> {
...
//异线程回收对象时，其他线程能保存的被回收对象的最大个数
final AtomicInteger availableSharedCapacity;
Stack(Recycler<T> parent, Thread thread, int maxCapacity, int maxSharedCapacityFactor, int interval, int maxDelayedQueues) {
...
availableSharedCapacity = new AtomicInteger(max(maxCapacity / maxSharedCapacityFactor, LINK_CAPACITY));
...
}
...
}
...
}当调用对象的recycle()方法将对象进行回收的时候，并非每次都会把对象进行回收，而是通过interval参数来控制回收比率。
Stack的availableSharedCapacity表示当前线程创建的对象能够在其他线程里缓存的最大个数，它由Recycler的maxSharedCapacityFactor和maxCapacityPerThread计算得出，默认为2K。
Recycler的maxDelayedQueuesPerThread表示的是当前线程创建的对象可以在多少个线程里缓存，或者说一个Stack中拥有WeakOrderQueue的最大个数，默认是2倍CPU核数。
如果在当前的线程里通过Recycler的get()方法获取一个对象，那么这个对象其实是由当前线程的Stack进行管理的。如果这个对象是在其他线程中进行释放的，那么该对象不会放到当前线程的Stack的数组里，而是放到其他线程的WeakOrderQueue的Link链表元素的数组里。
每个线程都有一个Stack变量，每个Stack里都有一个DefaultHandle数组，这个DefaultHandle数组用于存放由该线程创建的但已被回收的对象。
每个DefaultHandle都包装了一个被回收的对象，并且这个DefaultHandle可以被外部对象引用来回收这个对象。
10.Recycler的对象获取
从Recycler中获取对象的过程是：
一.获取当前线程缓存的Stack
二.从Stack里弹出对象
Stack.pop()返回的是一个DefaultHandle对象，如果对象不为空，则直接返回，否则进行下一步。
三.创建对象并绑定到DefaultHandle
一个DefaultHandle对象会和一个Stack对象进行绑定，多对一。一个DefaultHandle对象也会和一个Object对象进行绑定，一对一。
总结起来就是：当Stack中的DefaultHandle数组有对象数据时，直接从栈顶弹出。当Stack中的DefaultHandle数组没有对象数据时，尝试从WeakOrderQueue中回收一个Link包含的对象实例到Stack中，然后再从栈顶弹出。当Stack中的DefaultHandle数组没有对象数据以及WeakOrderQueue的Link链表中也没有对象数据时，那么就通过Recycler子类实现的newObject()方法来创建一个对象进行返回。
public abstract class Recycler<T> {
...
public final T get() {
...
//获取当前线程缓存的Stack
Stack<T> stack = threadLocal.get();
//从Stack中弹出一个DefaultHandle对象
DefaultHandle<T> handle = stack.pop();
if (handle == null) {
//创建一个DefaultHandle
handle = stack.newHandle();
//创建一个对象并保存到DefaultHandle
handle.value = newObject(handle);
}
return (T) handle.value;
}
//由Recycler的子类来实现创建对象
protected abstract T newObject(Handle<T> handle);
private static final class Stack<T> {
...
DefaultHandle<T> pop() {
int size = this.size;
if (size == 0) {
//尝试从其他线程回收的对象中转移一些到Stack的DefaultHandle数组中
if (!scavenge()) {
return null;
}
size = this.size;
if (size <= 0) {
return null;
}
}
size --;
//将对象实例从DefaultHandle数组(elements)的栈顶弹出
DefaultHandle ret = elements[size];
elements[size] = null;
//As we already set the element[size] to null we also need to store the updated size before we do any validation.
//Otherwise we may see a null value when later try to pop again without a new element added before.
this.size = size;
if (ret.lastRecycledId != ret.recycleId) {
throw new IllegalStateException("recycled multiple times");
}
ret.recycleId = 0;
ret.lastRecycledId = 0;
return ret;
}
DefaultHandle<T> newHandle() {
return new DefaultHandle<T>(this);
}
...
}
...
}11.Recycler的对象回收
(1)回收对象的入口
(2)同线程回收对象
(3)异线程回收对象
(1)回收对象的入口
回收线程的对象主要是靠Stack和WeakOrderQueue，回收对象的入口是DefaultHandle的recycle()方法，该方法会调用Stack的push()方法进行具体的回收处理。
public abstract class Recycler<T> {
...
public final T get() {
...
//获取当前线程缓存的Stack
Stack<T> stack = threadLocal.get();
//从Stack中弹出一个DefaultHandle对象
DefaultHandle<T> handle = stack.pop();
if (handle == null) {
//创建一个DefaultHandle
handle = stack.newHandle();
//创建一个对象并保存到DefaultHandle
handle.value = newObject(handle);
}
return (T) handle.value;
}
//从Recycler的get()方法可知：
//一个对象在创建时就会和一个新创建的DefaultHandle绑定
//而该DefaultHandle又会和创建该对象的线程绑定，因为DefaultHandle会和Stack绑定，而Stack又会绑定创建该对象的线程
private static final class DefaultHandle<T> implements Handle<T> {
...
Stack<?> stack;
Object value;
DefaultHandle(Stack<?> stack) {
this.stack = stack;
}
@Override
public void recycle(Object object) {
...
Stack<?> stack = this.stack;
stack.push(this);
}
}
private static final class Stack<T> {
//一个线程调用Recycler.get()方法创建一个对象时，会先获取和该线程绑定的Stack
//然后由该Stack创建一个DefaultHandle，接着再创建一个对象并将对象保存到这个DefaultHandle中
final WeakReference<Thread> threadRef;
...
//当一个对象调用它绑定的DefaultHandle进行回收时，可以通过threadRef取到创建它的线程
void push(DefaultHandle<?> item) {
Thread currentThread = Thread.currentThread();
if (threadRef.get() == currentThread) {
//The current Thread is the thread that belongs to the Stack, we can try to push the object now.
pushNow(item);
} else {
//The current Thread is not the one that belongs to the Stack (or the Thread that belonged to the Stack was collected already),
//we need to signal that the push happens later.
pushLater(item, currentThread);
}
}
private void pushNow(DefaultHandle<?> item) {
//防止被多次回收
if ((item.recycleId | item.lastRecycledId) != 0) {
throw new IllegalStateException("recycled already");
}
item.recycleId = item.lastRecycledId = OWN_THREAD_ID;
int size = this.size;
//通过dropHandle(item)来实现：回收每8个对象中的一个
if (size >= maxCapacity || dropHandle(item)) {
//超出最大容量或被回收速率控制则不回收
return;
}
if (size == elements.length) {
//扩容
elements = Arrays.copyOf(elements, min(size << 1, maxCapacity));
}
elements[size] = item;
this.size = size + 1;
}
//回收每8个对象中的一个
boolean dropHandle(DefaultHandle<?> handle) {
if (!handle.hasBeenRecycled) {
//interval默认是8
if (handleRecycleCount < interval) {
handleRecycleCount++;
//Drop the object.
return true;
}
handleRecycleCount = 0;
handle.hasBeenRecycled = true;
}
return false;
}
private void pushLater(DefaultHandle<?> item, Thread thread) {
...
