MySQL复制

(1)扩展方式: Scale Up ,Scale Out

(2)MySQL的扩展

读写分离
复制:每个节点都有相同的数据集
向外扩展
二进制日志
单向

(3)复制的功用:

数据分布
负载均衡读
备份
高可用和故障切换
MySQL升级测试

一主多从  

主从复制原理

(1)从库生成两个线程,一个I/O线程,一个SQL线程;
(2)i/o线程去请求主库 的binlog,并将得到的binlog日志写到relay log(中继日志) 文件中;主库会生成一个 log dump 线程,用来给从库 i/o线程传binlog;
(3)SQL 线程,会读取relay log文件中的日志,并解析成具体操作,来实现主从的操作一致,而最终数据一致;

主从复制线程:

主节点:

dump Thread:为每个Slave的I/O Thread启动一个dump线程,用于向其发送binary log events

从节点:

I/O Thread:向Master请求二进制日志事件,并保存于中继日志中
SQL Thread:从中继日志中读取日志事件,在本地完成重放

跟复制功能相关的文件:

master.info:用于保存slave连接至master时的相关信息,例如账号、密码、服务器地址等
relay-log.info:保存在当前slave节点上已经复制的当前二进制日志和本地replay log日志的对应关系

主从复制特点:

异步复制
主从数据不一致比较常见

复制架构:

Master/Slave, Master/Master, 环状复制
一主多从
从服务器还可以再有从服务器
一从多主:适用于多个不同数据库
主主

复制需要考虑二进制日志事件记录格式

STATEMENT(5.0之前)
ROW(5.1之后,推荐)
MIXED

主从配置过程:参看官网
https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/setting-up-replication/
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/replication-configuration.html

实现主从复制架构:

(1)先在B主机(从服务器)相关的配置文件,配置数据库文件时,最好确保主从的数据库为空

[root@centos7-1data]#vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
read-only # 只读权限,对于普通用户无法修改,但是root用户可以进行修改
server-id=2
log_bin=/data/logbin/mysql-bin # 指定二进制日志路径
binlog_format=row # 二进制日志保存格式
relay_log=relay-log # 开启中继日志
log_slave_updates = 1 # 默认是关闭状态,打开后才能复制主服务器的二进制日志,此项很重要

(2)配置A主机(主服务器)的配置文件

[mysqld]
server-id=1
log_bin=/data/logbin/mysql-bin
binlog_format=ROW 将二进制日志按行显示,保证二进制日志不丢失
skip-name-resolve # 不将IP地址解析为名称

(3)重启机器A(主服务器)的mysql服务并在mysql数据库中创建从复制权限的用户账号

[root@centos7data]#systemctl restart mariadb
[root@centos7data]#mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 2
Server version: 5.5.60-MariaDB MariaDB Server Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
MariaDB [(none)]> show master logs; # 复制之前查看要复制文件的起始位置与文件大小。
+------------------+-----------+
| Log_name | File_size |
+------------------+-----------+
| mysql-bin.000001 | 26756 |
| mysql-bin.000002 | 921736 |
| mysql-bin.000003 | 245 |
+------------------+-----------+ MariaDB [(none)]> grant replication slave on *.* to repluser@'192.168.34.%' identified by 'centos'; 创建复制权限的用户账号
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]>

在主服务导入一个数据库模板,准备让从服务器进行复制

[root@centos7~]#mysql < hellodb_innodb.sql 

(4)重启从服务器的mysql数据库,在从服务器上设置,使用有复制权限的用户账号连接至主服务器,并启动复制线程

可以在help帮助中查看模板,方便写入重要信息:

MariaDB [(none)]> help change master to  帮助可以看到相关模板
CHANGE MASTER TO
MASTER_HOST='master2.mycompany.com', 主服务器地址
MASTER_USER='replication', 主服务器创建有复制权限的服务名
MASTER_PASSWORD='bigs3cret', 密码
MASTER_PORT=3306,
MASTER_LOG_FILE='master2-bin.001', 二进制日志
MASTER_LOG_POS=4, 从二进制日志多大开始复制

MariaDB [(none)]> CHANGE MASTER TO
-> MASTER_HOST='192.168.34.101',
-> MASTER_USER='repluser',
-> MASTER_PASSWORD='centos',
-> MASTER_PORT=3306,
-> MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.000003',
-> MASTER_LOG_POS=245;

查看导入的模板信息:

MariaDB [(none)]> show slave status\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State:
Master_Host: 192.168.34.101 主服务器IP地址
Master_User: repluser 主服务器名
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000003 从000003开始复制
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 245
Relay_Log_File: mariadb-relay-bin.000001 复制过来的数据库名
Relay_Log_Pos: 4
Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000003
Slave_IO_Running: No
Slave_SQL_Running: No

(5)在从服务器开始复制

MariaDB [(none)]> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

此时可以跟踪一下从服务器复制状态,出现的是I/O线程过程

MariaDB [(none)]> show processlist;
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+----------+
| Id | User | Host | db | Command | Time | State | Info | Progress |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+----------+
| 5 | root | localhost | NULL | Query | 0 | NULL | show processlist | 0.000 |
| 6 | system user | | NULL | Connect | 69 | Waiting for master to send event | NULL | 0.000 |
| 7 | system user | | NULL | Connect | 1817 | Slave has read all relay log; waiting for the slave I/O thread to update it | NULL | 0.000 |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(6)此时在从服务器查看复制后的数据库内容,已经将主服务器的数据库内容全部复制过来

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hellodb |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(7)查看主服务器当前的线程情况,出现的就是dump线程过程

MariaDB [(none)]> show processlist
-> ;
+----+----------+----------------------+------+-------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+----------+
| Id | User | Host | db | Command | Time | State | Info | Progress |
+----+----------+----------------------+------+-------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+----------+
| 2 | root | localhost | NULL | Query | 0 | NULL | show processlist | 0.000 |
| 8 | repluser | 192.168.34.102:56744 | NULL | Binlog Dump | 218 | Master has sent all binlog to slave; waiting for binlog to be updated | NULL | 0.000 |
+----+----------+----------------------+------+-------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+----------+

若要继续添加新salve,实现一主多从

(1)在第二个从服务器上修改配置文件

[root@centos7-1data]#vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
read-only # 只读权限,对于普通用户无法修改,但是root用户可以进行修改
server-id=3 # server ID要不一致
log_bin=/data/logbin/mysql-bin # 指定二进制日志路径
binlog_format=row # 二进制日志保存格式
relay_log=relay-log # 开启中继日志
log_slave_updates = 1 # 使主服务器的数据写进二进制日志中

(2)重启第二个从服务器mysql数据库

[root@10-9-122-130~]#systemctl restart mariadb

(3)在生产中,如果之前的数据库数据已经很大,需要新加一个slave数据库,可以将之前的数据库进行完全备份,对新的数据进行主从复制:在主服务器上备份当前的数据库信息

MariaDB [(none)]> show master logs;  # 备份前,可以看到主服务器的起始二进制日志文件大小是245,mysql-bin.000004
+------------------+-----------+
| Log_name | File_size |
+------------------+-----------+
| mysql-bin.000001 | 26756 |
| mysql-bin.000002 | 921736 |
| mysql-bin.000003 | 7583 |
| mysql-bin.000004 | 245 |
+------------------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec) [root@centos7~]#mysqldump -A -F --single-transaction --master-data=1 > /data/all_bak.sql 主服务器上备份数据库信息,--master-data=1的1适用于主从复制中
[root@centos7~]#scp /data/all_bak.sql 192.168.34.103:/data/ 然后将备份的数据库传到第二个从服务器的data目录下
all_bak.sql

