梦回高中,定义的f(i,j)为从(0,0)到(i,j)一共有多少条路可以选择,易知我们要做i+j次选择,其中有i次是选择x轴,剩下的是y轴,所以f(i,j)=C(i+j,i)=C(i+j,j),给你一个范围[r1,r2],[c1,c2],求出所有的f(i,j)之和,我们可以用容斥,设g(r,c)为范围[0,r][0,c]的f之和,那么答案就是g(r2,c2)-g(r2,c1-1)-g(r1-1,c2)+g(r1-1,c1-1),目标就转换为快速求g,由组合数公式,g(r,c)就可以从r*c个f和变成r个f和,g(r,c) = f(0,0)+f(0,1)+~~~+f(0,c)+~~~+f(r,0)+f(r,1)+~~~+f(r,c),f(0,0)+f(0,1)+~~~+f(0,c)=f(1,c)=C(c+1,c), f(r,0)+f(r,1)+~~~+f(r,c)=f(r+1,c)=C(c+1+r,c) 这样复杂度就是O(n),预处理后每个组合数是O(1)

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define lowbit(x) ((x)&(-x))
typedef long long LL; const int MOD = 1e9+;
const int maxm = 2e6+; LL F[maxm], Finv[maxm], inv[maxm]; LL comb(int n, int m) { //C(n, m)
if(m < || m > n) return ;
return F[n]*Finv[n-m]%MOD*Finv[m]%MOD;
} void run_case() {
int r1, c1, r2, c2, n;
cin >> r1 >> c1 >> r2 >> c2;
n = c2+r2+;
inv[] = ;
for(int i = ; i <= n; ++i)
inv[i] = (MOD - MOD / i) * 1LL * inv[MOD % i] % MOD;
F[] = Finv[] = ;
for(int i = ; i <= n; ++i) {
F[i] = F[i-] *1LL* i % MOD;
Finv[i] = Finv[i-] * 1LL * inv[i] % MOD;
}
LL ans1=,ans2=,ans3=,ans4=;
for(int i = ; i <= r2; ++i) (ans1+=comb(c2++i,c2))%=MOD;
for(int i = ; i <= r2; ++i) (ans2+=comb(c1+i,c1-))%=MOD;
for(int i = ; i <= r1-; ++i) (ans3+=comb(c2++i,c2))%=MOD;
for(int i = ; i <= r1-; ++i) (ans4+=comb(c1+i,c1-))%=MOD;
cout << (ans1+ans4-ans2-ans3+MOD)%MOD;
} int main() {
ios::sync_with_stdio(false), cin.tie();
//cout.setf(ios_base::showpoint);cout.precision(8);
run_case();
cout.flush();
return ;
}

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