//取出由当前线程帮助其他线程回收对象的缓存
Map<Stack<?>, WeakOrderQueue> delayedRecycled = DELAYED_RECYCLED.get();
//取出对象绑定的Stack对应的WeakOrderQueue
WeakOrderQueue queue = delayedRecycled.get(this);
if (queue == null) {
//最多帮助2 * CPU核数的线程回收对象
if (delayedRecycled.size() >= maxDelayedQueues) {
//WeakOrderQueue.DUMMY就是new一个WeakOrderQueue，表示无法再帮该Stack回收对象
delayedRecycled.put(this, WeakOrderQueue.DUMMY);
return;
}
//新建WeakOrderQueue
if ((queue = newWeakOrderQueue(thread)) == null) {
//drop object
return;
}
delayedRecycled.put(this, queue);
} else if (queue == WeakOrderQueue.DUMMY) {
//drop object
return;
}
//添加对象到WeakOrderQueue的Link链表中
queue.add(item);
}
//Allocate a new WeakOrderQueue or return null if not possible.
private WeakOrderQueue newWeakOrderQueue(Thread thread) {
return WeakOrderQueue.newQueue(this, thread);
}
...
}
//每个线程都有一个Map<Stack<?>, WeakOrderQueue>，存放了其他线程及其对应WeakOrderQueue的映射
private static final FastThreadLocal<Map<Stack<?>, WeakOrderQueue>> DELAYED_RECYCLED =
new FastThreadLocal<Map<Stack<?>, WeakOrderQueue>>() {
@Override
protected Map<Stack<?>, WeakOrderQueue> initialValue() {
return new WeakHashMap<Stack<?>, WeakOrderQueue>();
}
};
...
private static final class WeakOrderQueue extends WeakReference<Thread> {
...
static final class Link extends AtomicInteger {
//一个大小为16的DefaultHandle数组
final DefaultHandle<?>[] elements = new DefaultHandle[LINK_CAPACITY];
int readIndex;
Link next;
}
static WeakOrderQueue newQueue(Stack<?> stack, Thread thread) {
//We allocated a Link so reserve the space
if (!Head.reserveSpaceForLink(stack.availableSharedCapacity)) {
return null;
}
final WeakOrderQueue queue = new WeakOrderQueue(stack, thread);
stack.setHead(queue);
return queue;
}
private WeakOrderQueue(Stack<?> stack, Thread thread) {
super(thread);
tail = new Link();
head = new Head(stack.availableSharedCapacity);
head.link = tail;
interval = stack.interval;
handleRecycleCount = interval;
}
void add(DefaultHandle<?> handle) {
handle.lastRecycledId = id;
if (handleRecycleCount < interval) {
handleRecycleCount++;
return;
}
handleRecycleCount = 0;
Link tail = this.tail;
int writeIndex;
if ((writeIndex = tail.get()) == LINK_CAPACITY) {
Link link = head.newLink();
if (link == null) {
return;
}
this.tail = tail = tail.next = link;
writeIndex = tail.get();
}
tail.elements[writeIndex] = handle;
handle.stack = null;
tail.lazySet(writeIndex + 1);
}
...
}
}(2)同线程回收对象
在当前线程创建对象，也在当前线程进行回收。
Stack的pushNow()方法的主要逻辑是：回收每8个对象中的一个，以及将回收的对象存放到Stack.elements数组时可能需要的扩容处理。
(3)异线程回收对象
在当前线程创建对象，但在其他线程进行回收。
说明一：
Stack.pushLater()方法中的DELAYED_RECYCLED是一个FastThreadLocal类型的对象，可以通过这个FastThreadLocal对象获取一个Map<Stack, WeakOrderQueue>。
所以每个线程都会有一个Map，这个Map的key是Stack，这个Map的value是WeakOrderQueue。每个线程的Map表示的是对这个线程来说，不同的Stack对应着其他线程绑定的Stack，而由其他线程创建的对象会存放在其他线程绑定的Stack的WeakOrderQueue里。
使用Map结构是为了防止DELAYED_RECYCLED内存膨胀，使用Map结构也可以在当前线程中帮忙快速定位其他线程应该对应于当前线程Stack的哪个WeakOrderQueue。从"delayedRecycled.size() >= maxDelayedQueues"可以看出每个线程最多帮助2倍CPU核数的线程回收对象。
说明二：
在pushLater(item, currentThread)中，假设currentThread是线程2，里面的this是线程1的Stack。
那么"queue = delayedRecycled.get(this)"会去拿线程1对应的WeakOrderQueue。拿到后若"queue == null"，那么就说明线程2从来没有回收过线程1的对象。
"queue = newWeakOrderQueue(thread)"会创建一个WeakOrderQueue，也就是去为线程2(thread)去分配一个线程1的Stack对应的WeakOrderQueue，然后通过delayedRecycled.put(this, queue)绑定线程1。
说明三：
WeakOrderQueue中有一个Link链表。一个Link的大小是16，每个元素都是一个DefaultHandle。为什么一个Link对应16个DefaultHandle，而不是一个Link对应一个DefaultHandle。
如果一个Link对应一个DefaultHandle，那么每次同线程去回收异线程都要创建一个Link对象。比如线程2去回收线程1创建的对象，每次都需要创建一个Link对象然后添加到Link链表中，并且每次都需要判断当前线程1是否还允许继续分配一个Link。
把多个DefaultHandle放在一个Link中的好处是不必每次都要判断当前线程2能否回收线程1的对象，只需要判断当前Link是否满了即可，这也体现了Netty进行优化处理的一个思路，也就是通过批量的方式减少某些操作的频繁执行。
说明四：
创建WeakOrderQueue对象时，也就是执行代码"new WeakOrderQueue(stack, thread)"，使用的是头插法往当前线程的Stack添加WeakOrderQueue对象。
说明五：
WeakOrderQueue的add()方法添加对象到WeakOrderQueue时，首先会将tail结点的Link填满，然后再新创建一个Link插入到tail结点。其中LINK_CAPACITY表示Link的DefaultHandle数组的最大长度，默认是16。
12.异线程收割对象
说明一：
线程的Stack里有3指针：head、pre、cursor。往Stack中插入一个WeakOrderQueue都是往头部插入的(头插法)。head指向第一个WeakOrderQueue，cursor指向当前回收对象的WeakOrderQueue。
说明二：
scavenge()方法会从其他线程回收的对象中尝试转移对象。如果成功则返回，否则设置cursor为head，以便下次从头开始获取。
说明三：
scavengeSome()方法会首先判断cursor是否为null。如果cursor为null，则设置cursor为head结点。接着执行do while循环不断尝试从其他线程的WeakOrderQueue中，转移一些对象到当前线程的Stack的一个DefaultHandle数组中。
说明四：
cursor.transfer()方法会把WeakOrderQueue里的对象传输到当前线程的Stack的elements数组里。如果传输成功就结束do while循环，如果传输失败就获取cursor的下一个结点cursor.next继续处理。
说明五：
cursor.transfer()方法每次都只取WeakOrderQueue里的一个Link，然后传输Link里的elements数组元素到目标Stack的elements数组中。如果cursor = null或success = true，则do while循环结束。所有的WeakOrderQueue默认时最多总共可以有：2K / 16 = 128个Link。
public abstract class Recycler<T> {
...
