1.仓库创建

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~$ mkdir myGit

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~$ cd myGit/

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git init

Initialized empty Git repository in /home/zhangshuli/myGit/.git/

2.更改添加

//创建一个新文件
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ touch bbb.txt

//查看当前目录
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ ls

aaa.txt  bbb.txt

//查看仓库状态
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st 
# On branch master

#

# Initial commit

#

# Untracked files:

#   (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)

#

#      bbb.txt //更改，还没有跟仓库扯上关系
nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
//提交到缓存去（工作目录树）
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ git add .

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ git st

# On branch master

#

# Initial commit

#

# Changes to be committed:

#   (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)

#

#    new file:   aaa.txt

#

 zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$

3.仓库修改还原

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ ls

aaa.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git br -av

* master 9a1e055 aaa.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st

# On branch master

nothing to commit (working directory clean)

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ touch bbb.txt ccc.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ ls

aaa.txt  bbb.txt  ccc.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st

# On branch master

# Untracked files:

#   (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)

#

#    bbb.txt

#    ccc.txt

nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git add bbb.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st

# On branch master

# Changes to be committed:

#   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)

#

#    new file:   bbb.txt

#

# Untracked files:

#   (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)

#

#    ccc.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git co ccc.txt

error: pathspec 'ccc.txt' did not match any file(s) known to git.

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git checkout ccc.txt

error: pathspec 'ccc.txt' did not match any file(s) known to git.

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git clear -df .

git: 'clear' is not a git command. See 'git --help'.

Did you mean this?

    clean

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git clean -df

Removing ccc.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st

# On branch master

# Changes to be committed:

#   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)

#

#    new file:   bbb.txt

#

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ git clean -df aaa.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ git st 
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
#   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
#    new file:   bbb.txt
#
# Changed but not updated:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
#   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
#    modified:   aaa.txt
#
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ vim aaa.txt 
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ git co aaa.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ ls
aaa.txt  bbb.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ touch ccc.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ ls
aaa.txt  bbb.txt  ccc.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ git st 
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
#   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
#    new file:   bbb.txt
#
# Untracked files:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
#
#    ccc.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ git checkout ccc.txt
error: pathspec 'ccc.txt' did not match any file(s) known to git.
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ git co ccc.txt
error: pathspec 'ccc.txt' did not match any file(s) known to git.
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ git clean diff .
fatal: clean.requireForce defaults to true and neither -n nor -f given; refusing to clean
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ git clean -f .
Removing ccc.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$

从上面我们可以得到如下结论

1）git co = git checkout

2)   git co 跟git clean 都是针对目录树的操作，对缓存区没有影响

3)   git co 是针对版本库或者缓存区已经存在的项目进行的操作，它是去除两者的差异，相当于还原

4)    git clean 针对的是目录树存在而版本库或者缓存区不存在的项目

5）两者的区别，其实就是，一个git co分析同一个文件内容差异；git clean分析文件目录差异

另外，cc = git co . | git clean -f .

4.版本库的撤消跟修改

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ ls

aaa.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git br -av

* master 9a1e055 aaa.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st

# On branch master

nothing to commit (working directory clean)

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ ls

aaa.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ touch bbb.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st

# On branch master

# Untracked files:

#   (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)

#

#    bbb.txt

nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git add .

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st

# On branch master

# Changes to be committed:

#   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)

#

#    new file:   bbb.txt

#

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git reset .

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st

# On branch master

# Untracked files:

#   (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)

#

#    bbb.txt

nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git add .

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git commit -m "bbb.txt" -m "add"

[master 2f6533f] bbb.txt

  files changed,  insertions(+),  deletions(-)

 create mode  bbb.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st

# On branch master

nothing to commit (working directory clean)

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git br -av

* master 2f6533f bbb.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git log

commit 2f6533fe371f8b5a9dfa9c502bc20e22aaaa6177

Author: zhangshuli <zhangshuli@vanzotec.cn>

Date:   Fri Feb  ::  +

    bbb.txt

    add

commit 9a1e05516a0436f46b73c9553795ae22acfb2eee

Author: zhangshuli <zhangshuli@vanzotec.cn>

Date:   Fri Feb  ::  +

    aaa.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$

对于本地目录树跟缓冲区之间的操作，主要就是有两种

1）目录树->缓冲区：git add

2)缓冲区->目录树：git reset

3）看如下的例子

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st

# On branch master

# Untracked files:

#   (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)

#

#    bbb.txt

nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ vim bbb.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git add .

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st

# On branch master

# Changes to be committed:

#   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)

#

#    new file:   bbb.txt

#

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ vim bbb.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st

# On branch master

# Changes to be committed:

#   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)

#

#    new file:   bbb.txt

#

# Changed but not updated:

#   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)

#   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)

#

#    modified:   bbb.txt

#

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git reset bbb.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st

# On branch master

# Untracked files:

#   (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)

#

#    bbb.txt

nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git clean -f .

