Spring @Scheduled执行原理解析

项目使用很多@Scheduled(cron=**) 注解来实现定时任务，既然要用就必须弄清楚的它的实现原理，于是乎翻了一下相关的源码。

Spring 3.0之后增加了调度器功能，提供的@Scheduled 注解, 那么它内部是如何实现的呢?

本文以Spring 4.3.10.RELEASE 源码进行分析，相关源码在 org.springframework.scheduling 包下（spring-context）。

核心类摘要：

1. ScheduledAnnotationBeanPostProcessor
2. ScheduledTaskRegistrar
3. TaskScheduler
4. ReschedulingRunnable

源码分析

首先，看一下 @Scheduled 注解定义：

package org.springframework.scheduling.annotation;

@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Repeatable(Schedules.class)
public @interface Scheduled {

	String cron() default "";

	String zone() default "";

	long fixedDelay() default -1;

	String fixedDelayString() default "";

	long fixedRate() default -1;

	String fixedRateString() default "";

	long initialDelay() default -1;

	String initialDelayString() default "";
}

支持cron表达式（"cron" expression）、固定频率（fixedRate）、固定延时（fixedDelay） 3种调度方式。

ScheduledAnnotationBeanPostProcessor

ScheduledAnnotationBeanPostProcessor是@scheduled注解处理类，实现BeanPostProcessor接口（postProcessAfterInitialization方法实现注解扫描和类实例创建）、ApplicationContextAware接口（setApplicationContext方法设置当前ApplicationContext）、org.springframework.context.ApplicationListener（观察者模式，onApplicationEvent方法会被回调）。

ScheduledAnnotationBeanPostProcessor postProcessAfterInitialization扫描所有@scheduled注解，区分cronTasks、fixedDelayTasks、fixedRateTasks。

ScheduledAnnotationBeanPostProcessor 类定义如下：

package org.springframework.scheduling.annotation;

public class ScheduledAnnotationBeanPostProcessor
		implements MergedBeanDefinitionPostProcessor, DestructionAwareBeanPostProcessor,
		Ordered, EmbeddedValueResolverAware, BeanNameAware, BeanFactoryAware, ApplicationContextAware,
		SmartInitializingSingleton, ApplicationListener<ContextRefreshedEvent>, DisposableBean {

}

ScheduledAnnotationBeanPostProcessor 实现BeanPostProcessor接口（postProcessAfterInitialization方法实现注解扫描和类实例创建）、ApplicationContextAware接口（setApplicationContext方法设置当前ApplicationContext）、org.springframework.context.ApplicationListener（观察者模式，onApplicationEvent方法会被回调）、DisposableBean接口（destroy方法中进行资源销毁操作）。

postProcessAfterInitialization扫描所有@scheduled注解：

	@Override
	public Object postProcessAfterInitialization(final Object bean, String beanName) {
		Class<?> targetClass = AopUtils.getTargetClass(bean);
		if (!this.nonAnnotatedClasses.contains(targetClass)) {
			Map<Method, Set<Scheduled>> annotatedMethods = MethodIntrospector.selectMethods(targetClass,
					new MethodIntrospector.MetadataLookup<Set<Scheduled>>() {
						@Override
						public Set<Scheduled> inspect(Method method) {
							Set<Scheduled> scheduledMethods = AnnotatedElementUtils.getMergedRepeatableAnnotations(
									method, Scheduled.class, Schedules.class);
							return (!scheduledMethods.isEmpty() ? scheduledMethods : null);
						}
					});
			if (annotatedMethods.isEmpty()) {
				this.nonAnnotatedClasses.add(targetClass);
				if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
					logger.trace("No @Scheduled annotations found on bean class: " + bean.getClass());
				}
			}
			else {
				// Non-empty set of methods
				for (Map.Entry<Method, Set<Scheduled>> entry : annotatedMethods.entrySet()) {
					Method method = entry.getKey();
					for (Scheduled scheduled : entry.getValue()) {
						processScheduled(scheduled, method, bean);
					}
				}
				if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
					logger.debug(annotatedMethods.size() + " @Scheduled methods processed on bean '" + beanName +
							"': " + annotatedMethods);
				}
			}
		}
		return bean;
	}

processScheduled方法如下：

	protected void processScheduled(Scheduled scheduled, Method method, Object bean) {
		try {
			Assert.isTrue(method.getParameterTypes().length == 0,
					"Only no-arg methods may be annotated with @Scheduled");

			Method invocableMethod = AopUtils.selectInvocableMethod(method, bean.getClass());
			Runnable runnable = new ScheduledMethodRunnable(bean, invocableMethod);
			boolean processedSchedule = false;
			String errorMessage =
					"Exactly one of the 'cron', 'fixedDelay(String)', or 'fixedRate(String)' attributes is required";