private static final class Stack<T> {
private WeakOrderQueue cursor, prev;
private volatile WeakOrderQueue head;
...
//尝试从其他线程回收的对象中转移一些到elements数组
private boolean scavenge() {
if (scavengeSome()) {
return true;
}
prev = null;
cursor = head;
return false;
}
private boolean scavengeSome() {
WeakOrderQueue prev;
WeakOrderQueue cursor = this.cursor;
//首先判断cursor是否为null，如果cursor为null，则设置cursor为head结点
if (cursor == null) {
prev = null;
cursor = head;
if (cursor == null) {
return false;
}
} else {
prev = this.prev;
}
boolean success = false;
do {
//从其他线程的WeakOrderQueue也就是cursor中，
//转移一些对象到当前线程的Stack<T>的一个DefaultHandle数组中
if (cursor.transfer(this)) {
success = true;
break;
}
WeakOrderQueue next = cursor.getNext();
...
cursor = next;
} while (cursor != null && !success);
this.prev = prev;
this.cursor = cursor;
return success;
}
}
private static final class WeakOrderQueue extends WeakReference<Thread> {
...
//从当前的WeakOrderQueue中，转移一些对象到目标Stack<T>的一个DefaultHandle数组中
boolean transfer(Stack<?> dst) {
Link head = this.head.link;
if (head == null) {
return false;
}
if (head.readIndex == LINK_CAPACITY) {
if (head.next == null) {
return false;
}
head = head.next;
this.head.relink(head);
}
final int srcStart = head.readIndex;
int srcEnd = head.get();
final int srcSize = srcEnd - srcStart;
if (srcSize == 0) {
return false;
}
final int dstSize = dst.size;
final int expectedCapacity = dstSize + srcSize;
if (expectedCapacity > dst.elements.length) {
final int actualCapacity = dst.increaseCapacity(expectedCapacity);
srcEnd = min(srcStart + actualCapacity - dstSize, srcEnd);
}
if (srcStart != srcEnd) {
final DefaultHandle[] srcElems = head.elements;
final DefaultHandle[] dstElems = dst.elements;
int newDstSize = dstSize;
for (int i = srcStart; i < srcEnd; i++) {
DefaultHandle<?> element = srcElems[i];
if (element.recycleId == 0) {
element.recycleId = element.lastRecycledId;
} else if (element.recycleId != element.lastRecycledId) {
throw new IllegalStateException("recycled already");
}
srcElems[i] = null;
if (dst.dropHandle(element)) {
//Drop the object.
continue;
}
element.stack = dst;
dstElems[newDstSize ++] = element;
}
if (srcEnd == LINK_CAPACITY && head.next != null) {
//Add capacity back as the Link is GCed.
this.head.relink(head.next);
}
head.readIndex = srcEnd;
if (dst.size == newDstSize) {
return false;
}
dst.size = newDstSize;
return true;
} else {
//The destination stack is full already.
return false;
}
}
...
}
...
}13.Recycler的总结
(1)获取对象和回收对象的思路总结
(2)获取对象的具体步骤总结
(3)对象池的设计核心
(1)获取对象和回收对象的思路总结
对象池有两个重要的组成部分：Stack和WeakOrderQueue。
从Recycler获取对象时，优先从Stack中查找可用对象。如果Stack中没有可用对象，会尝试从WeakOrderQueue迁移一些对象到Stack中。
Recycler回收对象时，分为同线程对象回收和异线程对象回收这两种情况。同线程回收直接向Stack添加对象，异线程回收会向WeakOrderQueue中的最后一个Link添加对象。
同线程回收和异线程回收都会控制回收速率，默认每8个对象会回收一个，其他的全部丢弃。
(2)获取对象的具体步骤总结
如何从一个对象池里获取对象：
步骤一：首先通过FastThreadLocal方式拿到当前线程的Stack。
步骤二：如果这个Stack里的elements数组有对象，则直接弹出。如果这个Stack里的elements数组没有对象，则从当前Stack关联的其他线程的WeakOrderQueue里的Link结点的elements数组中转移对象，到当前Stack里的elements数组里。
步骤三：如果转移成功，那么当前Stack里的elements数组就有对象了，这时就可以直接弹出。如果转移失败，那么接下来就直接创建一个对象然后和当前Stack进行关联。
步骤四：关联之后，后续如果是当前线程自己进行对象回收，则将该对象直接存放到当前线程的Stack里。如果是其他线程进行对象回收，则将该对象存放到其他线程与当前线程的Stack关联的WeakOrderQueue里。
(3)对象池的设计核心
为什么要分同线程和异线程进行处理，并设计一套比较复杂的数据结构？因为对象池的使用场景一般是高并发的环境，希望通过对象池来减少对象的频繁创建带来的性能损耗。所以在高并发的环境下，从对象池中获取对象和回收对象就只能通过以空间来换时间的思路进行处理，而ThreadLocal恰好是通过以空间换时间的思路来实现的，因此引入了FastThreadLocal来管理对象池里的对象。但是如果仅仅使用FastThreadLocal管理同线程创建和回收的对象，那么并不能充分体现对象池的作用。所以通过FastThreadLocal获取的Stack对象，应该不仅可以管理同线程的对象，也可以管理异线程的对象。为此，Recycler便分同线程和异线程进行处理并设计了一套比较复杂的数据结构。
14.Netty设计模式之单例模式
(1)单例模式的特点
(2)单例模式的例子
(3)Netty中的单例模式
(1)单例模式的特点
一.一个类全局只有一个对象
二.延迟创建
三.避免线程安全问题
(2)单例模式的例子
public class Singleton {
private volatile static Singleton singleton;
private Singleton() {
}
public static Singleton getInstance() {
if (singleton == null) {
synchronized(Singleton.class) {
if (singleton == null) {
singleton = new Singleton();
}
}
}
return singleton;
}
}(3)Netty中的单例模式
Netty中的单例模式大都使用饿汉模式，比如ReadTimeoutException、MqttEncoder。
public final class ReadTimeoutException extends TimeoutException {
public static final ReadTimeoutException INSTANCE =
PlatformDependent.javaVersion() >= 7 ? new ReadTimeoutException(true) : new ReadTimeoutException();
ReadTimeoutException() {
}
private ReadTimeoutException(boolean shared) {
super(shared);
}
}
@ChannelHandler.Sharable
public final class MqttEncoder extends MessageToMessageEncoder<MqttMessage> {
public static final MqttEncoder INSTANCE = new MqttEncoder();
private MqttEncoder() {
}
...