修改复制到第二个从服务器的备份数据,将主机名、账号、密码及端口写入即可,而实际的二进制文件的大小和文件名已经存在,在第二个从服务器导入时,就不需要再写change  master to

(4)在第二个从服务器修改备份数据内容,作为从服务器启动复制线程

CHANGE MASTER TO
MASTER_HOST='192.168.34.101',
MASTER_USER='repluser',
MASTER_PASSWORD='centos',
MASTER_PORT=3306,
MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.000004', MASTER_LOG_POS=245;

(5)在第二个从服务器上修改完备份内容后,直接导入到mysql数据库中,并进行复制主服务器数据库

[root@centos7-2 data]# mysql < all_bak.sql  将备份数据库存放在mysql数据库中
MariaDB [(none)]> start slave; 启动从服务器复制
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;查看此时的数据库已经复制过来
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hellodb |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

验证一主多从服务器关系

在主服务器上创建新的数据库:

MariaDB [(none)]> create database db1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| db1 |
| hellodb |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

在从服务器1上查看是否复制了数据库db1

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| db1 |
| hellodb |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

在从服务器2上查看是否复制了数据库db1

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| db1 |
| hellodb |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

解除主从关系,恢复独立的服务器,并将从服务器作为主节点服务器

现在,当主服务器down机后,可以将从服务器1作为主服务器,从服务器2作为从服务器

如果主节点已经运行了一段时间,且有大量数据时,如何配置并启动slave节点

通过备份恢复数据至从服务器
复制起始位置为备份时,二进制日志文件及其POS

(1)将从服务器1的复制线程停止

MariaDB [(none)]> stop slave;

(2)将从服务器1节点全部删除,准备做为主服务器

MariaDB [(none)]> reset slave all;
MariaDB [(none)]> show slave status; 此时查看没有从服务器节点

(3)在从服务器1修改为以下配置文件内容:vim /etc/my.cnf

[mysqld]
server-id=2
log_bin=/data/logbin/mysql-bin
binlog_format=row
relay_log=relay-log
skip-name-resolve

(4)在从服务器1上查看当前的二进制日志信息,做为第二个从服务器复制的起始文件大小和名称

MariaDB [(none)]> show master logs;
+--------------------+-----------+
| Log_name | File_size |
+--------------------+-----------+
| mariadb-bin.000001 | 245 |
+--------------------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

(5)在从服务器2清除master.info ,relay-log.info, relay log ,开始新的relay log ,注意:需要先STOP SLAVE

stop slave;
reset slave all;

(6)在从服务器2上开启复制线程

MariaDB [(none)]> CHANGE MASTER TO
-> MASTER_HOST='192.168.34.102', # 当前主服务器的IP地址
-> MASTER_USER='repluser',
-> MASTER_PASSWORD='centos',
-> MASTER_PORT=3306,
-> MASTER_LOG_FILE='mariadb-bin.000001',
-> MASTER_LOG_POS=245;

(7)启动从服务器2的复制功能

start slave

验证主从复制结果

MariaDB [(none)]> create database haha1;   #在主服务器上新建数据库
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| db1 |
| haha |
| haha1 |
| hellodb |
| lisi |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
9 rows in set (0.01 sec)

 查看从服务器复制的结果

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| db1 |
| hellodb |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

实验:主从级联复制

实现原理:在主从复制的基础上,主从之间存在一个级联复制的从服务器,当级联复制的主机复制了主服务器的数据,级联复制主机充当为主服务器,从服务器复制级联复制主机的数据及二进制日志数据。

注意:中间级联复制的主机无法将二进制日志传递到其他从服务器上,因此需要加上log_slave_updates选项,目的是为了将主服务器的二进制日志文件能写入到从服务器上。

如果要启用级联复制,需要在从服务器启用以下配置,log_slave_updates很关键,为了实时更新主服务器的二进制日志信息。

环境准备:

A机器作为主服务器:192.168.34.101

B机器作为中间级联复制从服务器:192.168.34.102

C机器作为从服务器 :192.168.34.103

在A主服务器上配置相关文件:

(1)配置mysql数据库配置文件中进行相关配置

vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
server-id=1
log_bin=/data/logbin/mysql-bin
binlog_format=ROW

(2)启动数据库服务

systemctl start mariadb

将之前缓存的二进制日志全部清除

show master logs;  查看二进制日志
reset master; 清空二进制日志

(3)查看主服务器的二进制日志信息

MariaDB [(none)]> show master logs;
+------------------+-----------+
| Log_name | File_size |
+------------------+-----------+
| mysql-bin.000001 | 245 |
+------------------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

(4)登陆mysql账号,并创建一个只有复制权限的账号

MariaDB [(none)]> grant replication  slave on *.* to rpl@'192.168.34.%' identified  by 'centos';

在从服务器B上修改相关配置文件

(1)修改mysql配置文件

vim  /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
server-id=2
binlog_format=ROW
log_bin=/data/logbin/mysql-bin
read-only
log_slave_updates # 将主服务器的二进制日志更新到本机的级联主机上,下一个从服务器进行复制二进制日志

(2)启动mysql服务器

[root@centos7-1~]#systemctl start mariadb

最好先看看中间级联复制的而二进制日志的起始位置,虽然默认是从服务器从245起点开始复制级联机器的数据,有时系统起始复制位置不是245,从节点有可能无法从245开始复制级联复制机器的数据。

[root@centos7 ~]# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 11
Server version: 10.3.10-MariaDB-log MariaDB Server Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. MariaDB [(none)]> show master logs;
+------------------+-----------+
| Log_name | File_size |
+------------------+-----------+
| mysql-bin.000001 | 351 |
| mysql-bin.000002 | 328 |
+------------------+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.001 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> reset master ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.009 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> show master logs;
+------------------+-----------+
| Log_name | File_size |
+------------------+-----------+
| mysql-bin.000001 | 245 |
+------------------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)

(3)启动复制线程

MariaDB [(none)]> CHANGE MASTER TO
-> MASTER_HOST='192.168.34.101',
-> MASTER_USER='rpl',
-> MASTER_PASSWORD='centos',
-> MASTER_PORT=3306,
-> MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.000001',
-> MASTER_LOG_POS=245; 注意:指定数据库从头开始复制
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

(4)启动slave,并查看当前的启动状态

MariaDB [(none)]> start slave;   开启slave功能
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> show slave status\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
Master_Host: 192.168.34.101
Master_User: rpl
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 395
Relay_Log_File: centos7-1-relay-bin.000002
Relay_Log_Pos: 690
Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Slave_IO_Running: Yes #yes就是表示开启
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes

对比主从复制结果

(1)在主服务器上导入数据库内容

[root@centos7~]#mysql < hellodb_innodb.sql  导入数据库
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; 查看数据库内容
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hellodb |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

(2)在从服务器查看已经复制了主服务器的数据库内容

[root@centos7-1mysql]#mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 24
Server version: 10.2.29-MariaDB-log MariaDB Server Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; 此时看到已经复制了主服务器的数据库内容
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| hellodb |
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

