python-PyQuery详解

PyQuery库也是一个非常强大又灵活的网页解析库，如果你有前端开发经验的，都应该接触过jQuery,那么PyQuery就是你非常绝佳的选择，PyQuery 是 Python 仿照 jQuery 的严格实现。语法与 jQuery 几乎完全相同，所以不用再去费心去记一些奇怪的方法了。

官网地址：http://pyquery.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
jQuery参考文档： http://jquery.cuishifeng.cn/

初始化

初始化的时候一般有三种传入方式：传入字符串，传入url,传入文件

字符串初始化

html = '''
<div>
    <ul>
         <li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     </ul>
</div>
'''

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
print(doc)
print('--------------------')
print(type(doc))
print('--------------------')
print(doc('li'))

结果如下：

<div>
    <ul>
         <li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     </ul>
</div>
--------------------
<class 'pyquery.pyquery.PyQuery'>
--------------------
<li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     

由于PyQuery写起来比较麻烦，所以我们导入的时候都会添加别名：

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq

这里我们可以知道上述代码中的doc其实就是一个pyquery对象，我们可以通过doc可以进行元素的选择，其实这里就是一个css选择器，所以CSS选择器的规则都可以用，直接doc(标签名)就可以获取所有的该标签的内容，如果想要获取class 则doc('.class_name'),如果是id则doc('#id_name')....

URL初始化

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq

doc = pq(url="http://www.baidu.com",encoding='utf-8')
print(doc('head'))

文件初始化

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq

doc = pq(filename='demo.html')
print(doc('li'))

我们在pq()这里可以传入url参数也可以传入文件参数，当然这里的文件通常是一个html文件，例如：pq(filename='index.html')

基本的CSS选择器

html = '''
<div id="container">
    <ul class="list">
         <li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     </ul>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
print(doc('#container .list li'))

结果：

<li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     

 li 不一定是 .list 的子节点，但一定是子孙节点

这里我们需要注意的一个地方是doc('#container .list li')，这里的三者之间的并不是必须要挨着，只要是层级关系就可以,下面是常用的CSS选择器方法：

查找元素

子元素
children,find
代码例子：

html = '''
<div id="container">
    <ul class="list">
         <li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     </ul>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
items = doc('.list')
print(type(items))
print('------------------------')
print(items)
print('------------------------')
lis = items.find('li')
print(type(lis))
print('------------------------')
print(lis)
print('------------------------') 

运行结果如下:

<class 'pyquery.pyquery.PyQuery'>
------------------------
<ul class="list">
         <li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     </ul>

------------------------
<class 'pyquery.pyquery.PyQuery'>
------------------------
<li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>

------------------------

从结果里我们也可以看出通过pyquery找到结果其实还是一个pyquery对象，可以继续查找，上述中的代码中的items.find('li') 则表示查找ul里的所有的li标签

当然这里通过children可以实现同样的效果,并且通过.children方法得到的结果也是一个pyquery对象

li = items.children()
print(type(li))
print(li)

同时在children里也可以用CSS选择器

li2 = items.children('.active') 
print(li2)

父元素
parent,parents方法

通过.parent就可以找到父元素的内容，例子如下：

html = '''
<div id="container">
    <ul class="list">
         <li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     </ul>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
items = doc('.list')
container = items.parent()
print(type(container))
print(container)

通过.parents就可以找到祖先节点的内容，例子如下：

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
items = doc('.list')
parents = items.parents()
print(type(parents))
print(parents)

结果如下：从结果我们可以看出返回了两部分内容，一个是的父节点的信息，一个是父节点的父节点的信息即祖先节点的信息

<class 'pyquery.pyquery.PyQuery'>
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div><div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>

同样我们通过.parents查找的时候也可以添加css选择器来进行内容的筛选

parent = items.parents('.wrap')
print(parent)

结果：
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>

兄弟元素
siblings

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
li = doc('.list .item-0.active')
print(li.siblings())

结果：

<li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         

代码中doc('.list .item-0.active') 中的.tem-0和.active是紧挨着的，所以表示是并列的关系，这样满足条件的就剩下一个了：thired item的那个标签了

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
li = doc('.list .item-0.active')
print(li.siblings('.active'))