}15.Netty设计模式之策略模式
(1)策略模式的特点
(2)策略模式的例子
(3)Netty中的策略模式
(1)策略模式的特点
一.封装一系列可相互替换的算法家族
二.动态选择某一个策略
(2)策略模式的例子
public class Strategy {
private Cache cacheMemory = new CacheMemoryImpl();
private Cache cacheRedis = new CacheRedisImpl();
public interface Cache {
boolean add(String key, Object object);
}
public class CacheMemoryImpl implements Cache {
public boolean add(String key, Object object) {
//保存到Memory
return false;
}
}
public class CacheRedisImpl implements Cache {
public boolean add(String key, Object object) {
//保存到Redis
return false;
}
}
public Cache getCache(String key) {
if (key.length() < 10) {
return cacheRedis;
} else {
return cacheMemory;
}
}
}(3)Netty中的策略模式
Netty的DefaultEventExecutorChooserFactory中的newChooser()方法就可以动态选择某具体策略；EventExecutorChooser接口中的next()方法就有两种实现算法：PowerOfTwoEventExecutorChooser.next()和GenericEventExecutorChooser.next()。
public final class DefaultEventExecutorChooserFactory implements EventExecutorChooserFactory {
public static final DefaultEventExecutorChooserFactory INSTANCE = new DefaultEventExecutorChooserFactory();
private DefaultEventExecutorChooserFactory() {
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
@Override
public EventExecutorChooser newChooser(EventExecutor[] executors) {
if (isPowerOfTwo(executors.length)) {
return new PowerOfTwoEventExecutorChooser(executors);
} else {
return new GenericEventExecutorChooser(executors);
}
}
private static boolean isPowerOfTwo(int val) {
return (val & -val) == val;
}
private static final class PowerOfTwoEventExecutorChooser implements EventExecutorChooser {
private final AtomicInteger idx = new AtomicInteger();
private final EventExecutor[] executors;
PowerOfTwoEventExecutorChooser(EventExecutor[] executors) {
this.executors = executors;
}
@Override
public EventExecutor next() {
return executors[idx.getAndIncrement() & executors.length - 1];
}
}
private static final class GenericEventExecutorChooser implements EventExecutorChooser {
private final AtomicInteger idx = new AtomicInteger();
private final EventExecutor[] executors;
GenericEventExecutorChooser(EventExecutor[] executors) {
this.executors = executors;
}
@Override
public EventExecutor next() {
return executors[Math.abs(idx.getAndIncrement() % executors.length)];
}
}
}16.Netty设计模式之装饰器模式
(1)装饰器模式的特点
(2)装饰器模式的例子
(3)Netty中的装饰器模式
(1)装饰器模式的特点
一.装饰者和被装饰者继承自同一个接口
二.装饰者给被装饰者动态修改行为(丰富类的功能)
(2)装饰器模式的例子
public class Decorate {
//优惠方案
public interface OnSalePlan {
float getPrice(float oldPrice);
}
//无优惠
public static class NonePlan implements OnSalePlan {//被装饰者
static final OnSalePlan INSTANCE = new NonePlan();
private NonePlan() {
}
public float getPrice(float oldPrice) {
return oldPrice;
}
}
//立减优惠
public static class KnockPlan implements OnSalePlan {//被装饰者
private float amount;//立减金额
public KnockPlan(float amount) {
this.amount = amount;
}
public float getPrice(float oldPrice) {
return oldPrice - amount;
}
}
//打折优惠
public static class DiscountPlan implements OnSalePlan {//装饰者
private int discount;//折扣
private OnSalePlan previousPlan;//被装饰者
//直接打折的构造方法
public DiscountPlan(int discount) {
this(discount, NonePlan.INSTANCE);
}
//在满减的基础上打折的构造方法
public DiscountPlan(int discount, OnSalePlan previousPlan) {
this.discount = discount;
this.previousPlan = previousPlan;
}
public float getPrice(float oldPrice) {
return previousPlan.getPrice(oldPrice) * discount;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
KnockPlan previousPlan = new KnockPlan(50);//被装饰者
DiscountPlan complexDiscountPlan = new DiscountPlan(5, previousPlan);
System.out.println(complexDiscountPlan.getPrice(100));
}
}(3)Netty中的装饰器模式
Netty中的SimpleLeakAwareByteBuf、UnreleasableByteBuf、WrappedByteBuf便用到了装饰器模式。每次调用WrappedByteBuf的方法，都会委托到被装饰的ByteBuf。这个WrappedByteBuf其实是Netty里装饰ByteBuf的一个基类，它基本是直接使用了ByteBuf的方法。
WrappedByteBuf有两个子类：SimpleLeakAwareByteBuf和UnreleasableByteBuf。这两个子类都是装饰者，被装饰者都是ByteBuf，在它们的构造函数中传入。
class WrappedByteBuf extends ByteBuf {
protected final ByteBuf buf;//被装饰者
protected WrappedByteBuf(ByteBuf buf) {
this.buf = ObjectUtil.checkNotNull(buf, "buf");
}
@Override
public final int capacity() {
return buf.capacity();
}
@Override
public final ByteBufAllocator alloc() {
return buf.alloc();
}
@Override
public final int readableBytes() {
return buf.readableBytes();
}
@Override
public ByteBuf readBytes(byte[] dst) {
buf.readBytes(dst);
return this;
}
@Override
public ByteBuf writeBytes(byte[] src) {
buf.writeBytes(src);
return this;
}
@Override
public boolean release() {
return buf.release();
}
...
