requests库详解 --Python3

本文介绍了requests库的基本使用，希望对大家有所帮助。

requests库官方文档：https://2.python-requests.org/en/master/

一、请求：

1、GET请求

coding:utf8
import requests

response = requests.get('http://www.httpbin.org/get')
print(response.text)

2、POST请求

# coding:utf8
import requests

data = {
    'name': 'Thanlon',
    'age': 22,
    'sex': '男'
}
response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=data)
print(response.text)

3、解析json

# coding:utf8
import requests, json

response = requests.get('http://www.httpbin.org/get')
print(type(response.text))
# print(response.text)
print(response.json())  # 等价于json.loads(response.text)
print(type(response.json()))

4、获取二进制数据

# coding:utf8
import requests

response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/img/dong_5af13a1a6fd9fb2c587e68ca5038a3c8.gif')
print(type(response.text))
print(type(response.content))
print(response.text)
print(response.content)  # 二进制流

5、保存二进制文件(图片、视频)

# coding:utf8
import requests

response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/img/dong_5af13a1a6fd9fb2c587e68ca5038a3c8.gif')
with open('image.gif', 'wb') as f:
    f.write(response.content)
    f.close()

6、添加headers(有需要添加请求头信息，否则请求不到，如“知乎”)

# coding:utf8
# get请求，添加headers
import requests

headers = {
    'user-agent': 'Mouser-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/72.0.3626.109 Safari/537.36zilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/72.0.3626.109 Safari/537.36'
}
response = requests.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore', headers=headers)
print(response.text)

#coding:utf8
#post请求，添加headers
import requests

data = {
    'name': 'Thanlon',
    'age': 22,
    'sex': '男'
}
headers = {
    'user-agent': 'Mouser-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/72.0.3626.109 Safari/537.36zilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/72.0.3626.109 Safari/537.36'
}
response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=data, headers=headers)
print(response.text)

二、响应（response）

1、response相关属性

#coding:utf8
import requests

response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org')
print(type(response.status_code), response.status_code)#状态码 <class 'int'>
print(type(response.headers), response.headers)#响应头 <class 'requests.structures.CaseInsensitiveDict'>
print(type(response.cookies), response.cookies)#cookie <class 'requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar'>
print(type(response.url), response.url)#请求的url <class 'str'>
print(type(response.history), response.history)  # 访问的历史记录 <class 'list'>

2、状态码判断

#coding:utf8
import requests

response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org')
if not response.status_code == requests.codes.ok:#requests.codes.ok等价于200
    pass
else:
    print('Request Successfully')

3、文件上传

#coding:utf8
import requests

files = {
    'file': open('image.gif', 'rb')  # file可自定义
}
response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', files=files)
print(response.text)

4、获取cookies

#coding:utf8
import requests

response = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com')
print(response.cookies)
print(response.cookies.items())  # [('BDORZ', '27315')]
for key, value in response.cookies.items():
    print(key + '=' + value)

5、会话维持：模拟登录(相当于一个浏览器在请求)

#coding:utf8
import requests

s = requests.Session()
s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/BDORZ/123456')
response = s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(response.text)

6、证书验证

#coding:utf8
import requests
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn')
print(response.status_code)

#coding:utf8
import requests, urllib3

urllib3.disable_warnings()  # 消除警报信息
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', verify=False)  # verify默认是True
print(response.status_code)  # 没有进行证书验证,有警报信息,

7、指定证书

#coding:utf8
import requests

response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', cert={'/path/server.crt', '/path/key'})
print(response.status_code)

8、代理的设置

#coding:utf8
import requests

proxies = {
    'http': 'http://127.0.0.1:9743',
    'https': 'https://127.0.0.1:9743'
}
response = requests.get('https://www.taobao.com', proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)

9、代理的设置（存在用户名和密码的情况下）

#coding:utf8
import requests

proxies = {
    'http': 'http://user:password@127.0.0.1:9743',
    'https': 'https://user:password@127.0.0.1:9743'
}
response = requests.get('https://www.taobao.com', proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)

10、socks代理

import requests

proxies = {
    'http': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:9743',
    'https': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:9743'
}
response = requests.get('https://www.taobao.com', proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)

11、超时设置

#coding:utf8
import requests

response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org', timeout=1)
print(response.status_code)

12、认证设置

遇到401错误，即：请求被禁止，需要加上auth参数

#coding:utf8
import requests
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth

response = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'pass'))
#response = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=('user', 'pass'))
print(response.status_code)

13、异常处理

#coding:utf8
import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout, HTTPError, RequestException, ConnectionError

try:
    response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org', timeout=0.3)
    print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
    print('Timeout')
except HTTPError:
    print('Http Error')
# except ConnectionError:
#     print('Connection Error')
except RequestException:
    print('Request Error ')