Initialization and Class loading - Java
可以说,类的代码在初次使用时才加载。这通常指加载发生于创建类的第一个对象之时,但当访问
static域或static方法时,也会发生加载(通过下面的这段代码验证)。
class LoadTest {
// The static clause is executed upon class loading:
static {
System.out.println("Loading LoadTest");
}
static void staticMember() {}
static int i = 0;
}
public class classLoading {
public static void main(String args[]) {
System.out.println("Calling static member");
//new LoadTest(); // 1
//LoadTest.staticMember(); //
LoadTest.i++; //
System.out.println("Creating an object");
}
}
Output:
lxw@:::~/eclipse/java/javaComLine$ java classLoading
Calling static member
Loading LoadTest
Creating an object
无论保留语句1,语句2还是语句3,代码运行结果都是上面的结果。
所有的static对象和static代码段会在加载时按照程序中的顺序(定义类时的书写顺序)而依次初始化。
本文将以下面的代码为例展开论述:
class Insect {
private int i = 9;
protected int j;
Insect() {
System.out.println("i = " + i + ", j = " + j);
j = 39;
}
private static int x1 =
printInit("static Insect.x1 initialized");
static int printInit(String s) {
System.out.println(s);
return 47;
}
}
public class Beetle extends Insect {
private int k = printInit("Beetle.k initialized");
public Beetle() {
System.out.println("k = " + k);
System.out.println("j = " + j);
}
private static int x2 =
printInit("static Beetle.x2 initialized");
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Beetle constructor");
//Beetle b = new Beetle(); // 1
//Beetle b; //
}
}
Output:
lxw@:::~/eclipse/java/javaComLine$ java Beetle
static Insect.x1 initialized
static Beetle.x2 initialized
Beetle constructor
Analyze:
Part 1.
上面的代码执行时,首先将试图访问main(),于是开始启动并找出Beetle类的编译代码,在加载的过程中
编译器注意到它有一个基类,于是先对基类进行加载。此时基类中的static初始化开始被执行,然后执行导出
类中的static初始化。”先执行基类然后再执行导出类“的原因是导出类的static初始化可能会依赖于基类成员是
否被初始化。
简略的说就是:基类的static数据成员初始化 -> 导出类的static数据成员初始化 -> main()
至此,不管代码中是否创建一个基类或导出类的对象都执行这些步骤。
Part 2.
更改上面的代码,将语句2的注释去掉,则运行结果与上面的结果相同。
Part3.
更改上面的代码,将语句1的注释去掉:
Output:
lxw@:::~/eclipse/java/javaComLine$ java Beetle
static Insect.x1 initialized
static Beetle.x2 initialized
Beetle constructor
i = , j =
Beetle.k initialized
k =
j =
请注意各个输出的顺序。当用new创建导出类的一个对象时,其执行顺序如下:
1. 基类初始化:先是基类的非静态成员初始化,然后是基类构造器的执行
2. 导出类初始化:先是导出类的非静态成员初始化,然后是导出类构造器的执行
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