}
final class UnreleasableByteBuf extends WrappedByteBuf {
...
UnreleasableByteBuf(ByteBuf buf) {
super(buf instanceof UnreleasableByteBuf ? buf.unwrap() : buf);
}
...
}
class SimpleLeakAwareByteBuf extends WrappedByteBuf {
...
SimpleLeakAwareByteBuf(ByteBuf wrapped, ByteBuf trackedByteBuf, ResourceLeakTracker<ByteBuf> leak) {
super(wrapped);
this.trackedByteBuf = ObjectUtil.checkNotNull(trackedByteBuf, "trackedByteBuf");
this.leak = ObjectUtil.checkNotNull(leak, "leak");
}
...
}17.Netty设计模式之观察者模式
(1)观察者模式的特点
(2)观察者模式的例子
(3)Netty中的观察者模式
(1)观察者模式的特点
一.观察者和被观察者
二.观察者订阅消息，被观察者发布消息
三.订阅则能收到消息，取消订阅则不能收到消息
(2)观察者模式的例子
女神是被观察者，男孩、男人、老男人是观察者。第一步需要注册观察者到被观察者的一个列表中，第二步当被观察者触发某个动作后需遍历观察者列表执行观察者的方法。
public class ObserverTest {
//被观察者需要实现的接口
public interface Observerable {
void registerObserver(Observer o);
void removeObserver(Observer o);
void notifyObserver();
}
//观察者需要实现的接口
public interface Observer {
void notify(String message);
}
//女神：被观察者
public static class Girl implements Observerable {
private String message;
List<Observer> observerList;
public Girl() {
observerList = new ArrayList();
}
public void registerObserver(Observer o) {
observerList.add(o);
}
public void removeObserver(Observer o) {
observerList.remove(o);
}
public void notifyObserver() {
for (Observer observer : observerList) {
observer.notify(message);
}
}
public void gotoBathe() {
message = "女神去洗澡了";
notifyObserver();
}
public void gotoSleep() {
message = "女神去睡觉了";
notifyObserver();
}
}
//男人：观察者
public static class Man implements Observer {
public void notify(String message) {
//收到女神的情况，准备下一步行动
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Girl girl = new Girl();
Man man = new Man();
girl.registerObserver(man);
girl.gotoSleep();
}
}(3)Netty中的观察者模式
Netty的writeAndFlush()方法就是典型的观察者模式。Netty的Future或Promise模式实现了writeAndFlush()的异步化，并且每次写成功或者写失败都能收到回调。
我们在调用writeAndFlush()方法后，Netty会创建一个被观察者ChannelFuture。然后在调用channelFuture.addListener()方法时，其实就是往被观察者ChannelFuture中添加一系列的观察者。
public void write(NioSocketChannel channel, Object object) {
ChannelFuture channelFuture = channel.writeAndFlush(object);
channelFuture.addListener(future -> {
if (future.isSuccess()) ...
});
channelFuture.addListener(future -> {
if (future.isSuccess()) ...
});
}每一个writeAndFlush()方法被调用时都是从pipeline开始往前传播，也就是从tail结点开始执行writeAndFlush()方法并从后往前传播。tail结点的writeAndFlush()方法会去new一个Promise()，这个new Promise()就是创建一个被观察者DefaultChannelPromise。DefaultChannelPromise继承自ChannelPromise，ChannelPromise继承自ChannelFuture。
public abstract class AbstractChannel extends DefaultAttributeMap implements Channel {
...
@Override
public ChannelFuture writeAndFlush(Object msg) {
return pipeline.writeAndFlush(msg);
}
...
}
public class DefaultChannelPipeline implements ChannelPipeline {
...
final AbstractChannelHandlerContext tail;
@Override
public final ChannelFuture writeAndFlush(Object msg) {
//调用TailContext父类的writeAndFlush()方法
return tail.writeAndFlush(msg);
}
final class TailContext extends AbstractChannelHandlerContext implements ChannelInboundHandler {
...
}
...
}
abstract class AbstractChannelHandlerContext implements ChannelHandlerContext, ResourceLeakHint {
...
@Override
public ChannelFuture writeAndFlush(Object msg) {
//传入一个由newPromise()创建的DefaultChannelPromise
return writeAndFlush(msg, newPromise());
}
@Override
public ChannelPromise newPromise() {
return new DefaultChannelPromise(channel(), executor());
}
@Override
public ChannelFuture writeAndFlush(Object msg, ChannelPromise promise) {
//调用AbstractChannelHandlerContext的write()方法
write(msg, true, promise);
//返回传进来的DefaultChannelPromise，也就是ChannelFuture
return promise;
}
...
}
public class DefaultChannelPromise extends DefaultPromise<Void> implements ChannelPromise, FlushCheckpoint {
private final Channel channel;
...
//Creates a new instance.
//@param channel，the Channel associated with this future
public DefaultChannelPromise(Channel channel, EventExecutor executor) {
super(executor);
this.channel = checkNotNull(channel, "channel");
}
...
}TailContext父类AbstractChannelHandlerContext的writeAndFlush()方法执行源码：
abstract class AbstractChannelHandlerContext implements ChannelHandlerContext, ResourceLeakHint {
...