			Set<ScheduledTask> tasks = new LinkedHashSet<ScheduledTask>(4);

			// Determine initial delay
			long initialDelay = scheduled.initialDelay();
			String initialDelayString = scheduled.initialDelayString();
			if (StringUtils.hasText(initialDelayString)) {
				Assert.isTrue(initialDelay < 0, "Specify 'initialDelay' or 'initialDelayString', not both");
				if (this.embeddedValueResolver != null) {
					initialDelayString = this.embeddedValueResolver.resolveStringValue(initialDelayString);
				}
				try {
					initialDelay = Long.parseLong(initialDelayString);
				}
				catch (NumberFormatException ex) {
					throw new IllegalArgumentException(
							"Invalid initialDelayString value \"" + initialDelayString + "\" - cannot parse into integer");
				}
			}

			// Check cron expression
			String cron = scheduled.cron();
			if (StringUtils.hasText(cron)) {
				Assert.isTrue(initialDelay == -1, "'initialDelay' not supported for cron triggers");
				processedSchedule = true;
				String zone = scheduled.zone();
				if (this.embeddedValueResolver != null) {
					cron = this.embeddedValueResolver.resolveStringValue(cron);
					zone = this.embeddedValueResolver.resolveStringValue(zone);
				}
				TimeZone timeZone;
				if (StringUtils.hasText(zone)) {
					timeZone = StringUtils.parseTimeZoneString(zone);
				}
				else {
					timeZone = TimeZone.getDefault();
				}
				tasks.add(this.registrar.scheduleCronTask(new CronTask(runnable, new CronTrigger(cron, timeZone))));
			}

			// At this point we don't need to differentiate between initial delay set or not anymore
			if (initialDelay < 0) {
				initialDelay = 0;
			}

			// Check fixed delay
			long fixedDelay = scheduled.fixedDelay();
			if (fixedDelay >= 0) {
				Assert.isTrue(!processedSchedule, errorMessage);
				processedSchedule = true;
				tasks.add(this.registrar.scheduleFixedDelayTask(new IntervalTask(runnable, fixedDelay, initialDelay)));
			}
			String fixedDelayString = scheduled.fixedDelayString();
			if (StringUtils.hasText(fixedDelayString)) {
				Assert.isTrue(!processedSchedule, errorMessage);
				processedSchedule = true;
				if (this.embeddedValueResolver != null) {
					fixedDelayString = this.embeddedValueResolver.resolveStringValue(fixedDelayString);
				}
				try {
					fixedDelay = Long.parseLong(fixedDelayString);
				}
				catch (NumberFormatException ex) {
					throw new IllegalArgumentException(
							"Invalid fixedDelayString value \"" + fixedDelayString + "\" - cannot parse into integer");
				}
				tasks.add(this.registrar.scheduleFixedDelayTask(new IntervalTask(runnable, fixedDelay, initialDelay)));
			}

			// Check fixed rate
			long fixedRate = scheduled.fixedRate();
			if (fixedRate >= 0) {
				Assert.isTrue(!processedSchedule, errorMessage);
				processedSchedule = true;
				tasks.add(this.registrar.scheduleFixedRateTask(new IntervalTask(runnable, fixedRate, initialDelay)));
			}
			String fixedRateString = scheduled.fixedRateString();
			if (StringUtils.hasText(fixedRateString)) {
				Assert.isTrue(!processedSchedule, errorMessage);
				processedSchedule = true;
				if (this.embeddedValueResolver != null) {
					fixedRateString = this.embeddedValueResolver.resolveStringValue(fixedRateString);
				}
				try {
					fixedRate = Long.parseLong(fixedRateString);
				}
				catch (NumberFormatException ex) {
					throw new IllegalArgumentException(
							"Invalid fixedRateString value \"" + fixedRateString + "\" - cannot parse into integer");
				}
				tasks.add(this.registrar.scheduleFixedRateTask(new IntervalTask(runnable, fixedRate, initialDelay)));
			}

			// Check whether we had any attribute set
			Assert.isTrue(processedSchedule, errorMessage);

			// Finally register the scheduled tasks
			synchronized (this.scheduledTasks) {
				Set<ScheduledTask> registeredTasks = this.scheduledTasks.get(bean);
				if (registeredTasks == null) {
					registeredTasks = new LinkedHashSet<ScheduledTask>(4);
					this.scheduledTasks.put(bean, registeredTasks);
				}
				registeredTasks.addAll(tasks);
			}
		}
		catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
			throw new IllegalStateException(
					"Encountered invalid @Scheduled method '" + method.getName() + "': " + ex.getMessage());
		}
	}

finishRefresh方法触发所有监视者方法回调，方法如下：

	@Override
	public void afterSingletonsInstantiated() {
		// Remove resolved singleton classes from cache
		this.nonAnnotatedClasses.clear();

		if (this.applicationContext == null) {
			// Not running in an ApplicationContext -> register tasks early...
			finishRegistration();
		}
	}

