git- 仓库创建、修改、提交、撤销
1.仓库创建
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~$ mkdir myGit
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~$ cd myGit/
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git init
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/zhangshuli/myGit/.git/
2.更改添加
//创建一个新文件
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ touch bbb.txt
//查看当前目录
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ ls
aaa.txt bbb.txt
//查看仓库状态
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st
# On branch master
#
# Initial commit
#
# Untracked files:
# (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
#
# bbb.txt //更改，还没有跟仓库扯上关系
nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
//提交到缓存去（工作目录树）
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ git add .
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ git st
# On branch master
#
# Initial commit
#
# Changes to be committed:
# (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)
#
# new file: aaa.txt
#
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$
3.仓库修改还原
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ ls
aaa.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git br -av
* master 9a1e055 aaa.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st
# On branch master
nothing to commit (working directory clean)
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ touch bbb.txt ccc.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ ls
aaa.txt bbb.txt ccc.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st
# On branch master
# Untracked files:
# (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
#
# bbb.txt
# ccc.txt
nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git add bbb.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
# (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
# new file: bbb.txt
#
# Untracked files:
# (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
#
# ccc.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git co ccc.txt
error: pathspec 'ccc.txt' did not match any file(s) known to git.
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git checkout ccc.txt
error: pathspec 'ccc.txt' did not match any file(s) known to git.
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git clear -df .
git: 'clear' is not a git command. See 'git --help'. Did you mean this?
clean
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git clean -df
Removing ccc.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
# (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
# new file: bbb.txt
#
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ git clean -df aaa.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ git st
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
# (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
# new file: bbb.txt
#
# Changed but not updated:
# (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
# (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
# modified: aaa.txt
#
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ vim aaa.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ git co aaa.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ ls
aaa.txt bbb.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ touch ccc.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ ls
aaa.txt bbb.txt ccc.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ git st
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
# (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
# new file: bbb.txt
#
# Untracked files:
# (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
#
# ccc.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ git checkout ccc.txt
error: pathspec 'ccc.txt' did not match any file(s) known to git.
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ git co ccc.txt
error: pathspec 'ccc.txt' did not match any file(s) known to git.
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ git clean diff .
fatal: clean.requireForce defaults to true and neither -n nor -f given; refusing to clean
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$ git clean -f .
Removing ccc.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-7817:~/myGit$
从上面我们可以得到如下结论
1）git co = git checkout
2) git co 跟git clean 都是针对目录树的操作，对缓存区没有影响
3) git co 是针对版本库或者缓存区已经存在的项目进行的操作，它是去除两者的差异，相当于还原
4) git clean 针对的是目录树存在而版本库或者缓存区不存在的项目
5）两者的区别，其实就是，一个git co分析同一个文件内容差异；git clean分析文件目录差异
另外，cc = git co . | git clean -f .
4.版本库的撤消跟修改
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ ls
aaa.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git br -av
* master 9a1e055 aaa.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st
# On branch master
nothing to commit (working directory clean)
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ ls
aaa.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ touch bbb.txt zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st
# On branch master
# Untracked files:
# (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
#
# bbb.txt
nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git add .
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
# (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
# new file: bbb.txt
#
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git reset .
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st
# On branch master
# Untracked files:
# (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
#
# bbb.txt
nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git add .
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git commit -m "bbb.txt" -m "add"
[master 2f6533f] bbb.txt
files changed, insertions(+), deletions(-)
create mode bbb.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st
# On branch master
nothing to commit (working directory clean)
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git br -av
* master 2f6533f bbb.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git log
commit 2f6533fe371f8b5a9dfa9c502bc20e22aaaa6177
Author: zhangshuli <zhangshuli@vanzotec.cn>
Date: Fri Feb :: + bbb.txt add commit 9a1e05516a0436f46b73c9553795ae22acfb2eee
Author: zhangshuli <zhangshuli@vanzotec.cn>
Date: Fri Feb :: + aaa.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$
对于本地目录树跟缓冲区之间的操作，主要就是有两种
1）目录树->缓冲区：git add
2)缓冲区->目录树：git reset
3）看如下的例子
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st
# On branch master
# Untracked files:
# (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
#
# bbb.txt
nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ vim bbb.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git add .
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
# (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
# new file: bbb.txt
#
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ vim bbb.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
# (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
# new file: bbb.txt
#
# Changed but not updated:
# (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
# (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
# modified: bbb.txt
#
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git reset bbb.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st
# On branch master
# Untracked files:
# (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
#
# bbb.txt
nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git clean -f .