@Override
public ChannelFuture writeAndFlush(Object msg, ChannelPromise promise) {
//调用AbstractChannelHandlerContext的write()方法
write(msg, true, promise);
//返回传进来的DefaultChannelPromise，也就是ChannelFuture
return promise;
}
private void write(Object msg, boolean flush, ChannelPromise promise) {
ObjectUtil.checkNotNull(msg, "msg");
try {
if (isNotValidPromise(promise, true)) {
ReferenceCountUtil.release(msg);
return;
}
} catch (RuntimeException e) {
ReferenceCountUtil.release(msg);
throw e;
}
//寻找下一个结点
final AbstractChannelHandlerContext next = findContextOutbound(flush ? (MASK_WRITE | MASK_FLUSH) : MASK_WRITE);
final Object m = pipeline.touch(msg, next);
EventExecutor executor = next.executor();
if (executor.inEventLoop()) {
if (flush) {
//调用AbstractChannelHandlerContext的invokeWriteAndFlush()方法
next.invokeWriteAndFlush(m, promise);
} else {
next.invokeWrite(m, promise);
}
} else {
final WriteTask task = WriteTask.newInstance(next, m, promise, flush);
if (!safeExecute(executor, task, promise, m, !flush)) {
task.cancel();
}
}
}
void invokeWriteAndFlush(Object msg, ChannelPromise promise) {
if (invokeHandler()) {
invokeWrite0(msg, promise);
invokeFlush0();
} else {
writeAndFlush(msg, promise);
}
}
private void invokeWrite0(Object msg, ChannelPromise promise) {
try {
//最终会调用到HeadContext的write()方法
((ChannelOutboundHandler) handler()).write(this, msg, promise);
} catch (Throwable t) {
notifyOutboundHandlerException(t, promise);
}
}
private void invokeFlush0() {
try {
//最终会调用到HeadContext的flush()方法
((ChannelOutboundHandler) handler()).flush(this);
} catch (Throwable t) {
invokeExceptionCaught(t);
}
}
...
}
public class DefaultChannelPipeline implements ChannelPipeline {
...
final AbstractChannelHandlerContext head;
final class HeadContext extends AbstractChannelHandlerContext implements ChannelOutboundHandler, ChannelInboundHandler {
private final Unsafe unsafe;
...
@Override
public void write(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg, ChannelPromise promise) {
//调用AbstractChannel.AbstractUnsafe的write()方法
unsafe.write(msg, promise);
}
@Override
public void flush(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
//调用AbstractChannel.AbstractUnsafe的flush()方法
unsafe.flush();
}
}
...
}
public abstract class AbstractChannel extends DefaultAttributeMap implements Channel {
...
protected abstract class AbstractUnsafe implements Unsafe {
...
@Override
public final void flush() {
assertEventLoop();
ChannelOutboundBuffer outboundBuffer = this.outboundBuffer;
if (outboundBuffer == null) {
return;
}
outboundBuffer.addFlush();
flush0();
}
@SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
protected void flush0() {
...
//调用AbstractNioByteChannel的doWrite()方法
doWrite(outboundBuffer);
...
}
}
//Flush the content of the given buffer to the remote peer.
protected abstract void doWrite(ChannelOutboundBuffer in) throws Exception;
}
public abstract class AbstractNioByteChannel extends AbstractNioChannel {
...
@Override
protected void doWrite(ChannelOutboundBuffer in) throws Exception {
int writeSpinCount = config().getWriteSpinCount();
do {
Object msg = in.current();
if (msg == null) {
clearOpWrite();
return;
}
writeSpinCount -= doWriteInternal(in, msg);
} while (writeSpinCount > 0);
incompleteWrite(writeSpinCount < 0);
}
private int doWriteInternal(ChannelOutboundBuffer in, Object msg) throws Exception {
if (msg instanceof ByteBuf) {
ByteBuf buf = (ByteBuf) msg;
if (!buf.isReadable()) {
//调用ChannelOutboundBuffer的remove()方法
in.remove();
return 0;
}
final int localFlushedAmount = doWriteBytes(buf);
if (localFlushedAmount > 0) {
in.progress(localFlushedAmount);
if (!buf.isReadable()) {
//调用ChannelOutboundBuffer的remove()方法
in.remove();
}
return 1;
}
}
...
}
...
}
public final class ChannelOutboundBuffer {
private Entry flushedEntry;
...
//Will remove the current message, mark its ChannelPromise as success and return true.
//If no flushed message exists at the time this method is called it will return false to signal that no more messages are ready to be handled.
public boolean remove() {
Entry e = flushedEntry;
if (e == null) {
clearNioBuffers();
return false;
}
Object msg = e.msg;
ChannelPromise promise = e.promise;
int size = e.pendingSize;
removeEntry(e);
if (!e.cancelled) {
//only release message, notify and decrement if it was not canceled before.
ReferenceCountUtil.safeRelease(msg);
//调用ChannelOutboundBuffer的safeSuccess()方法通知promise的观察者
safeSuccess(promise);
decrementPendingOutboundBytes(size, false, true);
}
//recycle the entry
e.recycle();
return true;
}
private static void safeSuccess(ChannelPromise promise) {
//Only log if the given promise is not of type VoidChannelPromise as trySuccess(...) is expected to return false.
//触发调用DefaultPromise的trySuccess()方法通知promise的观察者
PromiseNotificationUtil.trySuccess(promise, null, promise instanceof VoidChannelPromise ? null : logger);
}
...
}DefaultPromise添加观察者和通知观察者的源码如下。注意：DefaultPromise.listeners是一个Object，第一次添加时listeners = listener，第二次添加时会将新增的和当前的listeners转为一个数组，然后再往数组里添加元素。
public class DefaultPromise<V> extends AbstractFuture<V> implements Promise<V> {
private Object listeners;
...
//添加观察者
@Override
public Promise<V> addListener(GenericFutureListener<? extends Future<? super V>> listener) {
checkNotNull(listener, "listener");
synchronized (this) {
addListener0(listener);
}
if (isDone()) {
notifyListeners();
}
return this;
}
private void addListener0(GenericFutureListener<? extends Future<? super V>> listener) {
if (listeners == null) {
listeners = listener;
} else if (listeners instanceof DefaultFutureListeners) {
((DefaultFutureListeners) listeners).add(listener);
} else {
listeners = new DefaultFutureListeners((GenericFutureListener<?>) listeners, listener);
}
}
...
