【SQL查询】树结构查询

格式：
SELECT ... FROM    + 表名
WHERE              + 条件3
START WITH         + 条件1
CONNECT BY PRIOR   + 条件2
条件1: 表示从哪个节点开始查找, 也就是通过条件1 查询到的数据, 作为后续查询的起始节点(参数).
条件2: 是连接条件，其中用PRIOR表示上一条记录，例如CONNECT BY PRIOR ID = PID，意思就是上一条记录的ID是本条记录的PID，即本记录的父亲是上一条记录。
条件3: 不能用在 Connect By 后, 这里的条件判断, 等价于 在最后查询出结果列表之后, 再进行条件筛选; 并非 删除掉 节点及子节点;

关键点：
nocycle关键字, 有时候数据本身 不合理会导致出现循环的问题, 如 将上述的 ID '00001' 记录的 'PID' 也改为 '00001', 会出现循环的问题, 这是, 需要用到 nocycle 即可消除循环;
Connect By nocycle Prior ID = PID 即可.
connect_by_isleaf 表示当前节点是否是叶子节点
level 表示当前节点所处层级, 这里的层级指的是 从 start with 查询到的节点开始往下算起, 当前属于第几层级

示例：
 (1) 脚本

/* 表格 */
create table tb_menu(
	id number(10) not null,
	title varchar(50),
	parent number(10)
)
--父菜单
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(1, '父菜单1',null);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(2, '父菜单2',null);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(3, '父菜单3',null);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(4, '父菜单4',null);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(5, '父菜单5',null);
--一级菜单
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(6, '一级菜单6',1);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(7, '一级菜单7',1);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(8, '一级菜单8',1);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(9, '一级菜单9',2);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(10, '一级菜单10',2);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(11, '一级菜单11',2);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(12, '一级菜单12',3);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(13, '一级菜单13',3);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(14, '一级菜单14',3);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(15, '一级菜单15',4);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(16, '一级菜单16',4);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(17, '一级菜单17',4);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(18, '一级菜单18',5);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(19, '一级菜单19',5);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(20, '一级菜单20',5);
--二级菜单
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(21, '二级菜单21',6);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(22, '二级菜单22',6);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(23, '二级菜单23',7);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(24, '二级菜单24',7);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(25, '二级菜单25',8);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(26, '二级菜单26',9);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(27, '二级菜单27',10);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(28, '二级菜单28',11);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(29, '二级菜单29',12);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(30, '二级菜单30',13);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(31, '二级菜单31',14);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(32, '二级菜单32',15);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(33, '二级菜单33',16);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(34, '二级菜单34',17);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(35, '二级菜单35',18);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(36, '二级菜单36',19);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(37, '二级菜单37',20);
--三级菜单
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(38, '三级菜单38',21);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(39, '三级菜单39',22);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(40, '三级菜单40',23);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(41, '三级菜单41',24);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(42, '三级菜单42',25);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(43, '三级菜单43',26);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(44, '三级菜单44',27);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(45, '三级菜单45',28);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(46, '三级菜单46',28);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(47, '三级菜单47',29);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(48, '三级菜单48',30);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(49, '三级菜单49',31);
insert into tb_menu(id, title, parent) values(50, '三级菜单50',31);
commit;

(2) select level, t.* from tb_menu t start with id = 1 connect by prior t.id = t.parent;

(3)select level, t.id, lpad(' ', level * 4) || t.title as title, t.parent
  from tb_menu t
 start with id = 6
connect by prior t.id = t.parent;

id=6为起始节点，上一条记录的id是本记录的parent。也称为：本记录的parent是上一条记录的id

(4)select level, t.* from tb_menu t start with id = 6 connect by t.id = prior t.parent;

id=6为起始节点，上一条记录的parent是本记录的id。也称为：本记录的id是上一条记录的parent