在从服务器C上配置相关文件

(1)配置第二个从服务器配置文件

vim  /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
server-id=3
read-only

重启mysql服务

systemctl restart mariadb

(2)查看B从服务器的二进制日志信息,此时的日志大小已经是7308,如果从7308开启复制进程,前面复制的数据库全部都不会复制,因此,我们前面已经查出级联机器是从245有二进制日志,默认的数据是从245开始复制,如果级联复制不是从245开始,就需要从查到的开始进行复制。

MariaDB [(none)]> show master logs;
+--------------------+-----------+
| Log_name | File_size |
+--------------------+-----------+
| mariadb-bin.000001 | 7308 |
+--------------------+-----------+

(3)在C主机配置复制线程文件,并开启复制线程 

MariaDB [(none)]> CHANGE MASTER TO
-> MASTER_HOST='192.168.34.102', #指向B主机的IP地址
-> MASTER_USER='rpl',
-> MASTER_PASSWORD='centos',
-> MASTER_PORT=3306,
-> MASTER_LOG_FILE='mariadb-bin.000001',
-> MASTER_LOG_POS=245;

(4)在C主机开启slave开关

start   slave

(5)在C主机查看slave开启状态

MariaDB [(none)]> show slave status\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
Master_Host: 192.168.34.102
Master_User: rpl
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mariadb-bin.000001
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 7308
Relay_Log_File: mariadb-relay-bin.000002
Relay_Log_Pos: 7594
Relay_Master_Log_File: mariadb-bin.000001
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes

此时在C从服务器中查看已经复制了B从服务器的数据库信息

MariaDB [hellodb]> show  databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| hellodb |
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+

复制架构中应该注意的问题:

1、限制从服务器为只读
 在从服务器上设置read_only=ON 最好使用read_only选项
注意:此限制对拥有SUPER权限的用户均无效
阻止所有用户, 包括主服务器复制的更新
mysql> FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK; 最好不要加此选项,会阻止从服务器复制的更新
2、RESET SLAVE
在从服务器清除master.info ,relay-log.info, relay log ,开始新的relay log ,注意:需要先STOP SLAVE RESET SLAVE ALL 清除所有从服务器上设置的主服务器同步信息如:PORT, HOST, USER和 PASSWORD 等
3、sql_slave_skip_counter = N # 从服务器忽略几个主服务器的复制事件,global变量,生产中比较实用,可以忽略错误继续往下复制,否则因为一个错误不能往下复制,会导致后续的数据不能复制。

如何保证主从复制的事务安全

参看https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/server-system-variables/
在master节点启用参数:

sync_binlog=1                      # 每次写后立即同步二进制日志到磁盘,性能差
如果用到的为InnoDB存储引擎:
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=1 # 每次事务提交立即同步日志写磁盘
innodb_support_xa=ON # 默认值,分布式事务MariaDB10.3.0废除
sync_master_info=# #次事件后master.info同步到磁盘

在slave节点启用服务器选项:

skip_slave_start=ON # 不自动启动slave,skip是忽略slave启动,不要关闭。

在slave节点启用参数:

sync_relay_log=# #次写后同步relay log到磁盘
sync_relay_log_info=# #次事务后同步relay-log.info到磁盘

实验:sql_slave_skip_counter跳过复制错误用法

在主服务器上查看一个表的详细情况

MariaDB [hellodb]> select * from teachers;  可以看到此时的teachers表序列号是4
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+
| TID | Name | Age | Gender |
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+
| 1 | Song Jiang | 45 | M |
| 2 | Zhang Sanfeng | 94 | M |
| 3 | Miejue Shitai | 77 | F |
| 4 | Lin Chaoying | 93 | F |
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec) MariaDB [hellodb]> desc teachers; 我们可以看到序列号是自动增长,TID为主键
+--------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| TID | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| Name | varchar(100) | NO | | NULL | |
| Age | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | | NULL | |
| Gender | enum('F','M') | YES | | NULL | |
+--------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

在从服务器上查看一个表的详细情况

MariaDB [hellodb]> select * from teachers;  可以看到此时的teachers表序列号是4
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+
| TID | Name | Age | Gender |
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+
| 1 | Song Jiang | 45 | M |
| 2 | Zhang Sanfeng | 94 | M |
| 3 | Miejue Shitai | 77 | F |
| 4 | Lin Chaoying | 93 | F |
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec) MariaDB [hellodb]> desc teachers; 我们可以看到序列号是自动增长,TID为主键
+--------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| TID | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| Name | varchar(100) | NO | | NULL | |
| Age | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | | NULL | |
| Gender | enum('F','M') | YES | | NULL | |
+--------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

下来我们先在B从服务器的teachers表添加数据,添加的haha的TID是6,就会与主服务器的TID存在冲突,就无法复制主无服务器的信息

MariaDB [hellodb]> insert teachers(name)value('biubiu');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec) MariaDB [hellodb]> select * from teachers;
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+
| TID | Name | Age | Gender |
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+
| 1 | Song Jiang | 45 | M |
| 2 | Zhang Sanfeng | 94 | M |
| 3 | Miejue Shitai | 77 | F |
| 4 | Lin Chaoying | 93 | F |
| 5 | lisi | 0 | NULL |
| 6 | haha | 0 | NULL |
| 7 | biubiu | 0 | NULL |
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+

我们在主服务器的teachers表添加数据,此时添加的wang的TID是6

MariaDB [hellodb]> insert teachers(name)value('wang');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.02 sec) MariaDB [hellodb]> select * from teachers;
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+
| TID | Name | Age | Gender |
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+
| 1 | Song Jiang | 45 | M |
| 2 | Zhang Sanfeng | 94 | M |
| 3 | Miejue Shitai | 77 | F |
| 4 | Lin Chaoying | 93 | F |
| 5 | lisi | 0 | NULL |
| 6 | wang | 0 | NULL |
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+

下来我们在B从服务器上查看slave状态,可以明确的看到错误信息,是因为主键6存在错误

MariaDB [hellodb]> show slave status\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
Master_Host: 192.168.34.101
Master_User: rpl
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 7924
Relay_Log_File: mariadb-relay-bin.000002
Relay_Log_Pos: 8014
Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: No
Replicate_Do_DB:
Replicate_Ignore_DB:
Replicate_Do_Table:
Replicate_Ignore_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
Last_Errno: 1062
Last_Error: Could not execute Write_rows event on table hellodb.teachers; Duplicate entry '6' for key 'PRIMARY', Error_code: 1062; handler error HA_ERR_FOUND_DUPP_KEY; the event's master log mysql-bin.000001, end_log_pos 7897
Skip_Counter: 0
Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 7730
Relay_Log_Space: 8504
Until_Condition: None
Until_Log_File:
Until_Log_Pos: 0
Master_SSL_Allowed: No
Master_SSL_CA_File:
Master_SSL_CA_Path:
Master_SSL_Cert:
Master_SSL_Cipher:
Master_SSL_Key:
Seconds_Behind_Master: NULL
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
Last_IO_Errno: 0
Last_IO_Error:
Last_SQL_Errno: 1062 错误编号
Last_SQL_Error: Could not execute Write_rows event on table hellodb.teachers; Duplicate entry '6' for key 'PRIMARY', Error_code: 1062; handler error HA_ERR_FOUND_DUPP_KEY; the event's master log mysql-bin.000001, end_log_pos 7897
Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:
Master_Server_Id: 1

