LINQ标准查询运算符的执行方式-延时之流式处理

记录LINQ标准查询运算符的学习

LINQ的延迟执行方式分两种，一种是流式处理，另一种是非流式处理。流式处理是指：当获取到的源元素足够计算时，就生成结果元素，不一定要获取全部源元素。

ToAsEnumerable

namespace ConsoleApp4
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Clump<string> fruitClump =
                new Clump<string> { "apple", "passionfruit", "banana",
            "mango", "orange", "blueberry", "grape", "strawberry" };

            // 调用 Clump's Where() method with a predicate.
            IEnumerable<string> query1 =
                fruitClump.Where(fruit => fruit.Contains("o"));

            Console.WriteLine("query1 has been created.\n");

            // 强迫使用 System.Linq.Enumerable 的 Where() 方法.
            IEnumerable<string> query2 =
                fruitClump.AsEnumerable().Where(fruit => fruit.Contains("o"));

            // Display the output.
            Console.WriteLine("query2 has been created.");
        }
    }
    class Clump<T> : List<T>
    {
        // Custom implementation of Where().
        public IEnumerable<T> Where(Func<T, bool> predicate)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("In Clump's implementation of Where().");
            return Enumerable.Where(this, predicate);
        }
    }
}

Cast

//ArrayList 继承的是IEnumerable 而非IEnumerable<T>
System.Collections.ArrayList fruits = new System.Collections.ArrayList();
fruits.Add("mango");
fruits.Add("apple");
fruits.Add("lemon");

//OrderBy扩展的是IEnumerable<T>。因此通过Cast<T>转为IEnumerable<T>
IEnumerable<string> query =
    fruits.Cast<string>().OrderBy(fruit => fruit).Select(fruit => fruit);

foreach (string fruit in query)
{
    Console.WriteLine(fruit);
}            

Concat 连接序列

Pet[] cats = GetCats();
Pet[] dogs = GetDogs();

IEnumerable<string> query =
    cats.Select(cat => cat.Name).Concat(dogs.Select(dog => dog.Name));

foreach (string name in query)
{
    Console.WriteLine(name);
}

//用另一个select重载试试
IEnumerable<string> query1 =
    cats.Select((pet, index) => { if (index == 2) { return pet.Name; } else { return ""; } })
    .Concat(dogs.Select(dog=>dog.Name))

DefaultIfEmpty 如果序列为空，则返回一个具有默认值的单例类集合

Pet defaultPet = new Pet { Name = "Default Pet", Age =  };

List<Pet> pets1 =
    new List<Pet>{ new Pet { Name="Barley", Age= },
           new Pet { Name="Boots", Age= },
           new Pet { Name="Whiskers", Age= } };

foreach (Pet pet in pets1.DefaultIfEmpty(defaultPet))
{
    Console.WriteLine("Name: {0}", pet.Name);
}

List<Pet> pets2 = new List<Pet>();

foreach (Pet pet in pets2.DefaultIfEmpty(defaultPet))
{
    Console.WriteLine("\nName: {0}", pet.Name);
}           

Distinct 返回元素不重复的元素，可以使用默认比较器，也可以传个新的

Product product1 = new Product { Name = "apple", Code =  };
Product[] products = { product1,
           new Product { Name = "orange", Code =  },
          product1,
           new Product { Name = "lemon", Code =  } };

//在此处，使用默认比较器
IEnumerable<Product> noduplicates = products.Distinct();

//该不该生产当前结果元素，只需要判断之前的源元素有没有一样的，知道判断到有，就不生成
foreach (var product in noduplicates)
    Console.WriteLine(product.Name + " " + product.Code);

Except 返回序列之间的差值

double[] numbers1 = { 2.0, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 };
double[] numbers2 = { 2.2 };

IEnumerable<double> onlyInFirstSet = numbers1.Except(numbers2);

foreach (double number in onlyInFirstSet)
    Console.WriteLine(number);            

GroupJoin 两个序列进行分组联接

Person magnus = new Person { Name = "Hedlund, Magnus" };
Person terry = new Person { Name = "Adams, Terry" };           

Pet barley = new Pet { Name = "Barley", Owner = terry };
Pet boots = new Pet { Name = "Boots", Owner = terry };
Pet daisy = new Pet { Name = "Daisy", Owner = magnus };

List<Person> people = new List<Person> { magnus, terry };
List<Pet> pets = new List<Pet> { barley, boots, daisy };

//Pet的Owner和Person关联
var query =
    people.GroupJoin(pets,
                     person => person,
                     pet => pet.Owner,
                     (person, petCollection) =>
                         new
                         {
                             OwnerName = person.Name,
                             Pets = petCollection.Select(pet => pet.Name)
                         });

foreach (var obj in query)
{
    Console.WriteLine("{0}:", obj.OwnerName);
    foreach (string pet in obj.Pets)
    {
        Console.WriteLine("  {0}", pet);
    }
}

Intersect 求序列交集

Product product = new Product { Name = "apple", Code =  };

Product[] store1 = { product,
           new Product { Name = "orange", Code =  } };

Product[] store2 = { product,
           new Product { Name = "lemon", Code =  } };

//在这里 使用默认比较器求差值
var products = store1.Intersect(store2); 

foreach(var item in products)
{
    Console.WriteLine(item.Name);
}

Join基于匹配建对序列的元素进行关联

Person magnus = new Person { Name = "Hedlund, Magnus" };
Person terry = new Person { Name = "Adams, Terry" };
Person charlotte = new Person { Name = "Weiss, Charlotte" };

Pet barley = new Pet { Name = "Barley", Owner = terry };
Pet boots = new Pet { Name = "Boots", Owner = terry };
Pet whiskers = new Pet { Name = "Whiskers", Owner = charlotte };
Pet daisy = new Pet { Name = "Daisy", Owner = magnus };