结果：

<li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>

这样在通过.siblings就可以获取所有的兄弟标签，当然这里是不包括自己的
同样的在.siblings()里也是可以通过CSS选择器进行筛选

遍历

单个元素

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
</div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
li = doc('.item-0.active')
print(li)

lis = doc('li').items()
print(type(lis))
for li in lis:
    print(type(li))
    print(li)

运行结果如下：从结果中我们可以看出通过items()可以得到一个生成器，并且我们通过for循环得到的每个元素依然是一个pyquery对象。

<li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>

--------------------------
<class 'generator'>
<class 'pyquery.pyquery.PyQuery'>
<li class="item-0">first item</li>

<class 'pyquery.pyquery.PyQuery'>
<li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>

<class 'pyquery.pyquery.PyQuery'>
<li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>

<class 'pyquery.pyquery.PyQuery'>
<li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>

<class 'pyquery.pyquery.PyQuery'>
<li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>

获取信息

获取属性
pyquery对象.attr(属性名)
pyquery对象.attr.属性名

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
a = doc('.item-0.active a')
print(a)
print(a.attr('href'))
print(a.attr.href)

结果：

<a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a>
link3.html
link3.html

所以这里我们也可以知道获得属性值的时候可以直接a.attr(属性名)或者a.attr.属性名

获取文本
在很多时候我们是需要获取被html标签包含的文本信息,通过.text()就可以获取文本信息

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
a = doc('.item-0.active a')
print(a)
print(a.text())

结果：

<a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a>
third item

获取html
我们通过.html()的方式可以获取当前标签所包含的html信息，例子如下：

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
li = doc('.item-0.active')
print(li)
print（‘------------------’）
print(li.html())

结果如下：

<li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>

-------------------
<a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a>

DOM操作

addClass、removeClass
熟悉前端操作的话，通过这两个操作可以添加和删除属性

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
li = doc('.item-0.active')
print(li)
print('---------------')
li.removeClass('active')
print(li)
print('---------------')
li.addClass('active')
print(li)

结果：

<li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>

---------------
<li class="item-0"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>

---------------
<li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>

attr,css
同样的我们可以通过attr给标签添加和修改属性，
如果之前没有该属性则是添加，如果有则是修改
我们也可以通过css添加一些css属性，这个时候，标签的属性里会多一个style属性

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
li = doc('.item-0.active')
print(li)
print('---------------')
li.attr('name', 'link')
print(li)
print('---------------')
li.css('font-size', '14px')
print(li)

结果如下：

<li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>

---------------
<li class="item-0 active" name="link"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>

---------------
<li class="item-0 active" name="link" style="font-size: 14px"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             

remove
有时候我们获取文本信息的时候可能并列的会有一些其他标签干扰，这个时候通过remove就可以将无用的或者干扰的标签直接删除，从而方便操作

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    Hello, World
    <p>This is a paragraph.</p>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
wrap = doc('.wrap')
print(wrap.text())
print('----------------')
wrap.find('p').remove()
print(wrap.text())

 结果如下：

Hello, World
This is a paragraph.
-----------------
Hello, World

pyquery中DOM的其他api操作参考：
http://pyquery.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html

伪类选择器

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
</div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
li = doc('li:first-child') #获取第一个li标签
print(li)
print('-----------------------')
li = doc('li:last-child') #获取最后一个li标签
print(li)
print('-----------------------')
li = doc('li:nth-child(2)') #获取第二个li标签 计数从0开始
print(li)
print('-----------------------')
li = doc('li:gt(2)') #获取比二大的li标签
print(li)
print('-----------------------')
li = doc('li:nth-child(2n)') #获取偶数的li标签
print(li)
print('-----------------------')
li = doc('li:contains(second)') #获取包含second文本的li标签
print(li)

结果：

<li class="item-0">first item</li>

-----------------------
<li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>

-----------------------
<li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>

-----------------------
<li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>

-----------------------
<li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>

-----------------------
<li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>

更多CSS选择器可以查看  http://www.w3school.com.cn/css/index.asp

http://www.w3school.com.cn/

原文：https://www.cnblogs.com/zhaof/p/6935473.html