停止slave,然后再设置跳过此次的错误信息

MariaDB [hellodb]> stop slave;

我们在B服务器上进行修改跳过一个错误的操作

MariaDB [hellodb]> set global sql_slave_skip_counter=1; 由于只有一个错误,就修改为1

查看跳过的信息

MariaDB [hellodb]> select @@sql_slave_skip_counter;
+--------------------------+
| @@sql_slave_skip_counter |
+--------------------------+
| 1 |
+--------------------------+

开启slave

MariaDB [hellodb]> start slave;

启动slave,查看slave状态,并查看复制的结果,此时会跳过主服务器冲突的TID,从服务器继续复制之后的信息

MariaDB [hellodb]> show slave status\G;  查看当前slave状态
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
Master_Host: 192.168.34.101
Master_User: rpl
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 8508
Relay_Log_File: mariadb-relay-bin.000004
Relay_Log_Pos: 529
Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
Replicate_Do_DB:
Replicate_Ignore_DB:
Replicate_Do_Table:
Replicate_Ignore_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
Last_Errno: 0
Last_Error:
Skip_Counter: 0
Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 8508
Relay_Log_Space: 1693
Until_Condition: None
Until_Log_File:
Until_Log_Pos: 0
Master_SSL_Allowed: No
Master_SSL_CA_File:
Master_SSL_CA_Path:
Master_SSL_Cert:
Master_SSL_Cipher:
Master_SSL_Key:
Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
Last_IO_Errno: 0
Last_IO_Error:
Last_SQL_Errno: 0
Last_SQL_Error:
Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:
Master_Server_Id: 1 MariaDB [hellodb]> select * from teachers; 此时跳过了冲突的TID,不会复制主服务器冲突TID的信息,直接复制下面的信息
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+
| TID | Name | Age | Gender |
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+
| 1 | Song Jiang | 45 | M |
| 2 | Zhang Sanfeng | 94 | M |
| 3 | Miejue Shitai | 77 | F |
| 4 | Lin Chaoying | 93 | F |
| 5 | lisi | 0 | NULL |
| 6 | haha | 0 | NULL |
| 7 | biubiu | 0 | NULL |
| 8 | zhangsan | 0 | NULL |
| 9 | wo | 0 | NULL |
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+

冲突的TID=6,可以手动在B从服务器上修改,保证与主服务器一致

MariaDB [hellodb]> update teachers set name='wang' where tid=6; 修改tid=6的相关信息
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 MariaDB [hellodb]> select * from teachers;
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+
| TID | Name | Age | Gender |
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+
| 1 | Song Jiang | 45 | M |
| 2 | Zhang Sanfeng | 94 | M |
| 3 | Miejue Shitai | 77 | F |
| 4 | Lin Chaoying | 93 | F |
| 5 | lisi | 0 | NULL |
| 6 | wang | 0 | NULL |
| 7 | biubiu | 0 | NULL |
| 8 | zhangsan | 0 | NULL |
| 9 | wo | 0 | NULL |
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+

主主复制

主主复制:互为主从
(1)容易产生的问题:数据不一致;因此慎用
(2)考虑要点:自动增长id

配置一个节点使用奇数id

auto_increment_offset=1 开始点
auto_increment_increment=2 增长幅度

另一个节点使用偶数id

auto_increment_offset=2
auto_increment_increment=2

主主复制的配置步骤:

(1) 各节点使用一个惟一server_id
(2) 都启动binary log和relay log
(3) 创建拥有复制权限的用户账号
(4) 定义自动增长id字段的数值范围各为奇偶
(5) 均把对方指定为主节点,并启动复制线程

实验:主主复制

先在A主服务器上修改mysql配置文件

vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
server-id=1
log_bin=/data/logbin/mysql-bin
binlog_format=ROW
auto_increment_offset=1
auto_increment_increment=2

重启A机器mysql服务器

systemctl reatart  mariadb

在B主服务器上修改mysql配置文件  

vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
server-id=2
log_bin
binlog_format=ROW
auto_increment_offset=2
auto_increment_increment=2

重启B主机的mysql服务

systemctl restart mariadb

在A主机上创建复制权限的账号

MariaDB [(none)]> grant replication slave on *.*  to rpl@'192.168.34.%' identified by 'centos';

查看A主机当前的二进制日志文件大小

MariaDB [(none)]> show master logs;
+------------------+-----------+
| Log_name | File_size |
+------------------+-----------+
| mysql-bin.000001 | 245 |
+------------------+-----------+

然后在B主机上启动复制线程

MariaDB [(none)]> CHANGE MASTER TO
-> MASTER_HOST='192.168.34.101',
-> MASTER_USER='rpl',
-> MASTER_PASSWORD='centos',
-> MASTER_PORT=3306,
-> MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.000001', 指定A主机的二进制日志初始文件
-> MASTER_LOG_POS=245; 初始的二进制日志文件大小

在B主机上启动slave

MariaDB [(none)]> start slave; 启动slave
MariaDB [(none)]> show slave status\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
Master_Host: 192.168.34.101
Master_User: rpl
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 401
Relay_Log_File: mariadb-relay-bin.000002
Relay_Log_Pos: 685
Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Slave_IO_Running: Yes 查看此时已经启动IO_slave
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes 已经启动SQL_slave

在A主机上导入数据库,并查看数据库内容

[root@centos7~]#mysql < hellodb_innodb.sql
[root@centos7~]#mysql
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hellodb |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+

在B主机上查看复制A主机的数据库是否成功,此时已经复制成功,实现主主单向复制,下来我们还需要实现主主双向复制

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hellodb |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |

在B主机上查看二进制日志情况

MariaDB [(none)]> show master logs;
+--------------------+-----------+
| Log_name | File_size |
+--------------------+-----------+
| mariadb-bin.000001 | 245 |
+--------------------+-----------+

然后在A主机上开启复制线程,指定B主机的详细信息

MariaDB [(none)]> CHANGE MASTER TO
-> MASTER_HOST='192.168.34.102',
-> MASTER_USER='rpl',
-> MASTER_PASSWORD='centos',
-> MASTER_PORT=3306,
-> MASTER_LOG_FILE='mariadb-bin.000001',
-> MASTER_LOG_POS=245;

启动A主机的slave,并查看状态

MariaDB [(none)]> start slave;  开启slave
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> show slave status\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
Master_Host: 192.168.34.102
Master_User: rpl
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mariadb-bin.000001
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 245
Relay_Log_File: mariadb-relay-bin.000002
Relay_Log_Pos: 531
Relay_Master_Log_File: mariadb-bin.000001
Slave_IO_Running: Yes 此时已经开启IO
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes 此时开启SQL

此时,我们来看一下A主机创建一个表,并插入表信息,此时的ID号以奇数开始增涨

MariaDB [hellodb]> create table  t1(id int auto_increment primary key,name char(10));  创建表t1
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) MariaDB [hellodb]> insert t1(name)value('a'); 插入a信息
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) MariaDB [hellodb]> insert t1(name)value('b'); 插入b信息
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [hellodb]> select * from t1;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | a |
| 3 | b |
+----+------+

