vue安装与配置

• 直接引入 <script src="https://unpkg.com/vue"></script>
• 用npm安装   $ npm install vue
• Vue.js 提供一个官方命令行工具，vue-cli可创建并启动一个带热重载、保存时静态检查以及可用于生产环境的构建配置的项目

  # 全局安装 vue-cli
  $ npm install --global vue-cli
  # 创建一个基于 webpack 模板的新项目
  $ vue init webpack my-project
  # 安装依赖
  $ cd my-project
  $ npm install  $ cnpm install
  $ npm run dev

• http://localhost:8080/#/ 查看页面

配置

package.json里面的scripts字段

"scripts": {
        "dev": "node build/dev-server.js",
        "start": "node build/dev-server.js",
        "build": "node build/build.js",
        "unit": "cross-env BABEL_ENV=test karma start test/unit/karma.conf.js --single-run",
        "e2e": "node test/e2e/runner.js",
        "test": "npm run unit && npm run e2e",
        "lint": "eslint --ext .js,.vue src test/unit/specs test/e2e/specs"
    },

config/index.js

// see http://vuejs-templates.github.io/webpack for documentation.
var path = require('path')

module.exports = {
    // 构建产品时使用的配置
    build: {
        // webpack的编译环境
        env: require('./prod.env'),
        // 编译输入的index.html文件
        index: path.resolve(__dirname, '../dist/index.html'),
        // webpack输出的目标文件夹路径
        assetsRoot: path.resolve(__dirname, '../dist'),
        // webpack编译输出的二级文件夹
        assetsSubDirectory: 'static',
        // webpack编译输出的发布路径
        assetsPublicPath: '/',
        // 使用SourceMap
        productionSourceMap: true,
        // Gzip off by default as many popular static hosts such as
        // Surge or Netlify already gzip all static assets for you.
        // Before setting to `true`, make sure to:
        // npm install --save-dev compression-webpack-plugin
        // 默认不打开开启gzip模式
        productionGzip: false,
        // gzip模式下需要压缩的文件的扩展名
        productionGzipExtensions: ['js', 'css'],
        // Run the build command with an extra argument to
        // View the bundle analyzer report after build finishes:
        // `npm run build --report`
        // Set to `true` or `false` to always turn it on or off
        bundleAnalyzerReport: process.env.npm_config_report
    },
    // gzip模式下需要压缩的文件的扩展名
    dev: {
        // webpack的编译环境
        env: require('./dev.env'),
        // dev-server监听的端口
        port: ,
        // 启动dev-server之后自动打开浏览器
        autoOpenBrowser: true,
        // webpack编译输出的二级文件夹
        assetsSubDirectory: 'static',
        // webpack编译输出的发布路径
        assetsPublicPath: '/',
        //请求代理表，在这里可以配置特定的请求代理到对应的API接口
        // 例如将'/api/xxx'代理到'www.example.com/api/xxx'
        proxyTable: {},
        // CSS Sourcemaps off by default because relative paths are "buggy"
        // with this option, according to the CSS-Loader README
        // (https://github.com/webpack/css-loader#sourcemaps)
        // In our experience, they generally work as expected,
        // just be aware of this issue when enabling this option.
        cssSourceMap: false
    }
}

config/index.js

开发环境配置：

1. build/dev-server.js

   // 检查NodeJS和npm的版本
   require('./check-versions')()
   
   // 获取配置 config/index.js
   var config = require('../config')
     // 如果Node的环境变量中没有设置当前的环境（NODE_ENV），则使用config中的配置作为当前的环境
   if (!process.env.NODE_ENV) {
     process.env.NODE_ENV = JSON.parse(config.dev.env.NODE_ENV)
   }
   
   // 一个可以调用默认软件打开网址、图片、文件等内容的插件
   // 这里用它来调用默认浏览器打开dev-server监听的端口，例如：localhost:8080
   var opn = require('opn')
   var path = require('path')
   var express = require('express')
   var webpack = require('webpack')
   
   // 一个express中间件，用于将http请求代理到其他服务器
   // 例：localhost:8080/api/xxx  -->  localhost:3000/api/xxx
   // 这里使用该插件可以将前端开发中涉及到的请求代理到API服务器上，方便与服务器对接
   var proxyMiddleware = require('http-proxy-middleware')
   
