SSH整合报错：Unable to instantiate Action, testAction, defined for 'test' in namespace '/'testAction

报错如下：

Struts Problem Report

Struts has detected an unhandled exception:

Messages:	testAction Unable to instantiate Action, testAction, defined for 'test' in namespace '/'testAction
File:	org/apache/catalina/loader/WebappClassLoaderBase.java
Line number:	1,333

---

Stacktraces

Unable to instantiate Action, testAction, defined for 'test' in namespace '/'testAction - action - file:/E:/apache-tomcat-8.0.37/webapps/20170405-JavaEE-SSH/WEB-INF/classes/struts.xml:14:50

    com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.createAction(DefaultActionInvocation.java:317)
    com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.init(DefaultActionInvocation.java:398)
    com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionProxy.prepare(DefaultActionProxy.java:194)
    org.apache.struts2.impl.StrutsActionProxy.prepare(StrutsActionProxy.java:63)
    org.apache.struts2.impl.StrutsActionProxyFactory.createActionProxy(StrutsActionProxyFactory.java:37)
    com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionProxyFactory.createActionProxy(DefaultActionProxyFactory.java:58)
    org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher.serviceAction(Dispatcher.java:565)
    org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.ExecuteOperations.executeAction(ExecuteOperations.java:81)
    org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.filter.StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter.doFilter(StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter.java:99)
    org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:240)
    org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207)
    org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:212)
    org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:106)
    org.apache.catalina.authenticator.AuthenticatorBase.invoke(AuthenticatorBase.java:502)
    org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:141)
    org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:79)
    org.apache.catalina.valves.AbstractAccessLogValve.invoke(AbstractAccessLogValve.java:616)
    org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:88)
    org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:528)
    org.apache.coyote.http11.AbstractHttp11Processor.process(AbstractHttp11Processor.java:1100)
    org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol$AbstractConnectionHandler.process(AbstractProtocol.java:687)
    org.apache.tomcat.util.net.AprEndpoint$SocketProcessor.doRun(AprEndpoint.java:2508)
    org.apache.tomcat.util.net.AprEndpoint$SocketProcessor.run(AprEndpoint.java:2497)
    java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1142)
    java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:617)
    org.apache.tomcat.util.threads.TaskThread$WrappingRunnable.run(TaskThread.java:61)
    java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)
    

java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: testAction

    org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoaderBase.loadClass(WebappClassLoaderBase.java:1333)
    org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoaderBase.loadClass(WebappClassLoaderBase.java:1167)
    com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.ClassLoaderUtil.loadClass(ClassLoaderUtil.java:152)
    com.opensymphony.xwork2.ObjectFactory.getClassInstance(ObjectFactory.java:135)
    com.opensymphony.xwork2.spring.SpringObjectFactory.getClassInstance(SpringObjectFactory.java:246)
    com.opensymphony.xwork2.spring.SpringObjectFactory.buildBean(SpringObjectFactory.java:163)
    com.opensymphony.xwork2.ObjectFactory.buildBean(ObjectFactory.java:178)
    com.opensymphony.xwork2.factory.DefaultActionFactory.buildAction(DefaultActionFactory.java:22)
    com.opensymphony.xwork2.ObjectFactory.buildAction(ObjectFactory.java:148)
    com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.createAction(DefaultActionInvocation.java:298)
    com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.init(DefaultActionInvocation.java:398)
    com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionProxy.prepare(DefaultActionProxy.java:194)
    org.apache.struts2.impl.StrutsActionProxy.prepare(StrutsActionProxy.java:63)
    org.apache.struts2.impl.StrutsActionProxyFactory.createActionProxy(StrutsActionProxyFactory.java:37)
    com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionProxyFactory.createActionProxy(DefaultActionProxyFactory.java:58)
    org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher.serviceAction(Dispatcher.java:565)
    org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.ExecuteOperations.executeAction(ExecuteOperations.java:81)
    org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.filter.StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter.doFilter(StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter.java:99)
    org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:240)
    org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207)
    org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:212)
    org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:106)
    org.apache.catalina.authenticator.AuthenticatorBase.invoke(AuthenticatorBase.java:502)
    org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:141)
    org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:79)
    org.apache.catalina.valves.AbstractAccessLogValve.invoke(AbstractAccessLogValve.java:616)
    org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:88)
    org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:528)
    org.apache.coyote.http11.AbstractHttp11Processor.process(AbstractHttp11Processor.java:1100)
    org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol$AbstractConnectionHandler.process(AbstractProtocol.java:687)
    org.apache.tomcat.util.net.AprEndpoint$SocketProcessor.doRun(AprEndpoint.java:2508)
    org.apache.tomcat.util.net.AprEndpoint$SocketProcessor.run(AprEndpoint.java:2497)
    java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1142)
    java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:617)
    org.apache.tomcat.util.threads.TaskThread$WrappingRunnable.run(TaskThread.java:61)
    java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)
    

---

目录结构如下：

lib目录如下：

web.xml如下：

 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <web-app xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee" xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_1.xsd" id="WebApp_ID" version="3.1">

