requests基本应用

• requests基本功能详解

import requests

response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com')
print('type属性：',type(response))
print('Status Code: ',response.status_code)
print(type(response.text))
print('Response Headers：',response.headers)
print(response.text)
print('content：',response.content)
print(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
print('cookies：',response.cookies)

　　很多情况下的网站如果直接response.text会出现乱码的问题，所以这个使用response.content，
　　这样返回的数据格式其实是二进制格式，然后通过decode()转换为utf-8，这样就解决了通过response.text直接返回显示乱码的问题.。

　　还有一种通过encoding="utf-8"来解决response.text乱码问题。

response =requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
response.encoding="utf-8"
print(response.text)

　　不管是通过response.content.decode("utf-8)的方式还是通过response.encoding="utf-8"的方式都可以避免乱码的问题发生

• 常用的请求方式

• get请求方式

import requests

# get带参请求
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=zhaofan&age=23")
print(response.text)

data = {
    'name':'zhaofan',
    'age':'23'
}
# params关键字传递参数，已一个字典传递这些参数
response1 = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get',params=data)
print(response1.url)
print(response1.text)

　　上述两种的结果是相同的，通过params参数传递一个字典内容，从而直接构造url
　　注意：第二种方式通过字典的方式的时候，如果字典中的参数为None则不会添加到url上

• post带参请求

import requests

data = {
    "name":"zhaofan",
    "age":23
}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post",data=data)
print(response.text)

　　同样的在发送post请求的时候也可以和发送get请求一样通过headers参数传递一个字典类型的数据

• 响应

　　我们可以通过response获得很多属性，举个栗子：

import requests

response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
print(type(response.status_code),response.status_code)
print(type(response.headers),response.headers)
print(type(response.cookies),response.cookies)
print(type(response.url),response.url)
print(type(response.history),response.history)

　　运行结果如下：

<class 'int'> 200
<class 'requests.structures.CaseInsensitiveDict'> {'Cache-Control': 'private, no-cache, no-store, proxy-revalidate, no-transform', 'Connection': 'Keep-Alive', 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip', 'Content-Type': 'text/html', 'Date': 'Tue, 02 Apr 2019 03:58:51 GMT', 'Last-Modified': 'Mon, 23 Jan 2017 13:28:36 GMT', 'Pragma': 'no-cache', 'Server': 'bfe/1.0.8.18', 'Set-Cookie': 'BDORZ=27315; max-age=86400; domain=.baidu.com; path=/', 'Transfer-Encoding': 'chunked'}
<class 'requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar'> <RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie BDORZ=27315 for .baidu.com/>]>
<class 'str'> http://www.baidu.com/
<class 'list'> []

Process finished with exit code 0

• 状态码判断

Requests还附带了一个内置的状态码查询对象
主要有如下内容：

100: ('continue',),
101: ('switching_protocols',),
102: ('processing',),
103: ('checkpoint',),
122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\o/', '✓'),
201: ('created',),
202: ('accepted',),
203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
204: ('no_content',),
205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
208: ('already_reported',),
226: ('im_used',),

Redirection.
300: ('multiple_choices',),
301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\o-'),
302: ('found',),
303: ('see_other', 'other'),
304: ('not_modified',),
305: ('use_proxy',),
306: ('switch_proxy',),
307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
308: ('permanent_redirect',
'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0

Client Error.
400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
401: ('unauthorized',),
402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
403: ('forbidden',),
404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
406: ('not_acceptable',),
407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
409: ('conflict',),
410: ('gone',),
411: ('length_required',),
412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
417: ('expectation_failed',),
418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
421: ('misdirected_request',),
422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
423: ('locked',),
424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
444: ('no_response', 'none'),
449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
499: ('client_closed_request',),

Server Error.
500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\', '✗'),
501: ('not_implemented',),
502: ('bad_gateway',),
503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
504: ('gateway_timeout',),
505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
507: ('insufficient_storage',),
509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
510: ('not_extended',),
511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),