   // 根据 Node 环境来引入相应的 webpack 配置
   var webpackConfig = process.env.NODE_ENV === 'testing' ? require('./webpack.prod.conf') : require('./webpack.dev.conf')
   
   // default port where dev server listens for incoming traffic
   // dev-server 监听的端口，默认为config.dev.port设置的端口，即8080
   var port = process.env.PORT || config.dev.port
   
   // automatically open browser, if not set will be false
   // 用于判断是否要自动打开浏览器的布尔变量，当配置文件中没有设置自动打开浏览器的时候其值为 false
   var autoOpenBrowser = !!config.dev.autoOpenBrowser
   
   // Define HTTP proxies to your custom API backend
   // https://github.com/chimurai/http-proxy-middleware
   // 定义 HTTP 代理表，代理到 API 服务器
   var proxyTable = config.dev.proxyTable
   
   // 创建1个 express 实例
   var app = express()
   
   // 根据webpack配置文件创建Compiler对象
   var compiler = webpack(webpackConfig)
   
   // webpack-dev-middleware使用compiler对象来对相应的文件进行编译和绑定
   // 编译绑定后将得到的产物存放在内存中而没有写进磁盘
   // 将这个中间件交给express使用之后即可访问这些编译后的产品文件
   var devMiddleware = require('webpack-dev-middleware')(compiler, {
     publicPath: webpackConfig.output.publicPath,
     quiet: true
   })
   
   // webpack-hot-middleware，用于实现热重载功能的中间件
   var hotMiddleware = require('webpack-hot-middleware')(compiler, {
     log: false,
     heartbeat:
   })
   
   // force page reload when html-webpack-plugin template changes
   // 当html-webpack-plugin提交之后通过热重载中间件发布重载动作使得页面重载
   compiler.plugin('compilation', function(compilation) {
     compilation.plugin('html-webpack-plugin-after-emit', function(data, cb) {
       hotMiddleware.publish({
         action: 'reload'
       })
       cb()
     })
   })
   
   // proxy api requests
   // 将 proxyTable 中的代理请求配置挂在到express服务器上
   Object.keys(proxyTable).forEach(function(context) {
     var options = proxyTable[context]
       // 格式化options，例如将'www.example.com'变成{ target: 'www.example.com' }
     if (typeof options === 'string') {
       options = {
         target: options
       }
     }
     app.use(proxyMiddleware(options.filter || context, options))
   })
   
   // handle fallback for HTML5 history API
   // 重定向不存在的URL，常用于SPA
   app.use(require('connect-history-api-fallback')())
   
   // serve webpack bundle output
   // 使用webpack开发中间件
   // 即将webpack编译后输出到内存中的文件资源挂到express服务器上
   app.use(devMiddleware)
   
   // enable hot-reload and state-preserving
   // compilation error display
   // 将热重载中间件挂在到express服务器上
   app.use(hotMiddleware)
   
   // serve pure static assets
   // 静态资源的路径
   var staticPath = path.posix.join(config.dev.assetsPublicPath, config.dev.assetsSubDirectory)
   
   // 将静态资源挂到express服务器上
   app.use(staticPath, express.static('./static'))
   
   // 应用的地址信息，例如：http://localhost:8080
   var uri = 'http://localhost:' + port
   var _resolve
   var readyPromise = new Promise(resolve => {
     _resolve = resolve
   })
   
   console.log('> Starting dev server...')
   
   // webpack开发中间件合法（valid）之后输出提示语到控制台，表明服务器已启动
   devMiddleware.waitUntilValid(() => {
     console.log('> Listening at ' + uri + '\n')
       // when env is testing, don't need open it
       // 如果符合自动打开浏览器的条件，则通过opn插件调用系统默认浏览器打开对应的地址uri
     if (autoOpenBrowser && process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'testing') {
       opn(uri)
     }
     _resolve()
   })
   
   var server = app.listen(port)
     // 启动express服务器并监听相应的端口（8080）
   module.exports = {
     ready: readyPromise,
     close: () => {
       server.close()
     }
   }

   dev-server

2. dev-server使用的webpack配置来自build/webpack.dev.conf.js文件

   var utils = require('./utils')
   var webpack = require('webpack')
   var config = require('../config')
   
   // 一个可以合并数组和对象的插件
   var merge = require('webpack-merge')
   var baseWebpackConfig = require('./webpack.base.conf')
   
