Oracle数据库中的几个名字及监听的配置问题

　　学习数据库的时候，由于数据库只建了一个库，而且只是本机访问，所以没有对listener.ora与tnsname.ora这两个文件进行过多设置，但是实际中要区分客户端与服务器端，相互之间的访问就存在微妙的关系了，处理不好又是一件头疼的事情。。而且Oracle中的名字比较多。。

　　首先要清楚listener.ora是存在于服务端的针对客户端访问数据库的，tnsnames.ora是针对于客户端的网络访问的，而且本地访问不需要监听器的。。

1.本地连接不需要listener

C:\Windows\system32>lsnrctl stop         //关闭监听

LSNRCTL for 64-bit Windows: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on 26-MAR-2016 22:36:34

Copyright (c) 1991, 2010, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=192.168.32.1)(PORT=1521)))
The command completed successfully

C:\Windows\system32>sqlplus root/root      //可以注意到这里是能够访问的

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Sat Mar 26 22:41:52 2016

Copyright (c) 1982, 2010, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options

SQL> exit
Disconnected from Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options

C:\Windows\system32>sqlplus root/root@wang   　　//但是@service_name后，就不走本地连接了，因为监听器没起，也起不来了

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Sat Mar 26 22:42:10 2016

Copyright (c) 1982, 2010, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

ERROR:　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
ORA-12541: TNS:no listener　　　　　　　　//报错 没有监听

　　2.先看一下两个文件的部分内容

listener.ora

SID_LIST_LISTENER =
  (SID_LIST =
    (SID_DESC =
      (SID_NAME = CLRExtProc)
      (ORACLE_HOME = e:\oracle\product\11.2.0\dbhome_1)
      (PROGRAM = extproc)
      (ENVS = "EXTPROC_DLLS=ONLY:e:\oracle\product\11.2.0\dbhome_1\bin\oraclr11.dll")
    )
    #(SID_DESC =   #####这一部分是静态注册手动添加内容，比动态注册稳定，相对于网络访问比较稳定，建议配置
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　###因为再刚起服务器的时候，由于延迟，数据库可能还没有连接监听器，造成客户端不能访问数据库。。。
     # (SID_NAME = wang)#数据库实例名字
      #(ORACLE_HOME = e:\oracle\product\11.2.0\dbhome_1)
      #(GLOBAL_DBNAME = wang)#数据库名
    #)
  )

LISTENER =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.32.1)(PORT = 1521))#网络监听地址要对应于tnsnames中的地址
  )

　　tnsnames.ora

WANG =   #网络服务域名，就是在root/root@后的字符串，这里可以随便起名不区分大小写,只要对应即可
  (DESCRIPTION =
    #(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.1.108)(PORT = 1521))
    (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.32.1)(PORT = 1521))
    #(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = localhost)(PORT = 1521))
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVER = DEDICATED)
      (SERVICE_NAME = wang)#网络服务名 这里不可以随便起名字，必须对应数据库中的service_names
    )
  )

LISTENER_WANG =
  #(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.1.108)(PORT = 1521))
  (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.32.1)(PORT = 1521))
  #(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = localhost)(PORT = 1521))

ORACLR_CONNECTION_DATA =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS_LIST =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1521))
    )
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SID = CLRExtProc)
      (PRESENTATION = RO)
    )
  )

　　再看一下数据库的各种名字

Connected.
SQL> show parameter name

NAME                                 TYPE        VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
db_file_name_convert                 string
db_name                              string      wang  --数据库名字 对应于sid
db_unique_name                       string      wang
global_names                         boolean     FALSE
instance_name                        string      wang  --库实例名
lock_name_space                      string
log_file_name_convert                string
service_names                        string      wang  --网络服务名

　3.这里是刚刚启动监听服务

C:\Windows\system32>lsnrctl start       ####启动监听服务

LSNRCTL for 64-bit Windows: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on 26-MAR-2016 23:08:27

Copyright (c) 1991, 2010, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Starting tnslsnr: please wait...