	@Override
	public void onApplicationEvent(ContextRefreshedEvent event) {
		if (event.getApplicationContext() == this.applicationContext) {
			// Running in an ApplicationContext -> register tasks this late...
			// giving other ContextRefreshedEvent listeners a chance to perform
			// their work at the same time (e.g. Spring Batch's job registration).
			finishRegistration();
		}
	}

	private void finishRegistration() {
		if (this.scheduler != null) {
			this.registrar.setScheduler(this.scheduler);
		}

		if (this.beanFactory instanceof ListableBeanFactory) {
			Map<String, SchedulingConfigurer> configurers =
					((ListableBeanFactory) this.beanFactory).getBeansOfType(SchedulingConfigurer.class);
			for (SchedulingConfigurer configurer : configurers.values()) {
				configurer.configureTasks(this.registrar);
			}
		}

		if (this.registrar.hasTasks() && this.registrar.getScheduler() == null) {
			Assert.state(this.beanFactory != null, "BeanFactory must be set to find scheduler by type");
			try {
				// Search for TaskScheduler bean...
				this.registrar.setTaskScheduler(resolveSchedulerBean(TaskScheduler.class, false));
			}
			catch (NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException ex) {
				logger.debug("Could not find unique TaskScheduler bean", ex);
				try {
					this.registrar.setTaskScheduler(resolveSchedulerBean(TaskScheduler.class, true));
				}
				catch (NoSuchBeanDefinitionException ex2) {
					if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
						logger.info("More than one TaskScheduler bean exists within the context, and " +
								"none is named 'taskScheduler'. Mark one of them as primary or name it 'taskScheduler' " +
								"(possibly as an alias); or implement the SchedulingConfigurer interface and call " +
								"ScheduledTaskRegistrar#setScheduler explicitly within the configureTasks() callback: " +
								ex.getBeanNamesFound());
					}
				}
			}
			catch (NoSuchBeanDefinitionException ex) {
				logger.debug("Could not find default TaskScheduler bean", ex);
				// Search for ScheduledExecutorService bean next...
				try {
					this.registrar.setScheduler(resolveSchedulerBean(ScheduledExecutorService.class, false));
				}
				catch (NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException ex2) {
					logger.debug("Could not find unique ScheduledExecutorService bean", ex2);
					try {
						this.registrar.setScheduler(resolveSchedulerBean(ScheduledExecutorService.class, true));
					}
					catch (NoSuchBeanDefinitionException ex3) {
						if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
							logger.info("More than one ScheduledExecutorService bean exists within the context, and " +
									"none is named 'taskScheduler'. Mark one of them as primary or name it 'taskScheduler' " +
									"(possibly as an alias); or implement the SchedulingConfigurer interface and call " +
									"ScheduledTaskRegistrar#setScheduler explicitly within the configureTasks() callback: " +
									ex2.getBeanNamesFound());
						}
					}
				}
				catch (NoSuchBeanDefinitionException ex2) {
					logger.debug("Could not find default ScheduledExecutorService bean", ex2);
					// Giving up -> falling back to default scheduler within the registrar...
					logger.info("No TaskScheduler/ScheduledExecutorService bean found for scheduled processing");
				}
			}
		}

		this.registrar.afterPropertiesSet();
	}

destroy方法暂停所有任务，如下：

	@Override
	public void destroy() {
		synchronized (this.scheduledTasks) {
			Collection<Set<ScheduledTask>> allTasks = this.scheduledTasks.values();
			for (Set<ScheduledTask> tasks : allTasks) {
				for (ScheduledTask task : tasks) {
					task.cancel();
				}
			}
			this.scheduledTasks.clear();
		}
		this.registrar.destroy();
	}

@EnableScheduling注解

接下来 ScheduledAnnotationBeanPostProcessor 是在哪儿生效的呢？我们来看一下@EnableScheduling 注解定义，如下：

package org.springframework.scheduling.annotation;

@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Import(SchedulingConfiguration.class)
@Documented
public @interface EnableScheduling {

}

Spring Boot项目中 @EnableScheduling的魔法就在于 @Import(SchedulingConfiguration.class)，看一下 SchedulingConfiguration源码：

@Configuration
@Role(BeanDefinition.ROLE_INFRASTRUCTURE)
public class SchedulingConfiguration {

	@Bean(name = TaskManagementConfigUtils.SCHEDULED_ANNOTATION_PROCESSOR_BEAN_NAME)
	@Role(BeanDefinition.ROLE_INFRASTRUCTURE)
	public ScheduledAnnotationBeanPostProcessor scheduledAnnotationProcessor() {
		return new ScheduledAnnotationBeanPostProcessor();
	}

}