   // 一个用于生成HTML文件并自动注入依赖文件（link/script）的webpack插件
   var HtmlWebpackPlugin = require('html-webpack-plugin')
   
   // 用于更友好地输出webpack的警告、错误等信息
   var FriendlyErrorsPlugin = require('friendly-errors-webpack-plugin')
   
   // add hot-reload related code to entry chunks
   Object.keys(baseWebpackConfig.entry).forEach(function(name) {
     baseWebpackConfig.entry[name] = ['./build/dev-client'].concat(baseWebpackConfig.entry[name])
   })
   
   // 合并基础的webpack配置
   module.exports = merge(baseWebpackConfig, {
   
     // 配置样式文件的处理规则，使用styleLoaders
     module: {
       rules: utils.styleLoaders({
         sourceMap: config.dev.cssSourceMap
       })
     },
     // cheap-module-eval-source-map is faster for development
     // 配置Source Maps。在开发中使用cheap-module-eval-source-map更快
     devtool: '#cheap-module-eval-source-map',
     // 配置webpack插件
     plugins: [
       new webpack.DefinePlugin({
         'process.env': config.dev.env
       }),
       // https://github.com/glenjamin/webpack-hot-middleware#installation--usage
       new webpack.HotModuleReplacementPlugin(),
       // 后页面中的报错不会阻塞，但是会在编译结束后报错
       new webpack.NoEmitOnErrorsPlugin(),
       // https://github.com/ampedandwired/html-webpack-plugin
       new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
         filename: 'index.html',
         template: 'index.html',
         inject: true
       }),
       new FriendlyErrorsPlugin()
     ]
   })

   webpack.dev.conf.js

3. build/webpack.dev.conf.js中又引用了build/webpack.base.conf.js

   var path = require('path')
   var utils = require('./utils')
   var config = require('../config')
   var vueLoaderConfig = require('./vue-loader.conf')
   
   // 给出正确的绝对路径
   function resolve(dir) {
     return path.join(__dirname, '..', dir)
   }
   
   module.exports = {
     // 配置webpack编译入口
     entry: {
       app: './src/main.js'
     },
     // 配置webpack输出路径和命名规则
     output: {
       // webpack输出的目标文件夹路径（例如：/dist）
       path: config.build.assetsRoot,
       // webpack输出bundle文件命名格式
       filename: '[name].js',
       // webpack编译输出的发布路径
       publicPath: process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production' ? config.build.assetsPublicPath : config.dev.assetsPublicPath
     },
     // 配置模块的规则
     resolve: {
       // 自动resolve的扩展名
       extensions: ['.js', '.vue', '.json'],
       // 创建路径别名，有了别名之后引用模块更方便，例如
       // import Vue from 'vue/dist/vue.common.js'可以写成 import Vue from 'vue'
       alias: {
         'vue$': 'vue/dist/vue.esm.js',
         '@': resolve('src')
       }
     },
     // 配置不同类型模块的处理规则
     module: {
       rules: [{
         // 对src和test文件夹下的.js和.vue文件使用eslint-loader
         testresolve: /\.(js|vue)$/,
         loader: 'eslint-loader',
         enforce: 'pre',
         include: [resolve('src'), resolve('test')],
         options: {
           formatter: require('eslint-friendly-formatter')
         }
       }, {
         // 对所有.vue文件使用vue-loader
         test: /\.vue$/,
         loader: 'vue-loader',
         options: vueLoaderConfig
       }, {
         // 对src和test文件夹下的.js文件使用babel-loader
         test: /\.js$/,
         loader: 'babel-loader',
         include: [resolve('src'), resolve('test')]
       }, {
         // 对图片资源文件使用url-loader，query.name指明了输出的命名规则
         test: /\.(png|jpe?g|gif|svg)(\?.*)?$/,
         loader: 'url-loader',
         options: {
           limit: ,
           name: utils.assetsPath('img/[name].[hash:7].[ext]')
         }
       }, {
         // 对音频视频资源文件使用url-loader，query.name指明了输出的命名规则
         test: /\.(mp4|webm|ogg|mp3|wav|flac|aac)(\?.*)?$/,
         loader: 'url-loader',
         options: {
           limit: ,
           name: utils.assetsPath('media/[name].[hash:7].[ext]')
         }
       }, {
         // 对字体资源文件使用url-loader，query.name指明了输出的命名规则
         test: /\.(woff2?|eot|ttf|otf)(\?.*)?$/,
         loader: 'url-loader',
         options: {
           limit: ,
           name: utils.assetsPath('fonts/[name].[hash:7].[ext]')
         }
       }]
     }
   }

   webpack.base.conf

4. webpack配置文件中使用到了build/utils.js

   引用check-version.js完成对node和npm的版本检测
   配置静态资源路径
   生成cssLoaders用于加载.vue文件中的样式
   生成styleLoaders用于加载不在.vue文件中的单独存在的样式文件