在B主机上插入表格信息,此时在B主机上插入信息,会以偶数递增序列号,不会和A主机存在冲突

MariaDB [hellodb]> insert t1(name)value('a');  在B主机上插入a信息
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) MariaDB [hellodb]> insert t1(name)value('b'); 在B主机上插入b信息
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [hellodb]> select * from t1; 查看此时未出现冲突情况,但是ID顺序会比较乱
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | a |
| 3 | b |
| 4 | a |
| 6 | b |
+----+------+

主从复制的半同步复制

原理:介于异步复制和全同步复制之间,主库在执行完客户端提交的事务后不是立刻返回给客户端,而是等待至少一个从库接收到并写到relay log中才返回给客户端。相对于异步复制,半同步复制提高了数据的安全性,同时它也造成了一定程度的延迟,这个延迟最少是一个TCP/IP往返的时间。所以,半同步复制最好在低延时的网络中使用。  

默认情况下,MySQL的复制功能是异步的,异步复制可以提供最佳的性能,主库把binlog日志发送给从库即结束,并不验证从库是否接收完毕。这意味着当主服务器或从服务器端发生故障时,有可能从服务器没有接收到主服务器发送过来的binlog日志,这就会造成主服务器和从服务器的数据不一致,甚至在恢复时造成数据的丢失  

实验:先配置主从复制,再配置半同步复制(生产中常用此配置)

A机器为主服务器

B为第一个从服务器

C为第二个从服务器

启动三个服务器的mysql服务

# systemctl start mariadb

配置主服务器的相关配置

(1)配置主服务器的mysql配置

[root@centos7~]#vim /etc/my.cnf

[mysqld]
server-id=1
log_bin=/data/logbin/mysql-bin
binlog_format=ROW

(2)清空之前实验的二进制日志文件,(注意,在生产环境中不要这么做),并查看当前的二进制日志情况

MariaDB [(none)]> reset master;
MariaDB [(none)]> show master logs;
+------------------+-----------+
| Log_name | File_size |
+------------------+-----------+
| mysql-bin.000001 | 245 |
+------------------+-----------+

(3)主服务器上创建授权复制账号

[root@centos7~]#mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 2
Server version: 5.5.60-MariaDB MariaDB Server Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. MariaDB [(none)]> grant replication slave on *.* to rpl@'192.168.34.%' identified by 'centos';

在从服务器配置相关文件 

(1)在B从服务器mysql数据库配置文件

server-id=2       #配置server-id,让从服务器有唯一ID号
relay_log = relay-log #打开Mysql中继日志,日志格式为二进制
read_only = 1 #设置只读权限
log_bin = /data/mysql/mysql-bin #开启从服务器二进制日志(非必须)
log_slave_updates = 1 #使得更新的数据写进二进制日志中

(2)在B从服务器mysql数据库中启动复制线程

MariaDB [(none)]> CHANGE MASTER TO
-> MASTER_HOST='192.168.34.101', 配置主服务器的IP地址
-> MASTER_USER='rpl',
-> MASTER_PASSWORD='centos',
-> MASTER_PORT=3306,
-> MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.000001',指定主服务器二进制日志的文件
-> MASTER_LOG_POS=245; 指定初始二进制日志的文件大小

开启slave并查看slave状态

start slave

查看slave状态

MariaDB [(none)]> show slave status\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
Master_Host: 192.168.34.101
Master_User: rpl
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 396
Relay_Log_File: mariadb-relay-bin.000002
Relay_Log_Pos: 680
Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Slave_IO_Running: Yes 查看IO已开启
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes 查看SQL已开启

(4)在C从服务器上设置mysql配置文件 

server-id=3       #配置server-id,让从服务器有唯一ID号
relay_log = relay-log #打开Mysql中继日志,日志格式为二进制
read_only = 1 #设置只读权限
log_bin = /data/logbin/mysql-bin #开启从服务器二进制日志,(非必须)
log_slave_updates = 1 #使得更新的数据写进二进制日志中

(5)在C从服务器mysql数据库中启动复制线程  

CHANGE MASTER TO
MASTER_HOST='192.168.34.101', 指定主服务器IP地址
MASTER_USER='rpl',
MASTER_PASSWORD='centos',
MASTER_PORT=3306,
MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.000001',
MASTER_LOG_POS=245; 主服务器的二进制日志初始值

(6)启动slave并查看状态 

MariaDB [(none)]> start slave; 启动slave
MariaDB [(none)]> show slave status\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
Master_Host: 192.168.34.102
Master_User: rpl
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mariadb-bin.000001
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 245
Relay_Log_File: mariadb-relay-bin.000002
Relay_Log_Pos: 531
Relay_Master_Log_File: mariadb-bin.000001
Slave_IO_Running: Yes 此时的IO已开启
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes 此时的SQL已开启

验证主从复制效果: 

(1)在主服务器导入数据库

[root@centos7~]#mysql < hellodb_innodb.sql
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hellodb |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

在B从服务器查看复制结果

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hellodb |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

在C从服务器查看复制结果

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hellodb |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

下来查询半同步插件配置,并配置半同步相关实

/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/semisync_master.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/semisync_slave.so

(1)在主服务器上安装插件

MariaDB [(none)]> INSTALL PLUGIN rpl_semi_sync_master SONAME 'semisync_master.so';

(2)查看安装后的插件名

MariaDB [(none)]> show plugins;
| Name | Status | Type | Library | License
rpl_semi_sync_master(对用插件文件名) | ACTIVE | REPLICATION | semisync_master.so | GPL

(3)启动插件

MariaDB [(none)]> show global variables like 'rpl_semi%';  查看是否开启
MariaDB [(none)]> set global rpl_semi_sync_master_enabled = on; 开启插件,此时看见只是临时启动,要长久使用需要加入到配置文件中

将插件永久启动:写入配置文件中 

[mysqld]
server-id=1
log_bin=/data/logbin/mysql-bin
binlog_format=ROW
rpl_semi_sync_master_enabled

重新启动mysql服务

systemctl restart mariadb

设置超时时长

mysql>SET GLOBAL rpl_semi_sync_master_timeout = 1000;超时长为1s

查看变量信息

mysql>SHOW GLOBAL VARIABLES LIKE '%semi%';

查看状态变量

mysql>SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE '%semi%';

在B从服务器上设置相关配置:

(1)安装从节点插件

mysql> INSTALL PLUGIN rpl_semi_sync_slave SONAME 'semisync_slave.so';

(2)启动插件,将插件写入配置文件中,永久保存

mysql> SET GLOBAL rpl_semi_sync_slave_enabled=1;临时启动插件

永久保存在文件中,并重启mysql服务 systemctl restart mariadb

vim /etc/m.cnf
[mysqld]
server-id=2
read-only
log_bin
rpl_semi_sync_slave_enabled

查看B从服务器的插件状态是否启用

SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE '%semi%';

在C从服务器上做相同的配置

(1)安装插件

MariaDB [(none)]> INSTALL PLUGIN rpl_semi_sync_slave SONAME 'semisync_slave.so';

(2)启动插件,最好将插件保存在配置文件中

mysql> SET GLOBAL rpl_semi_sync_slave_enabled=1;临时启动插件

修改在配置文件中,永久保存,并重启mysql服务:systemctl restart mariadb

vim /etc/m.cnf
[mysqld]
server-id=3
read-only
rpl_semi_sync_slave_enabled

查看C从服务器状态是否已经启用插件:

SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE '%semi%';

查看插件启用状态:

 MariaDB [(none)]> select @@rpl_semi_sync_slave_enabled;

在主节点上查看此时开启的插件状态

下来我们要实现半同步实验,必须将两个从服务器的slave功能重启才可以生效

# stop slave;
# start slave;

超时时间默认是10s,我们可以将此选项设置2s,提升用户感知,修改完之后重启mysql服务即可

vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
rpl_semi_sync_master_timeout=2000

实现主从从架构及复制过滤器

复制过滤原理:复制过滤器:(黑、白名单)仅复制有限一个或几个数据库相关的数据,而非所有;由复制过滤器进行;

有两种实现思路:

(1) 服务器选项:主服务器仅向二进制日志中记录与特定数据库相关的事件
注意:此项和binlog_format相关
参看:https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mysqld-options/#-binlog-ignore-db
binlog_do_db = 数据库白名单列表,多个数据库需多行实现
binlog_ignore_db = 数据库黑名单列表
问题:基于二进制还原将无法实现;不建议使用
(2) 从服务器SQL_THREAD在replay中继日志中的事件时,仅读取与特定数据库(特定表)相关的事件并应用于本地
问题:会造成网络及磁盘IO浪费 建议使用此方法,在从服务器上配置
从服务器上的复制过滤器相关变量
replicate_do_db= # 指定复制库的白名单,仅允许从复制这个库的二进制日志
replicate_ignore_db= # 指定复制库黑名单,除了这个数据库,其他都允许复制
replicate_do_table= # 指定复制表的白名单
replicate_ignore_table= # 指定复制表的黑名单
replicate_wild_do_table= foo%.bar% 支持通配符
replicate_wild_ignore_table=

查看复制过滤器相关变量

MariaDB [hellodb]> show variables like 'replicate%';
+----------------------------------+-----------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+----------------------------------+-----------+
| replicate_annotate_row_events | OFF |
| replicate_do_db | |
| replicate_do_table | |
| replicate_events_marked_for_skip | replicate |
| replicate_ignore_db | |
| replicate_ignore_table | |
| replicate_wild_do_table | |
| replicate_wild_ignore_table | |
+----------------------------------+-----------+

第一种方法:在从服务器上指定特定数据库进行复制(推荐) 

(1)在B从服务器修改/etc/my.cnfl配置文件并重启mysql服务器

server-id=2       #配置server-id,让从服务器有唯一ID号
relay_log = relay-log #打开Mysql日志,日志格式为二进制
read_only = 1 #设置只读权限
log_bin = /data/logbin/mysql-bin #开启从服务器二进制日志,(必须)
log_slave_updates = 1 #使得更新的数据写进二进制日志中
replicate_do_db=hellodb # 过滤hellodb数据库,只复制此数据库

(2)在C服务器修改mysql配置文件并重启mysql服务器

server-id=3       #配置server-id,让从服务器有唯一ID号
relay_log = relay-log #打开Mysql日志,日志格式为二进制
read_only = 1 #设置只读权限
log_bin = /data/logbin/mysql-bin #开启从服务器二进制日志,(必须)
log_slave_updates = 1 #使得更新的数据写进二进制日志中
replicate_do_db=hellodb # 过滤hellodb数据库,只复制此数据库

验证过滤hellodb数据库结果

在A主服务器上hellodb数据库的teachers表中插入内容

MariaDB>use hellodb;
MariaDB [hellodb]> insert teachers(name)value('biu');在hellodb数据库的teachers表中插入内容

在A从服务器mysql数据库创建一个db1数据库

MariaDB [hellodb]> create database db1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [hellodb]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| db1 |
| hellodb |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

在B从服务msyql服务器中查看A主服务器创建的数据库内容

MariaDB [hellodb]> select * from teachers;
ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away
No connection. Trying to reconnect...
Connection id: 4
Current database: hellodb +-----+---------------+-----+--------+
| TID | Name | Age | Gender |
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+
| 1 | Song Jiang | 45 | M |
| 2 | Zhang Sanfeng | 94 | M |
| 3 | Miejue Shitai | 77 | F |
| 4 | Lin Chaoying | 93 | F |
| 5 | a | 0 | NULL |
| 6 | biu | 0 | NULL |
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+

此时查看新建的db1数据库无法复制

MariaDB [hellodb]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hellodb |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+

在C从服务器查看A主服务器创建的数据库

MariaDB [hellodb]> select * from teachers;
ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away
No connection. Trying to reconnect...
Connection id: 4
Current database: hellodb +-----+---------------+-----+--------+
| TID | Name | Age | Gender |
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+
| 1 | Song Jiang | 45 | M |
| 2 | Zhang Sanfeng | 94 | M |
| 3 | Miejue Shitai | 77 | F |
| 4 | Lin Chaoying | 93 | F |
| 5 | a | 0 | NULL |
| 6 | biu | 0 | NULL |
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+

此时查看新建的db1数据库无法复制  

MariaDB [hellodb]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hellodb |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+

第二种方法:在主服务器上设置复制指定的数据库和二进制日志(生产中不推荐)

vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
[mysqld]
server-id=1
log_bin=/data/logbin/mysql-bin
binlog_format=ROW
binlog_do_db=hellodb # 只复制hellodb数据库及二进制日志
binlog_do_db=db1 # 只复制db1数据库及二进制日志

重启msyql服务:systemctl restart mariadb

删除B和C从服务器的配置文件:replicate_do_db=hellodb 并重启mysql服务:systemctl restart mariadb,做此实验室需要将以上的实验配置文件先删除。

由于上面做的实验,创建了db1,当时从服务器未复制db1数据库,此时我们可以在主服务器上删除db1重新创建db1

(1)在A主服务器上删除db1数据库

drop database db1;

(2)在B和C从服务器都操作slave,跳过当前错误复制过程

MariaDB [hellodb]> stop slave;  先停止slave
MariaDB [hellodb]> set global sql_slave_skip_counter=1; 跳过当前复制错误
MariaDB [hellodb]> start slave; 开启slave

(3)此时在A主服务器上创建db1数据库

MariaDB [hellodb]> create database db1;

(4)查看此时B和C从服务器的数据库复制情况

MariaDB [hellodb]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| db1 |
| hellodb |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+

(5)在A主服务器上查询白名单状态

MariaDB [hellodb]> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| mysql-bin.000003 | 599 | hellodb,db1 | |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+

MySQL复制加密  

基于SSL复制:

在默认的主从复制过程或远程连接到MySQL/MariaDB所有的链接通信中的数据都是明文的,外网里访问数据或则复制,存在安全隐患。通过SSL/TLS加密的方式进行复制的方法,来进一步提高数据的安全性
配置实现:

参看:https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/replication-with-secure-connections/

主服务器开启SSL:[mysqld] 加一行ssl
主服务器配置证书和私钥;并且创建一个要求必须使用SSL连接的复制账号
从服务器使用CHANGER MASTER TO 命令时指明ssl相关选项

实验:开始对mysql复制加密

(1)在A主服务器创建一个存放文件的目录ssl

[root@centos7~]#cd /etc/my.cnf.d
[root@centos7my.cnf.d]#ls
client.cnf mysql-clients.cnf server.cnf
[root@centos7my.cnf.d]#mkdir ssl 创建一个ssl目录
[root@centos7my.cnf.d]#cd ssl