//通知观察者
@Override
public boolean trySuccess(V result) {
return setSuccess0(result);
}
private boolean setSuccess0(V result) {
return setValue0(result == null ? SUCCESS : result);
}
private boolean setValue0(Object objResult) {
if (RESULT_UPDATER.compareAndSet(this, null, objResult) ||
RESULT_UPDATER.compareAndSet(this, UNCANCELLABLE, objResult)) {
if (checkNotifyWaiters()) {
//调用DefaultPromise的notifyListeners()方法通知观察者
notifyListeners();
}
return true;
}
return false;
}
private void notifyListeners() {
EventExecutor executor = executor();
if (executor.inEventLoop()) {
final InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocals = InternalThreadLocalMap.get();
final int stackDepth = threadLocals.futureListenerStackDepth();
if (stackDepth < MAX_LISTENER_STACK_DEPTH) {
threadLocals.setFutureListenerStackDepth(stackDepth + 1);
try {
notifyListenersNow();
} finally {
threadLocals.setFutureListenerStackDepth(stackDepth);
}
return;
}
}
safeExecute(executor, new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
notifyListenersNow();
}
});
}
private void notifyListenersNow() {
Object listeners;
synchronized (this) {
if (notifyingListeners || this.listeners == null) {
return;
}
notifyingListeners = true;
listeners = this.listeners;
this.listeners = null;
}
for (;;) {
if (listeners instanceof DefaultFutureListeners) {
notifyListeners0((DefaultFutureListeners) listeners);
} else {
notifyListener0(this, (GenericFutureListener<?>) listeners);
}
synchronized (this) {
if (this.listeners == null) {
notifyingListeners = false;
return;
}
listeners = this.listeners;
this.listeners = null;
}
}
}
private void notifyListeners0(DefaultFutureListeners listeners) {
GenericFutureListener<?>[] a = listeners.listeners();
int size = listeners.size();
for (int i = 0; i < size; i ++) {
notifyListener0(this, a[i]);
}
}
@SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked", "rawtypes" })
private static void notifyListener0(Future future, GenericFutureListener l) {
try {
l.operationComplete(future);
} catch (Throwable t) {
if (logger.isWarnEnabled()) {
logger.warn("An exception was thrown by " + l.getClass().getName() + ".operationComplete()", t);
}
}
}
...
}writeAndFlush()方法返回的ChannelFuture添加观察者和通知观察者的调用路径总结如下：
//添加观察者
=> ChannelFuture.addListener() //最后会调用到DefaultPromise的addListener
=> DefaultChannelPromise.addListener()
=> DefaultPromise.addListener() //使用了同步块是因为可能有多个线程同时添加Listener
=> DefaultPromise.addListener0()
//通知观察者
=> AbstractChannel.writeAndFlush()
=> unsafe.write()和unsafe.flush()
=> in.remove()删除数据缓冲区
=> DefaultPromise.trySuccess()
=> DefaultPromise.notifyListenersNow()
=> DefaultPromise.notifyListeners0()18.Netty设计模式之迭代器模式
(1)迭代器模式的特点
(2)迭代器模式的例子
(1)迭代器模式的特点
一.迭代器接口
二.对容器里各个对象进行访问
(2)迭代器模式的例子
通过迭代器，Netty能够实现内存的零拷贝。
public class IterableTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ByteBuf header = Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(new byte[]{1,2,3});
ByteBuf body = Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(new byte[]{4,5,6});
ByteBuf merge = merge(header, body);
merge.forEachByte(value -> {
System.out.println(value);
return true;
});
}
//实现一：对ByteBuf进行拷贝才能遍历各字节
public static ByteBuf merge(ByteBuf header, ByteBuf body) {
ByteBuf byteBuf = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.ioBuffer();
byteBuf.writeBytes(header);
byteBuf.writeBytes(body);
return byteBuf;
}
//实现二：CompositeByteBuf将两个ByteBuf以组件的形式添加进去，可实现零拷贝
public static ByteBuf merge(ByteBuf header, ByteBuf body) {
CompositeByteBuf byteBuf = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.compositeBuffer(2);//组件个数为2
byteBuf.addComponent(true, header);
byteBuf.addComponent(true, body);
return byteBuf;
}
}CompositeByteBuf将两个ByteBuf以组件的形式添加进去，可实现零拷贝。CompositeByteBuf的forEachByte()方法利用迭代器模式实现了对容器里各对象的遍历访问。
public class CompositeByteBuf extends AbstractReferenceCountedByteBuf implements Iterable<ByteBuf> {
private Component[] components;
...
//Add the given ByteBuf and increase the writerIndex if increaseWriterIndex is true.
//ByteBuf#release() ownership of buffer is transferred to this CompositeByteBuf.
//@param buffer the ByteBuf to add. ByteBuf#release() ownership is transferred to this CompositeByteBuf.
public CompositeByteBuf addComponent(boolean increaseWriterIndex, ByteBuf buffer) {
return addComponent(increaseWriterIndex, componentCount, buffer);
}
public CompositeByteBuf addComponent(boolean increaseWriterIndex, int cIndex, ByteBuf buffer) {
checkNotNull(buffer, "buffer");
addComponent0(increaseWriterIndex, cIndex, buffer);
consolidateIfNeeded();
return this;
}
private int addComponent0(boolean increaseWriterIndex, int cIndex, ByteBuf buffer) {
assert buffer != null;
boolean wasAdded = false;
try {
checkComponentIndex(cIndex);
Component c = newComponent(ensureAccessible(buffer), 0);
int readableBytes = c.length();
if (capacity() + readableBytes < 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't increase by " + readableBytes);
}
addComp(cIndex, c);
wasAdded = true;
if (readableBytes > 0 && cIndex < componentCount - 1) {
updateComponentOffsets(cIndex);
} else if (cIndex > 0) {
c.reposition(components[cIndex - 1].endOffset);
}
if (increaseWriterIndex) {
writerIndex += readableBytes;
}
return cIndex;
} finally {
if (!wasAdded) {
buffer.release();
}
}
}
private void addComp(int i, Component c) {
shiftComps(i, 1);
components[i] = c;
}
@Override
public byte getByte(int index) {
Component c = findComponent(index);
return c.buf.getByte(c.idx(index));
}
private Component findComponent(int offset) {
Component la = lastAccessed;
if (la != null && offset >= la.offset && offset < la.endOffset) {
ensureAccessible();
return la;
}
checkIndex(offset);
return findIt(offset);
}
private Component findIt(int offset) {
//遍历components容器里的各个对象
for (int low = 0, high = componentCount; low <= high;) {
int mid = low + high >>> 1;
Component c = components[mid];
if (offset >= c.endOffset) {
low = mid + 1;
} else if (offset < c.offset) {
high = mid - 1;
} else {
lastAccessed = c;
return c;
}
}
throw new Error("should not reach here");
}
...