5. webpack配置文件中使用到了build/vue-loader.conf.js

   var utils = require('./utils')
   var config = require('../config')
   var isProduction = process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production'
   
   module.exports = {
     // css加载器
     loaders: utils.cssLoaders({
       sourceMap: isProduction ? config.build.productionSourceMap : config.dev.cssSourceMap,
       extract: isProduction
     }),
     // 让 vue-loader 知道需要对 audio 的 src 属性的内容转换为模块
     transformToRequire: {
       video: 'src',
       source: 'src',
       img: 'src',
       image: 'xlink:href'
     }
   }

   vue-loader.conf.js

构建环境配置：

1. build/build.js

   // 检查NodeJS和npm的版本
   require('./check-versions')()
   
   process.env.NODE_ENV = 'production'
   
   var ora = require('ora')
   var rm = require('rimraf')
   var path = require('path')
     // 用于在控制台输出带颜色字体的插件
   var chalk = require('chalk')
   var webpack = require('webpack')
   var config = require('../config')
   var webpackConfig = require('./webpack.prod.conf')
   
   var spinner = ora('building for production...')
     // 开启loading动画
   spinner.start()
   
   rm(path.join(config.build.assetsRoot, config.build.assetsSubDirectory), err => {
     if (err) throw err
     webpack(webpackConfig, function(err, stats) {
       // 停止loading动画
       spinner.stop()
       if (err) throw err
         // 没有出错则输出相关信息
       process.stdout.write(stats.toString({
         colors: true,
         modules: false,
         children: false,
         chunks: false,
         chunkModules: false
       }) + '\n\n')
   
       console.log(chalk.cyan('  Build complete.\n'))
       console.log(chalk.yellow(
         '  Tip: built files are meant to be served over an HTTP server.\n' +
         '  Opening index.html over file:// won\'t work.\n'
       ))
     })
   })

   build/build.js

2. build/webpack.prod.conf.js

   var path = require('path')
   var utils = require('./utils')
   var webpack = require('webpack')
   var config = require('../config')
   var merge = require('webpack-merge')
   var baseWebpackConfig = require('./webpack.base.conf')
   var CopyWebpackPlugin = require('copy-webpack-plugin')
   var HtmlWebpackPlugin = require('html-webpack-plugin')
     // 用于从webpack生成的bundle中提取文本到特定文件中的插件
     // 可以抽取出css，js文件将其与webpack输出的bundle分离
   var ExtractTextPlugin = require('extract-text-webpack-plugin')
   var OptimizeCSSPlugin = require('optimize-css-assets-webpack-plugin')
   
   var env = process.env.NODE_ENV === 'testing' ? require('../config/test.env') : config.build.env
   