Removing bbb.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st

# On branch master

nothing to commit (working directory clean)

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$

通过上面的操作，我们还可以再次加深下理解

1）git add :本质上是把一次修改先放到缓存区，如果你目录树中再次对它进行修改并提交，这个会覆盖之前的状态

2）git reset:是把缓存区的内容放回到目录树，但它不是覆盖，而是保持目录树中的当前状态

3）如果你删除了一个缓存区存在的文件，那么你要么可以使用git add . -A把缓存区的状态覆盖掉，要么可以git reset .这时候git reset 文件名 报错，因为找不到这个文件了

4)git commit -m "one" -m "two" ...其实就是注释的换行且中间间隔一行

5）git commit --amend 是在当前的节点上追加内容(当然也可以通过它来给注释重命名).理解错误，看如下实例

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git log

commit aec98e99d63338313b35f6f62a44de1e9aff7095

Author: zhangshuli <zhangshuli@vanzotec.cn>

Date:   Fri Feb  ::  +

    my second commit

commit e63204faffe5e482c18f188ca1c690d961924846

Author: zhangshuli <zhangshuli@vanzotec.cn>

Date:   Fri Feb  ::  +

    aaa.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git commit --amend

[master ef2db10] my second commit

  files changed,  insertions(+),  deletions(-)

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git log

commit ef2db102fc369c5a20e4b9521f0acb6532a75255

Author: zhangshuli <zhangshuli@vanzotec.cn>

Date:   Fri Feb  ::  +

    my second commit

commit e63204faffe5e482c18f188ca1c690d961924846

Author: zhangshuli <zhangshuli@vanzotec.cn>

Date:   Fri Feb  ::  +

    aaa.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$

你会发现git commit 之后，节点序号改变了，所以，它不是在原来节点上的增加，而是把他们两个合在一块形成了一次新的节点

6)git commit "file" 默认的是全部提交

6)git log -2 表示的是显示log的最近两次提交

5.仓库状态跳转修改

1)get reset

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git log

commit f73968df521e48d23289c5563f7ac7fbc5937b57

Author: zhangshuli <zhangshuli@vanzotec.cn>

Date:   Fri Feb  ::  +

    my second commit

commit 4c7cede87be37783ca4528fbdcd79bc08e3870fe

Author: zhangshuli <zhangshuli@vanzotec.cn>

Date:   Fri Feb  ::  +

    my frist commit

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git reset 4c7cede87be37783ca4528fbdcd79bc08e3870fe

Unstaged changes after reset:

M    aaa.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st

# On branch master

# Changed but not updated:

#   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)

#   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)

#

#    modified:   aaa.txt

#

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ vim aaa.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$

它的意思是，从当前节点到指定节点，比较两者的差异，差异存在目录树

它类似于你在指定节点的基础上做了某些修改，现在是修改之后的样子

2）git reset --soft

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git log

commit f73968df521e48d23289c5563f7ac7fbc5937b57

Author: zhangshuli <zhangshuli@vanzotec.cn>

Date:   Fri Feb  ::  +

    my second commit

commit 4c7cede87be37783ca4528fbdcd79bc08e3870fe

Author: zhangshuli <zhangshuli@vanzotec.cn>

Date:   Fri Feb  ::  +

    my frist commit

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git reset --soft 4c7cede87be37783ca4528fbdcd79bc08e3870fe

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st

# On branch master

# Changes to be committed:

#   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)

#

#    modified:   aaa.txt

#

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git diff --cahced .

error: invalid option: --cahced

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git diff --cached .

diff --git a/aaa.txt b/aaa.txt

index 3e66ffe..b973e7f

--- a/aaa.txt

+++ b/aaa.txt

@@ - +, @@

-my frist commit

+my second commit

+

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ vim aaa.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$

它跟不加参数的区别就是:它把差异放在了缓存区，相当于进行了一次commit

3）git reset --hard

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git log

commit f73968df521e48d23289c5563f7ac7fbc5937b57

Author: zhangshuli <zhangshuli@vanzotec.cn>

Date:   Fri Feb  ::  +

    my second commit

commit 4c7cede87be37783ca4528fbdcd79bc08e3870fe

Author: zhangshuli <zhangshuli@vanzotec.cn>

Date:   Fri Feb  ::  +

    my frist commit

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git reset --hard 4c7cede87be37783ca4528fbdcd79bc08e3870fe

HEAD is now at 4c7cede my frist commit

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st

# On branch master

nothing to commit (working directory clean)

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ vim aaa.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$

它比较暴力，是直接将当前状态，强制转化为了节点状态，不可恢复，除非你记住了转换之前的节点

上面说的是往前节点的跳转，如果往后其实也是一样的，如

git reset

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git reset f73968df521e48d23289c5563f7ac7fbc5937b57

Unstaged changes after reset:

M    aaa.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st

# On branch master

# Changed but not updated:

#   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)

#   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)

#

#    modified:   aaa.txt

#

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ vim aaa.txt

zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$

其实，它相当于，你在跳转节点的基础上（当时aaa.txt里面的值为second commit）当前aaa.txt的值是first commit。它相当于你把aaa.txt的值有原来的second commit ->first commit

从而我们可以知道，节点严格来说不分所谓的前后，因为它代表的仅仅是一个提交点，它是一种状态的id，通过它我们可以找到那个状态。当然，这样说是不严谨的，因为节点都是有父子节点关系的

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