  <!-- 配置struts2的过滤器-->
  <filter>
     <filter-name>struts2</filter-name>
     <filter-class>org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.filter.StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter</filter-class>
  </filter>
  <filter-mapping>
     <filter-name>struts2</filter-name>
     <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
  </filter-mapping>

  <!-- 配置spring的监听器 -->
  <listener>
         <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
  </listener>
  <context-param>
     <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
     <param-value>classpath:applicationContext*.xml</param-value>
 </context-param>
  </web-app>

applicationContext.xml

 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
     xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
     xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"
     xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
     xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
     xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
         http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-4.0.xsd
         http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd
         http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-4.0.xsd">

     <!-- 自动扫描与装配bean，包括子包-->
     <context:component-scan base-package="com.tt.ssh.*"></context:component-scan>

     <!-- 导入外部资源文件 -->
     <context:property-placeholder location="classpath:db.properties"/>

     <!-- 配置 C3P0 数据源 -->
     <bean id="dataSource" class="com.mchange.v2.c3p0.ComboPooledDataSource">
         <property name="user" value="${jdbc.user}"></property>
         <property name="password" value="${jdbc.password}"></property>
         <property name="driverClass" value="${jdbc.driverClass}"></property>
         <property name="jdbcUrl" value="${jdbc.jdbcUrl}"></property>

         <property name="initialPoolSize" value="${jdbc.initPoolSize}"></property>
         <property name="maxPoolSize" value="${jdbc.maxPoolSize}"></property>
     </bean>

     <!-- 配置 SessionFactory -->
     <bean id="sessionFactory" class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate4.LocalSessionFactoryBean">
         <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"></property>
         <property name="configLocation" value="classpath:hibernate.cfg.xml"></property>
         <property name="mappingLocations" value="classpath:com/tt/ssh/beans/*.hbm.xml"></property>
     </bean>

     <!-- 配置 Spring 的声明式事务 -->
     <!-- 1. 配置 hibernate 的事务管理器 -->
     <bean id="transactionManager" class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate4.HibernateTransactionManager">
         <property name="sessionFactory" ref="sessionFactory"></property>
     </bean>

     <!-- 2. 配置事务属性 -->
     <tx:advice id="txAdvice" transaction-manager="transactionManager">
         <tx:attributes>
             <tx:method name="get*" read-only="true"/>
             <tx:method name="lastNameIsValid" read-only="true"/>
             <tx:method name="*"/>
         </tx:attributes>
     </tx:advice>

     <!-- 3. 配置事务切入点, 再把事务属性和事务切入点关联起来 -->
     <!--
     <aop:config>
         <aop:pointcut expression="execution(* com.tt.ssh.service.*.*(..))" id="txPointcut"/>
         <aop:advisor advice-ref="txAdvice" pointcut-ref="txPointcut"/>
     </aop:config>
     -->
 </beans>

struts.xml如下：

 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
 <!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
     "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.3//EN"
     "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.3.dtd">

 <struts>

     <constant name="struts.enable.DynamicMethodInvocation" value="false" />
     <constant name="struts.devMode" value="true" />
     <!--  -->
     <package name="default" namespace="/" extends="struts-default">
           <!-- Spring整合Struts2时，在Struts2中配置的Spring的Action的class需要指向IOC容器中该bean的id -->

           <action name="test" class="testAction">
                  <result name="success">/input.jsp</result>
           </action>

     </package>

     <!-- Add packages here -->

 </struts>

新建一个Action类

TestAction.java:

 package com.tt.ssh.test;

 import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope;
 import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;

 import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;

 @Controller
 @Scope("prototype")
 public class TestAction extends ActionSupport{

     /**
      *
      */
     private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

     @Override
     public String execute() throws Exception {
         // TODO Auto-generated method stub
         System.out.println("===>TestAction.execute() ");
         return "success";
     }

 }

新建一个index.jsp，发起test的action，可以看到会从index.jsp跳转到input.jsp运行正常，说明struts2添加成功。

index.jsp:

 <%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
     pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
 <html>
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
 <title>Insert title here</title>
 </head>
 <body>
       <a href="test.action">欢迎进入页面！</a>
 </body>
 </html>

然后新建一个SpringTest，测试spring添加成功。

 package com.tt.ssh.test;

 import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
 import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

 import com.tt.ssh.beans.User;

 public class SpringTest {

     private ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");

     @Test
     public void testBean(){

         TestAction testAction = (TestAction) ac.getBean("testAction");
         System.out.println(testAction);
         User user = ac.getBean(User.class);
         System.out.println(user);
     }

     @Test
     public void testSessionFactory(){
         SessionFactory sessionFactory = (SessionFactory) ac.getBean("sessionFactory");
         System.out.println(sessionFactory);
     }
 }

对testBean()和testSessionFactory()方法进行JUnit测试，都能运行成功且打印相关信息，说明Spring添加成功。

于是下一步添加struts2-spring-plugin-2.3.31.jar，将struts.xml中的action的class改成spring中的id:testAction，报错如上。

这意味着struts2和spring整合失败。

问题出在哪里呢？

解决：

忘了改动了哪里就可以了，但是有几点需要注意：

1.struts.xml中的action的class和applicationContext中定义bean的id保持一致。

2.页面发出请求时的action和struts定义的action的name一致，注意千万不要弄错成action的class了。