【leetcode】1123. Lowest Common Ancestor of Deepest Leaves

题目如下：

Given a rooted binary tree, return the lowest common ancestor of its deepest leaves.

Recall that:

• The node of a binary tree is a leaf if and only if it has no children
• The depth of the root of the tree is 0, and if the depth of a node is d, the depth of each of its children is d+1.
• The lowest common ancestor of a set S of nodes is the node A with the largest depth such that every node in S is in the subtree with root A.

Example 1:

Input: root = [1,2,3]
Output: [1,2,3]
Explanation:
The deepest leaves are the nodes with values 2 and 3.
The lowest common ancestor of these leaves is the node with value 1.
The answer returned is a TreeNode object (not an array) with serialization "[1,2,3]".

Example 2:

Input: root = [1,2,3,4]
Output: [4]

Example 3:

Input: root = [1,2,3,4,5]
Output: [2,4,5]

Constraints:

• The given tree will have between 1 and 1000 nodes.
• Each node of the tree will have a distinct value between 1 and 1000.

解题思路：首先求出最深的所有叶子节点的索引，存入列表中；然后把索引列表排序，取出最大的索引值记为val，显然其父节点的索引值是(val - val%2)/2，把父节点的索引值加入索引列表，并重复这个过程，知道索引列表中所有的值都相等为止，这个值就是所有最深叶子的节点的公共父节点。得到公共父节点索引值，可以反推出从根节点到该节点的遍历路径，从而可以求出具体的节点。

代码如下：

# Definition for a binary tree node.
# class TreeNode(object):
#     def __init__(self, x):
#         self.val = x
#         self.left = None
#         self.right = None

class Solution(object):
    dic = {}
    maxLevel = 0
    def recursive(self,node,level,number):
        self.maxLevel = max(self.maxLevel,level)
        self.dic[level] = self.dic.setdefault(level,[]) + [number]
        if node.left != None:
            self.recursive(node.left,level+1,number*2)
        if node.right != None:
            self.recursive(node.right,level+1,number*2+1)
    def lcaDeepestLeaves(self, root):
        """
        :type root: TreeNode
        :rtype: TreeNode
        """
        self.dic = {}
        self.maxLevel = 0
        self.recursive(root,1,1)
        node_list = sorted(self.dic[self.maxLevel])
        def isEqual(node_list):
            v = node_list[0]
            for i in node_list:
                if v != i:
                    return False
            return True
        while not isEqual(node_list):
            node_list.sort(reverse=True)
            val = node_list.pop(0)
            val = (val - val%2)/2
            node_list.append(val)
        number = node_list[0]
        path = []
        while number > 1:
            if number%2 == 0:
                path = ['L'] + path
            else:
                path = ['R'] + path
            number = (number - number % 2) / 2

        node = root
        while len(path) > 0:
            p = path.pop(0)
            if p == 'L':node = node.left
            else:node = node.right
        return node