List<Person> people = new List<Person> { magnus, terry, charlotte };
List<Pet> pets = new List<Pet> { barley, boots, whiskers, daisy };

//pet的owner和person关联
var query =
    people.Join(pets,
                person => person,
                pet => pet.Owner,
                (person, pet) =>
                    new { OwnerName = person.Name, Pet = pet.Name });

foreach (var obj in query)
{
    Console.WriteLine(
        "{0} - {1}",
        obj.OwnerName,
        obj.Pet);
}

OfType 根据指定类型筛选序列指定的元素

System.Collections.ArrayList fruits = new System.Collections.ArrayList();
fruits.Add("Mango");
fruits.Add("Orange");
fruits.Add("Apple");
fruits.Add(3.0);
fruits.Add("Banana");

// Apply OfType() to the ArrayList.
IEnumerable<string> query1 = fruits.OfType<string>();

Console.WriteLine("Elements of type 'string' are:");
foreach (string fruit in query1)
{
    Console.WriteLine(fruit);
}

Console.WriteLine("Elements of type 'int' are:");
IEnumerable<double> query2 = fruits.OfType<double>();
foreach (var num in query2)
{
    Console.WriteLine(num);
}

Range 生成指定范围内的序列

IEnumerable<int> squares = Enumerable.Range(, ).Select(x => x * x);

foreach (int num in squares)
{
    Console.WriteLine(num);
}

Repeat生成一个包含重复值的序列

IEnumerable<string> strings =
Enumerable.Repeat("I like programming.", );

foreach (String str in strings)
{
    Console.WriteLine(str);
}

Select 将序列中的每个元素投影到新表单

string[] fruits = { "apple", "banana", "mango", "orange",
          "passionfruit", "grape" };

var query =
    fruits.Select((fruit, index) => new { index,str=fruit.Substring(,index)});

foreach (var obj in query)
{
    Console.WriteLine("{0}", obj);
}            

SelectMany 将序列的每个元素投影到 IEnumerable<T> ,然后，每个元素投影到的结果序列合并成一个大的序列。

PetOwner[] petOwners =
{
  new PetOwner { Name="Higa",
      Pets = new List<string>{ "Scruffy", "Sam" } },
  new PetOwner { Name="Ashkenazi",
      Pets = new List<string>{ "Walker", "Sugar" } },
  new PetOwner { Name="Price",
      Pets = new List<string>{ "Scratches", "Diesel" } },
  new PetOwner { Name="Hines",
      Pets = new List<string>{ "Dusty" } }
};

//想要的结果，Higa养猪人都有哪些猪，排成一行行的结果。
// {Owner=Higa, Pet=Scruffy}
// {Owner=Higa, Pet=Sam}

var query = petOwners.Where(owner=>owner.Name=="Higa")
    .SelectMany(owner => owner.Pets, (owner, pet) => new { owner = owner.Name, pet });
foreach(var obj in query)
{
    Console.WriteLine(obj);
}           

Skip 跳过指定数量的元素，返回一个剩下元素组成的新序列

int[] grades = { , , , , , ,  };

IEnumerable<int> lowerGrades =
    grades.Skip();

foreach (int grade in lowerGrades)
{
    Console.WriteLine(grade);
}

//返回结果
//70
//56
//92
//98
//

SkipWhile 当条件为true，前面的元素忽略，剩下的元素组成一个新序列。
下面有坑，请注意。

int[] grades = { , , , , , ,  };

IEnumerable<int> newGrades =
     grades.SkipWhile(grade => grade >= );

foreach (int grade in newGrades)
{
    Console.WriteLine(grade);
}

Console.WriteLine("\n");

//排序之后的跳过
IEnumerable<int> lowerGrades =
     grades.OrderByDescending(g=>g).SkipWhile(grade => grade >= );

foreach (int grade in lowerGrades)
{
    Console.WriteLine(grade);
}

控制台输出结果：
59
82
70
56
92
98
85

70
59
5

Take从序列的开头返回指定数量的相邻元素

int[] grades = { , , , , , ,  };

IEnumerable<int> newGrades =
    grades.Take();

foreach (int grade in newGrades)
{
    Console.WriteLine(grade);
}

TakeWhile 只要指定的条件为 true，就会返回序列的元素，从开头开始取，直到不满足条件，剩下的元素也不返回了。

string[] fruits = { "apple", "banana", "mango", "orange",
          "passionfruit", "grape" };

IEnumerable<string> query =
    fruits.TakeWhile(fruit => String.Compare("orange", fruit, true)!= );

foreach (string fruit in query)
{
    Console.WriteLine(fruit);
}

Console.WriteLine("\n");

IEnumerable<string> query1 =
    fruits.TakeWhile(fruit => String.Compare("apple", fruit, true) == );

foreach (string fruit in query1)
{
    Console.WriteLine(fruit);
}

/*
 输出结果:

 apple
 banana
 mango

 apple
*/

Union 生成两个序列的并集

跑了好些示例，发现只要通过标准运算符生成的元素如果要通过判断相等操作，都有比较器可以传入的函数。

int[] ints1 = { , , , , , , ,  };
int[] ints2 = { , , , , , , ,  };

IEnumerable<int> union = ints1.Union(ints2);

foreach (int num in union)
{
    Console.Write("{0} ", num);
}

Where 基于条件筛选序列，太常用了。

List<string> fruits =
    new List<string> { "apple", "passionfruit", "banana", "mango",
                    "orange", "blueberry", "grape", "strawberry" };

IEnumerable<string> query = fruits.Where(fruit => fruit.Length < );

foreach (string fruit in query)
{
    Console.WriteLine(fruit);
}
/*
 This code produces the following output:

 apple
 mango
 grape
*/