通过下面例子测试：（不过通常还是通过状态码判断更方便）

import requests

response= requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
if response.status_code == requests.codes.ok:
    print("访问成功")

• 解析json

import requests
import json

response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get")
print(type(response.text))
print(response.json())
print(json.loads(response.text))
print(type(response.json()))

　　从结果可以看出requests里面集成的json其实就是执行了json.loads()方法，两者的结果是一样的

• 获取二进制数据

在上面提到了response.content，这样获取的数据是二进制数据，同样的这个方法也可以用于下载图片以及
视频资源

• 添加headers

因为访问知乎需要头部信息，这个时候我们在谷歌浏览器里输入chrome://version,就可以看到用户代理，将用户代理添加到头部信息

import requests
headers = {

    "User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.36"
}
response =requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com",headers=headers)

print(response.text)

　　这样就可以正常的访问知乎了

• 获取cookie

import requests

response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
print(response.cookies)

for key,value in response.cookies.items():
    print(key+"="+value)

• 会话维持

　　cookie的一个作用就是可以用于模拟登陆，做会话维持

import requests
s = requests.Session()
s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456")
response = s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies")
print(response.text)

　　通过创建一个session对象，两次请求都通过这个对象访问

• 证书验证

　　现在的很多网站都是https的方式访问，所以这个时候就涉及到证书的问题

import requests

response = requests.get("https:/www.12306.cn")
print(response.status_code)

　　默认的12306网站的证书是不合法的，这样就会提示如下错误

为了避免这种情况的发生可以通过verify=False
但是这样是可以访问到页面，但是会提示：
InsecureRequestWarning: Unverified HTTPS request is being made. Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html#ssl-warnings InsecureRequestWarning)

import requests
from requests.packages import urllib3
urllib3.disable_warnings()
response = requests.get("https://www.12306.cn",verify=False)
print(response.status_code)

　　这样就不会提示警告信息，当然也可以通过cert参数放入证书路径

• 代理设置

import requests

proxies= {
    "http":"http://127.0.0.1:9999",
    "https":"http://127.0.0.1:8888"
}
response  = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com",proxies=proxies)
print(response.text)

　　如果代理需要设置账户名和密码,只需要将字典更改为如下：
proxies = {
"http":"http://user:password@127.0.0.1:9999"
}
如果你的代理是通过sokces这种方式则需要pip install "requests[socks]"
proxies= {
"http":"socks5://127.0.0.1:9999",
"https":"sockes5://127.0.0.1:8888"
}

• 超时设置

通过timeout参数可以设置超时的时间

• 认证设置

如果碰到需要认证的网站可以通过requests.auth模块实现

import requests

from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth

response = requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001/",auth=HTTPBasicAuth("user","123"))
print(response.status_code)

　　当然这里还有一种方式

import requests

response = requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001/",auth=("user","123"))
print(response.status_code)

• 异常处理

关于reqeusts的异常在这里可以看到详细内容：
http://www.python-requests.org/en/master/api/#exceptions
所有的异常都是在requests.excepitons中

从源码我们可以看出RequestException继承IOError,
HTTPError，ConnectionError,Timeout继承RequestionException
ProxyError，SSLError继承ConnectionError
ReadTimeout继承Timeout异常
这里列举了一些常用的异常继承关系，详细的可以看：
http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/_modules/requests/exceptions.html#RequestException

通过下面的例子进行简单的演示

import requests

from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout,ConnectionError,RequestException

try:
    response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get",timout=0.1)
    print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
    print("timeout")
except ConnectionError:
    print("connection Error")
except RequestException:
    print("error")

其实最后测试可以发现，首先被捕捉的异常是timeout,当把网络断掉的haul就会捕捉到ConnectionError，如果前面异常都没有捕捉到，最后也可以通过RequestExctption捕捉到