   // 合并基础的webpack配置
   var webpackConfig = merge(baseWebpackConfig, {
     module: {
       rules: utils.styleLoaders({
         sourceMap: config.build.productionSourceMap,
         extract: true
       })
     },
     devtool: config.build.productionSourceMap ? '#source-map' : false,
     // 配置webpack的输出
     output: {
       // 编译输出目录
       path: config.build.assetsRoot,
       // 编译输出文件名格式
       filename: utils.assetsPath('js/[name].[chunkhash].js'),
       // 没有指定输出名的文件输出的文件名格式
       chunkFilename: utils.assetsPath('js/[id].[chunkhash].js')
     },
     // 配置webpack插件
     plugins: [
       // http://vuejs.github.io/vue-loader/en/workflow/production.html
       new webpack.DefinePlugin({
         'process.env': env
       }),
       // 丑化压缩代码
       new webpack.optimize.UglifyJsPlugin({
         compress: {
           warnings: false
         },
         sourceMap: true
       }),
       // extract css into its own file
       // 抽离css文件
       new ExtractTextPlugin({
         filename: utils.assetsPath('css/[name].[contenthash].css')
       }),
       // Compress extracted CSS. We are using this plugin so that possible
       // duplicated CSS from different components can be deduped.
       new OptimizeCSSPlugin({
         cssProcessorOptions: {
           safe: true
         }
       }),
       // generate dist index.html with correct asset hash for caching.
       // you can customize output by editing /index.html
       // see https://github.com/ampedandwired/html-webpack-plugin
       new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
         filename: process.env.NODE_ENV === 'testing' ? 'index.html' : config.build.index,
         template: 'index.html',
         inject: true,
         minify: {
           removeComments: true,
           collapseWhitespace: true,
           removeAttributeQuotes: true
             // more options:
             // https://github.com/kangax/html-minifier#options-quick-reference
         },
         // necessary to consistently work with multiple chunks via CommonsChunkPlugin
         chunksSortMode: 'dependency'
       }),
       // split vendor js into its own file
       new webpack.optimize.CommonsChunkPlugin({
         name: 'vendor',
         minChunks: function(module, count) {
           // any required modules inside node_modules are extracted to vendor
           return (
             module.resource &&
             /\.js$/.test(module.resource) &&
             module.resource.indexOf(
               path.join(__dirname, '../node_modules')
             ) ===
           )
         }
       }),
       // extract webpack runtime and module manifest to its own file in order to
       // prevent vendor hash from being updated whenever app bundle is updated
       new webpack.optimize.CommonsChunkPlugin({
         name: 'manifest',
         chunks: ['vendor']
       }),
       // copy custom static assets
       new CopyWebpackPlugin([{
         from: path.resolve(__dirname, '../static'),
         to: config.build.assetsSubDirectory,
         ignore: ['.*']
       }])
     ]
   })
   
   // gzip模式下需要引入compression插件进行压缩
   if (config.build.productionGzip) {
     var CompressionWebpackPlugin = require('compression-webpack-plugin')
   
     webpackConfig.plugins.push(
       new CompressionWebpackPlugin({
         asset: '[path].gz[query]',
         algorithm: 'gzip',
         test: new RegExp(
           '\\.(' +
           config.build.productionGzipExtensions.join('|') +
           ')$'
         ),
         threshold: ,
         minRatio: 0.8
       })
     )
   }
   
   if (config.build.bundleAnalyzerReport) {
     var BundleAnalyzerPlugin = require('webpack-bundle-analyzer').BundleAnalyzerPlugin
     webpackConfig.plugins.push(new BundleAnalyzerPlugin())
   }
   
   module.exports = webpackConfig

   webpack.prod.conf

3. build/check-versions.js

   // 用于在控制台输出带颜色字体的插件
   var chalk = require('chalk')
     // 语义化版本检查插件（The semantic version parser used by npm）
   var semver = require('semver')
     // 引入package.json
   var packageConfig = require('../package.json')
   var shell = require('shelljs')
   
   // 开辟子进程执行指令cmd并返回结果
   function exec(cmd) {
     return require('child_process').execSync(cmd).toString().trim()
   }
   
   // node和npm版本需求
   var versionRequirements = [{
     name: 'node',
     currentVersion: semver.clean(process.version),
     versionRequirement: packageConfig.engines.node
   }, ]
   
   if (shell.which('npm')) {
     versionRequirements.push({
       name: 'npm',
       currentVersion: exec('npm --version'),
       versionRequirement: packageConfig.engines.npm
     })
   }
   
   module.exports = function() {
     var warnings = []
       // 依次判断版本是否符合要求
     for (var i = ; i < versionRequirements.length; i++) {
       var mod = versionRequirements[i]
       if (!semver.satisfies(mod.currentVersion, mod.versionRequirement)) {
         warnings.push(mod.name + ': ' +
           chalk.red(mod.currentVersion) + ' should be ' +
           chalk.green(mod.versionRequirement)
         )
       }
     }
     // 如果有警告则将其输出到控制台
     if (warnings.length) {
       console.log('')
       console.log(chalk.yellow('To use this template, you must update following to modules:'))
       console.log()
       for (var i = ; i < warnings.length; i++) {
         var warning = warnings[i]
         console.log('  ' + warning)
       }
       console.log()
       process.exit()
     }
   }

   check-versions