}19.Netty设计模式之责任链模式
(1)责任链模式简介
(2)责任链模式的几个要素
(3)Netty中的责任链模式
(1)责任链模式简介
责任链模式可以使得多个对象都有机会处理同一个请求，从而避免请求的发送者何接收者之间的耦合。然后将这些对象连成一条链，并且沿着这条链传递这个请求，直到有一个对象可以处理它为止。在这个过程的处理中，每个对象都可以只处理它所关心的那一部分。如果其中有一个对象发现它不适合把这个事件继续往下传播，那么可以随时终止这个传播。
(2)责任链模式的几个要素
一.责任处理器接口
这个接口相当于责任链里的每道关卡，每道关卡都可以对一个请求进行相应处理。对应于Netty的ChannelHandler接口，有两类接口ChannelInboundHandler和ChannelOutboundHandler实现了对ChannelHandler的增强。
二.创建链的机制
创建完链之后能随时动态地添加删除责任处理器的接口，对应于Netty的ChannelPipeline链。
三.上下文的机制
当责任处理器接口在处理一些事件时，需要感知上下文，通过上下文能拿到它对应需要的一些对象。对应于Netty的ChannelHandlerContext，通过ChannelHandlerContext的channel()方法可以获取Channel，通过ChannelHandlerContext的executor()方法可以获取Reactor线程。
四.责任终止的机制
也就是每一个具体的责任处理器它都有权终止这个事件继续传播，对应于Netty的ChannelHandler接口实现中，只要不显式调用ctx.fireXXX()便可以实现XXX事件传播的终止。
Netty源码—9.性能优化和设计模式的更多相关文章
- Netty源码分析第2章(NioEventLoop)---->第5节: 优化selector
Netty源码分析第二章: NioEventLoop 第五节: 优化selector 在剖析selector轮询之前, 我们先讲解一下selector的创建过程 回顾之前的小节, 在创建NioEv ...
- Netty源码分析第8章(高性能工具类FastThreadLocal和Recycler)---->第7节: 获取异线程释放的对象
Netty源码分析第八章: 高性能工具类FastThreadLocal和Recycler 第七节: 获取异线程释放的对象 上一小节分析了异线程回收对象, 原理是通过与stack关联的WeakOrder ...
- Netty源码分析--Reactor模型（二）
这一节和我一起开始正式的去研究Netty源码.在研究之前,我想先介绍一下Reactor模型. 我先分享两篇文献,大家可以自行下载学习. 链接:https://pan.baidu.com/s/1Uty ...
- netty源码分析 - Recycler 对象池的设计
目录 一.为什么需要对象池 二.使用姿势 2.1 同线程创建回收对象 2.2 异线程创建回收对象 三.数据结构 3.1 物理数据结构图 3.2 逻辑数据结构图(重要) 四.源码分析 4.2.同线程获取 ...
- Netty 源码分析系列（二）Netty 架构设计
前言 上一篇文章,我们对 Netty做了一个基本的概述,知道什么是Netty以及Netty的简单应用. Netty 源码分析系列(一)Netty 概述 本篇文章我们就来说说Netty的架构设计,解密高 ...
- netty源码分析之揭开reactor线程的面纱（二）
如果你对netty的reactor线程不了解,建议先看下上一篇文章netty源码分析之揭开reactor线程的面纱(一),这里再把reactor中的三个步骤的图贴一下 reactor线程 我们已经了解 ...
- Netty源码—一、server启动（1）
Netty作为一个Java生态中的网络组件有着举足轻重的位置,各种开源中间件都使用Netty进行网络通信,比如Dubbo.RocketMQ.可以说Netty是对Java NIO的封装,比如ByteBu ...
- Netty 源码 ChannelHandler（四）编解码技术
Netty 源码 ChannelHandler(四)编解码技术 Netty 系列目录(https://www.cnblogs.com/binarylei/p/10117436.html) 一.拆包与粘 ...
- Netty 源码 NioEventLoop（三）执行流程
Netty 源码 NioEventLoop(三)执行流程 Netty 系列目录(https://www.cnblogs.com/binarylei/p/10117436.html) 上文提到在启动 N ...
- Netty 源码剖析之 unSafe.write 方法
前言 在 Netty 源码剖析之 unSafe.read 方法 一文中,我们研究了 read 方法的实现,这是读取内容到容器,再看看 Netty 是如何将内容从容器输出 Channel 的吧. 1. ...
随机推荐
- SpringBoot整合Netty+WebSocket
SpringBoot整合Netty+WebSocket 构建环境 pom.xml <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ...
- cpa-公司战略与风险管理
1.战略与战略管理 2.战略分析 3.战略选择 4.战略实战 5.公司治理 6.风险与风险管理
- MyBatis的深入原理-架构设计以及实例分析
MyBatis是目前非常流行的ORM框架,它的功能很强大,然而其实现却比较简单.优雅.本文主要讲述MyBatis的架构设计思路,并且讨论MyBatis的几个核心部件,然后结合一个select查询实例, ...
- C#正则提取字符串中的数字
首先需要引入命名空间System.Text.RegularExpressions,具体实现如下所示: //提取纯数字,该方式会将所有数字提取出来并拼接在一起,如:"ABC#123@AS456 ...
- 四柱汉诺塔的 Frame-Stewart 算法及其最优性
注:本文基本上是对参考文献 \(1\) 的翻译.这份论文是法语的,并且我没找到英语版本或中文介绍( 大家应该很熟悉汉诺塔了把,,,这里就不解释三柱汉诺塔了. Frame-Stewart 算法 对于有 ...
- kvm远程管理
列出centos7中所有的虚拟机 [root@kvm1 ~]# virsh list --all Id Name State ------------------------------------- ...
- 最新demo版|如何0-1开发支付宝小程序之如何调试小程序（二）
上一篇跟大家详细的讲了下开发支付宝小程序前所需要做准备事项,安装了支付宝小程序的开发工具.那么今天就来详细聊一下在小程序开发工具中,我们需要如何调试小程序. 支付宝小程序的调试分为三种,分别是「模拟器 ...
- [BZOJ4771] 七彩树 题解
好题,又学两个思路. 先把问题变简单一点,去掉深度限制,那么有两种做法: 经典的前驱后继转化到二维数点. 颜色相同的点按 \(dfs\) 序排序,每个点 \(+1\),相邻两点 \(lca-1\).转 ...
- Polar困难模式部分题解
choose from pwn import *from LibcSearcher import *context.terminal = ["tmux","splitw& ...
- [评测/调研/AIGC/流媒体] 视频内容自动生成摘要工具
概述:视频内容自动生成摘要工具 SolidPoint | 仅支持 简介 SolidPoint 是一款AI驱动的在线视频摘要工具,专注于自动生成YouTube视频的简洁摘要. 通过分析视频内容提取关键点 ...