TNSLSNR for 64-bit Windows: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
System parameter file is e:\oracle\product\11.2.0\dbhome_1\network\admin\listener.ora
Log messages written to e:\oracle\diag\tnslsnr\xx\listener\alert\log.xml
Listening on: (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=192.168.32.1)(PORT=1521)))

Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=192.168.32.1)(PORT=1521)))
STATUS of the LISTENER     ###监听服务现在的一些状态
------------------------
Alias                     LISTENER
Version                   TNSLSNR for 64-bit Windows: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
Start Date                26-MAR-2016 23:08:30
Uptime                    0 days 0 hr. 0 min. 3 sec
Trace Level               off
Security                  ON: Local OS Authentication
SNMP                      OFF
Listener Parameter File   e:\oracle\product\11.2.0\dbhome_1\network\admin\listener.ora
Listener Log File         e:\oracle\diag\tnslsnr\xx\listener\alert\log.xml
Listening Endpoints Summary...   #######这里注意到 监听器还没有注册到wang数据库实例，所以静态注册实例是很有必要的，正如上方listener文件注释处
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=192.168.32.1)(PORT=1521)))
Services Summary...
Service "CLRExtProc" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "CLRExtProc", status UNKNOWN, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
The command completed successfully

C:\Windows\System32\drivers>sqlplus root/root@wang         ######可以注意到现在网络访问时出现问题，报错了，因为上边service_name还没有注册到监听器中

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Sat Mar 26 23:08:36 2016

Copyright (c) 1982, 2010, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

ERROR:
ORA-12514: TNS:listener does not currently know of service requested in connect
descriptor

Enter user-name:

　　4.稍等一会，数据库才把实例信息注册到监听器，可以使用网路服务访问数据库了。。

C:\Windows\system32>lsnrctl status   #####查看监听器的状态

LSNRCTL for 64-bit Windows: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on 26-MAR-2016 23:18:58

Copyright (c) 1991, 2010, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=192.168.32.1)(PORT=1521)))
STATUS of the LISTENER
------------------------
Alias                     LISTENER
Version                   TNSLSNR for 64-bit Windows: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
Start Date                26-MAR-2016 23:08:30
Uptime                    0 days 0 hr. 10 min. 29 sec
Trace Level               off
Security                  ON: Local OS Authentication
SNMP                      OFF
Listener Parameter File   e:\oracle\product\11.2.0\dbhome_1\network\admin\listener.ora
Listener Log File         e:\oracle\diag\tnslsnr\xx\listener\alert\log.xml
Listening Endpoints Summary...
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=192.168.32.1)(PORT=1521)))
Services Summary...
Service "CLRExtProc" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "CLRExtProc", status UNKNOWN, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
Service "wang" has 1 instance(s).  #####这里可以注意到数据库实例已经建立监听了
  Instance "wang", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
Service "wangXDB" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "wang", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
The command completed successfully

C:\Windows\System32\drivers>tnsping wang    ######而且tnsping也能ping通数据库了。。。。

TNS Ping Utility for 64-bit Windows: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on 26-MAR-2016 23:16:26

Copyright (c) 1997, 2010, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Used parameter files:
e:\oracle\product\11.2.0\dbhome_1\network\admin\sqlnet.ora

Used TNSNAMES adapter to resolve the alias
Attempting to contact (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.32.1)(PORT = 1521)) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVER = DEDICATED) (SERVICE_NAME = wang)))
OK (10 msec)

　　总结一下

　　　　　　第一尽量使用静态注册的方式

　　　　　　　　　　

############类似于上方listener.ora添加这一段信息，稳定
(SID_DESC =
      (SID_NAME = baiwang)
      (ORACLE_HOME = e:\oracle\product\11.2.0\dbhome_1)
      (GLOBAL_DBNAME = wang)
    )

　　　　　　第二网络配置要一致，尽量使用ip，不要使用主机名，因为解析也需要时间；

　　　　　　第三可以实现多ip地址配置，访问同一数据库