(2)在A主服务器生成私钥文件

[root@centos7ssl]#(umask 066;openssl genrsa 2048 >cakey.pem)
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
..............................................................+++
.................+++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
[root@centos7ssl]#ll
total 4
-rw------- 1 root root 1679 Nov 26 16:55 cakey.pem

(3)在A主服务器创建自签名证书

[root@centos7ssl]#openssl  req  -new  -x509   -key  cakey.pem  -out  cacert.pem  -days 3650
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:beijing
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:beijing
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:magedu
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:devops
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:ca.magedu.com
Email Address []:

(4)A主服务器申请证书

[root@centos7ssl]#openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -days 365 -nodes  -keyout master.key > master.csr   此时的-nodes是私钥不加密的意思
Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key
...........+++
................................................................................+++
writing new private key to 'master.key'
-----
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:beijing
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:beijing
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:magedu
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:devops
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:master.magedu.com
Email Address []: Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:

(5)在A主服务器上替从服务器申请证书

[root@centos7ssl]#openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -days 365 -nodes  -keyout slave.key > slave.csr
Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key
...........................................................................................................+++
.............................................+++
writing new private key to 'slave.key'
-----
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:beijing
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:beijing
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:magedu
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:devops
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:slave.magedu.com
Email Address []: Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:

(6)在A主服务器颁发CA证书

[root@centos7ssl]#openssl x509 -req -in master.csr  -CA cacert.pem -CAkey cakey.pem  -set_serial  01 > master.crt  给master.csr文件颁发CA证书,编号为01,保存为master.csr文件
Signature ok
subject=/C=CN/ST=beijing/L=beijing/O=magedu/OU=devops/CN=master.magedu.com
Getting CA Private Key

(7)查看颁发CA证书信息

[root@centos7ssl]#openssl x509 -in master.crt -noout  -text;
Certificate:
Data:
Version: 1 (0x0)
Serial Number: 1 (0x1)
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: C=CN, ST=beijing, L=beijing, O=magedu, OU=devops, CN=ca.magedu.com
Validity
Not Before: Nov 26 09:08:12 2019 GMT
Not After : Dec 26 09:08:12 2019 GMT
Subject: C=CN, ST=beijing, L=beijing, O=magedu, OU=devops, CN=master.magedu.com
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
Public-Key: (2048 bit)
Modulus:
00:ca:62:10:3d:a6:63:e2:ed:eb:3c:19:30:66:4e:
2a:cf:2e:8f:1c:86:31:70:f5:c8:8c:4d:e3:78:5a:
96:2b:4f:68:fb:e7:27:d6:43:a5:8b:67:5a:25:af:
2a:a9:5e:d4:65:8d:30:83:e0:7b:b5:9d:7b:9b:a9:
2d:b9:4b:ca:88:23:13:20:a4:6f:82:5b:ce:42:89:
82:6f:02:9f:0a:64:55:99:2f:60:7c:ad:ce:56:16:
4a:73:06:86:c7:04:b1:39:e2:f4:cb:45:f1:8f:1d:
1a:7d:b3:a8:1b:58:e0:a7:69:78:9e:f5:81:a8:2a:
f5:f1:73:c4:a9:e6:79:28:b1:ad:a9:5a:d0:94:9e:
ec:ce:3f:58:7d:46:7c:6a:d9:4e:7a:ee:eb:47:ed:
f0:04:cb:c8:f4:11:74:2a:ff:e5:22:b4:9d:d6:7e:
71:ff:7f:87:ad:4e:29:01:97:dd:85:9e:3b:87:1a:
04:99:02:2a:86:bf:1c:20:c2:6a:8f:9c:08:ce:a4:
8a:42:5a:90:8d:19:92:e5:c8:b6:ec:ac:b4:01:34:
7a:47:81:95:33:67:b4:a1:32:0a:09:d9:9b:f5:68:
88:0c:6f:d0:49:1c:36:af:95:b5:4b:51:04:ab:a3:
ca:49:ed:b9:35:fc:20:b9:9c:64:0f:cc:e6:7f:1e:
2d:a3
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
68:07:4c:1f:c3:dc:73:43:f5:24:06:1c:cd:00:ce:59:9c:77:
65:92:20:29:e9:a1:d6:3b:c3:91:58:7e:e8:ca:84:32:9f:87:
0a:8b:37:a5:bf:11:25:9e:fe:a7:69:97:68:f3:76:33:3a:67:
b5:86:41:cd:3c:09:47:2a:3c:59:26:0b:7d:91:d7:bb:27:2d:
6c:2d:c5:db:f2:0a:8a:3c:ba:c0:36:45:42:77:20:19:1e:ea:
a8:bf:86:2f:bf:de:b5:19:5a:75:78:e1:3e:be:36:ea:4d:a3:
22:4b:24:a7:5a:86:ed:4e:a6:41:5f:23:23:c2:1c:db:95:7b:
6a:89:87:9d:ed:e5:44:19:2c:bc:44:2b:66:da:dd:41:08:43:
80:e3:bb:3a:2b:cf:87:0a:ec:32:c4:b6:1c:3c:e5:00:e7:ee:
d7:b4:6f:10:93:af:cd:e0:a6:c4:da:43:5f:5c:32:08:b6:73:
bc:6d:fd:e7:1d:b8:eb:92:e5:08:45:c0:ea:bb:1c:87:9f:8c:
45:be:97:dd:bb:48:c2:39:b7:1f:56:a7:6d:a3:d7:a0:07:ab:
67:05:33:91:f6:d3:16:f0:de:be:d4:72:2e:7d:3c:25:da:e8:
cb:d7:97:6d:1a:46:ef:d4:cf:dc:e1:81:16:e7:de:34:2b:34:
1b:99:cf:b4

(8)给从服务器颁发CA证书

[root@centos7ssl]#openssl x509 -req -in slave.csr  -CA cacert.pem -CAkey cakey.pem  -set_serial  01 > slave.crt
Signature ok
subject=/C=CN/ST=beijing/L=beijing/O=magedu/OU=devops/CN=slave.magedu.com
Getting CA Private Key

(9)在A主服务器验证颁发证书的有效性

[root@centos7ssl]#openssl verify -CAfile cacert.pem master.crt slave.crt
master.crt: OK
slave.crt: OK

(10)在B和C从服务器上分别创建ssl文件,并在A主服务器远程复制当前的证书文件

[root@centos777~]#mkdir /etc/my.cnf.d/ssl  在从服务器上新建ssl文件
[root@centos7ssl]#scp cacert.pem slave.crt slave.key 192.168.34.102:/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/ 主服务器上远程复制到B从服务器上
root@192.168.34.102's password:
cacert.pem 100% 1330 354.2KB/s 00:00
slave.crt 100% 1204 547.1KB/s 00:00
slave.key 100% 1704 384.6KB/s 00:00
[root@centos7ssl]#scp cacert.pem slave.crt slave.key 192.168.34.103:/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/ 主服务器远程复制到C从服务器上
cacert.pem 100% 1330 719.5KB/s 00:00
slave.crt 100% 1204 592.7KB/s 00:00
slave.key 100% 1704 338.3KB/s 00:00

(11)在A主服务器上查看msyql数据库证书文件信息,此时加密部分为空,没有加密

MariaDB [(none)]> show variables like '%ssl%';
+---------------+----------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------+----------+
| have_openssl | DISABLED |
| have_ssl | DISABLED |
| ssl_ca | |
| ssl_capath | |
| ssl_cert | |
| ssl_cipher | |
| ssl_key | |
+---------------+----------+

(12)在A主服务器的mysql数据库中添加配置文件,保存配置文件

vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
server-id=1
log_bin=/data/logbin/mysql-bin
binlog_format=ROW ssl-ca=/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/cacert.pem
ssl-cert=/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/master.crt
ssl-key=/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/master.key

重启mysql服务:

systemctl restart mariadb

(13)此时查看,证书信息,已经支持了加密

MariaDB [(none)]> show variables like '%ssl%';
ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away
No connection. Trying to reconnect...
Connection id: 2
Current database: *** NONE *** +---------------+------------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------+------------------------------+
| have_openssl | YES |
| have_ssl | YES |
| ssl_ca | /etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/cacert.pem |
| ssl_capath | |
| ssl_cert | /etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/master.crt |
| ssl_cipher | |
| ssl_key | /etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/master.key |

+---------------+------------------------------+

(14)创建一个新的账号,并赋予复制权限,此时创建的用户只能用加密方式登录

MariaDB [(none)]> grant replication slave on *.* to rplssl@'192.168.34.%' identified by 'centos' require ssl;

(15)此时,我们可以在B从服务器通过验证CA证书进行登录创建的rplssl账号

--ssl-ca=/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/cacert.pem   验证从服务器CA证书的文件
--ssl-cert=/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/slave.crt 验证从服务器的证书文件
--ssl-key=/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/slave.key 验证从服务器的私钥文件
[root@centos777~]#mysql -urplssl -pcentos -h192.168.34.101  --ssl-ca=/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/cacert.pem  --ssl-cert=/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/slave.crt  --ssl-key=/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/slave.key
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 6
Server version: 5.5.60-MariaDB MariaDB Server Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. MariaDB [(none)]>

验证基于mysql加密的主从复制  

(1)将B和C从服务器上先停掉之前的slave,并清除slave数据

stop slave;
reset slave all;

(2)查看A主服务器此时的二进制日志文件大小,此时最近的是410

MariaDB [(none)]> show master logs;
+------------------+-----------+
| Log_name | File_size |
+------------------+-----------+
| mysql-bin.000001 | 7396 |
| mysql-bin.000002 | 729 |
| mysql-bin.000003 | 618 |
| mysql-bin.000004 | 264 |
| mysql-bin.000005 | 410 |
+------------------+-----------+

(3)在B和C从服务器上开始打开复制线程并开启ssl加密路径,

或者将以下路径存在/etc/my.cnf配置文件中,重启数据库也可以。

/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/cacert.pem

/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/master.crt

/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/master.key

[root@centos7 ~]# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 4
Server version: 5.5.64-MariaDB MariaDB Server Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. MariaDB [(none)]>
MariaDB [(none)]> CHANGE MASTER TO
-> MASTER_HOST='192.168.34.101',
-> MASTER_USER='rplssl',
-> MASTER_PASSWORD='centos',
-> MASTER_PORT=3306,
-> MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.000005',
-> MASTER_LOG_POS=410,
-> MASTER_SSL=1, # 加密编号
-> MASTER_SSL_CA = '/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/cacert.pem',
-> MASTER_SSL_CERT = '/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/slave.crt',
-> MASTER_SSL_KEY = '/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/slave.key';

(4)在B从服务器开启slave,并查看slave状态

MariaDB [(none)]> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> show slave status\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
Master_Host: 192.168.34.101
Master_User: rplssl
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000005
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 410
Relay_Log_File: mariadb-relay-bin.000002
Relay_Log_Pos: 694
Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000005
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes

(5)在C从服务器开启slave,并查看slave状态

MariaDB [(none)]> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> show slave status\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
Master_Host: 192.168.34.101
Master_User: rplssl
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000005
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 410
Relay_Log_File: mariadb-relay-bin.000002
Relay_Log_Pos: 694
Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000005
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes

(6)在A主服务器插入一个文件,验证复制效果。

MariaDB [(none)]> insert teachers(name)value('wang');
ERROR 1046 (3D000): No database selected
MariaDB [(none)]> use hellodb
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A Database changed
MariaDB [hellodb]> insert teachers(name)value('wang');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec) MariaDB [hellodb]> select * from teachers;
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+
| TID | Name | Age | Gender |
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+
| 1 | Song Jiang | 45 | M |
| 2 | Zhang Sanfeng | 94 | M |
| 3 | Miejue Shitai | 77 | F |
| 4 | Lin Chaoying | 93 | F |
| 5 | a | 0 | NULL |
| 6 | biu | 0 | NULL |
| 7 | mage | 0 | NULL |
| 8 | wang | 0 | NULL |
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+

(7)查看B和C从服务器的复制结果,两个从服务器都已将teachers表中的wang复制过去

MariaDB [(none)]> use hellodb
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A Database changed
MariaDB [hellodb]> select * from teachers;
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+
| TID | Name | Age | Gender |
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+
| 1 | Song Jiang | 45 | M |
| 2 | Zhang Sanfeng | 94 | M |
| 3 | Miejue Shitai | 77 | F |
| 4 | Lin Chaoying | 93 | F |
| 5 | a | 0 | NULL |
| 6 | biu | 0 | NULL |
| 7 | mage | 0 | NULL |
| 8 | wang | 0 | NULL |
+-----+---------------+-----+--------+

复制的监控和维护

(1) 清理日志

PURGE { BINARY | MASTER } LOGS { TO 'log_name' | BEFORE datetime_expr }
RESET MASTER 清空二进制日志,尽量不要使用
RESET SLAVE 清空slave

(2) 复制监控

SHOW MASTER STATUS  查看master状态
SHOW BINLOG EVENTS 查看详细的二进制日志
SHOW BINARY LOGS 查看日志文件
SHOW SLAVE STATUS 查看slave的状态
SHOW PROCESSLIST 查看增加文件情况

(3) 从服务器是否落后于主服务,可能是mysql设计缺陷问题导致,主服务器的压力很大,无法及时调度到从服务器,导致从服务器无法复制。

Seconds_Behind_Master: 0

(4) 如何确定主从节点数据是否一致

 percona-tools

(5) 数据不一致如何修复:删除从服务器的数据库,将主服务器的数据进行完全备份,然后导入到从服务器,以主服务器最新的二进制日志开始复制。

删除从数据库,重新复制

示例:清理指定的二进制日志

MariaDB [hellodb]> show master logs;
+------------------+-----------+
| Log_name | File_size |
+------------------+-----------+
| mysql-bin.000001 | 7396 |
| mysql-bin.000002 | 729 |
| mysql-bin.000003 | 618 |
| mysql-bin.000004 | 264 |
| mysql-bin.000005 | 604 |
+------------------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [hellodb]> purge master logs to 'mysql-bin.000005'; #清理5之前的二进制日志文件
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) MariaDB [hellodb]> show master logs;
+------------------+-----------+
| Log_name | File_size |
+------------------+-----------+
| mysql-bin.000005 | 604 |
+------------------+-----------+

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