Removing bbb.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st
# On branch master
nothing to commit (working directory clean)
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$
通过上面的操作，我们还可以再次加深下理解
1）git add :本质上是把一次修改先放到缓存区，如果你目录树中再次对它进行修改并提交，这个会覆盖之前的状态
2）git reset:是把缓存区的内容放回到目录树，但它不是覆盖，而是保持目录树中的当前状态
3）如果你删除了一个缓存区存在的文件，那么你要么可以使用git add . -A把缓存区的状态覆盖掉，要么可以git reset .这时候git reset 文件名 报错，因为找不到这个文件了
4)git commit -m "one" -m "two" ...其实就是注释的换行且中间间隔一行
5）git commit --amend 是在当前的节点上追加内容(当然也可以通过它来给注释重命名).理解错误，看如下实例
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git log
commit aec98e99d63338313b35f6f62a44de1e9aff7095
Author: zhangshuli <zhangshuli@vanzotec.cn>
Date: Fri Feb :: + my second commit commit e63204faffe5e482c18f188ca1c690d961924846
Author: zhangshuli <zhangshuli@vanzotec.cn>
Date: Fri Feb :: + aaa.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git commit --amend
[master ef2db10] my second commit
files changed, insertions(+), deletions(-)
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git log
commit ef2db102fc369c5a20e4b9521f0acb6532a75255
Author: zhangshuli <zhangshuli@vanzotec.cn>
Date: Fri Feb :: + my second commit commit e63204faffe5e482c18f188ca1c690d961924846
Author: zhangshuli <zhangshuli@vanzotec.cn>
Date: Fri Feb :: + aaa.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$
你会发现git commit 之后，节点序号改变了，所以，它不是在原来节点上的增加，而是把他们两个合在一块形成了一次新的节点
6)git commit "file" 默认的是全部提交
6)git log -2 表示的是显示log的最近两次提交
5.仓库状态跳转修改
1)get reset
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git log
commit f73968df521e48d23289c5563f7ac7fbc5937b57
Author: zhangshuli <zhangshuli@vanzotec.cn>
Date: Fri Feb :: + my second commit commit 4c7cede87be37783ca4528fbdcd79bc08e3870fe
Author: zhangshuli <zhangshuli@vanzotec.cn>
Date: Fri Feb :: + my frist commit
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git reset 4c7cede87be37783ca4528fbdcd79bc08e3870fe
Unstaged changes after reset:
M aaa.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st
# On branch master
# Changed but not updated:
# (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
# (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
# modified: aaa.txt
#
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ vim aaa.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$
它的意思是，从当前节点到指定节点，比较两者的差异，差异存在目录树
它类似于你在指定节点的基础上做了某些修改，现在是修改之后的样子
2）git reset --soft
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git log
commit f73968df521e48d23289c5563f7ac7fbc5937b57
Author: zhangshuli <zhangshuli@vanzotec.cn>
Date: Fri Feb :: + my second commit commit 4c7cede87be37783ca4528fbdcd79bc08e3870fe
Author: zhangshuli <zhangshuli@vanzotec.cn>
Date: Fri Feb :: + my frist commit
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git reset --soft 4c7cede87be37783ca4528fbdcd79bc08e3870fe
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
# (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
# modified: aaa.txt
#
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git diff --cahced .
error: invalid option: --cahced
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git diff --cached .
diff --git a/aaa.txt b/aaa.txt
index 3e66ffe..b973e7f
--- a/aaa.txt
+++ b/aaa.txt
@@ - +, @@
-my frist commit
+my second commit
+
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ vim aaa.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$
它跟不加参数的区别就是:它把差异放在了缓存区，相当于进行了一次commit
3）git reset --hard
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git log
commit f73968df521e48d23289c5563f7ac7fbc5937b57
Author: zhangshuli <zhangshuli@vanzotec.cn>
Date: Fri Feb :: + my second commit commit 4c7cede87be37783ca4528fbdcd79bc08e3870fe
Author: zhangshuli <zhangshuli@vanzotec.cn>
Date: Fri Feb :: + my frist commit
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git reset --hard 4c7cede87be37783ca4528fbdcd79bc08e3870fe
HEAD is now at 4c7cede my frist commit
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st
# On branch master
nothing to commit (working directory clean)
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ vim aaa.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$
它比较暴力，是直接将当前状态，强制转化为了节点状态，不可恢复，除非你记住了转换之前的节点
上面说的是往前节点的跳转，如果往后其实也是一样的，如
git reset
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git reset f73968df521e48d23289c5563f7ac7fbc5937b57
Unstaged changes after reset:
M aaa.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ git st
# On branch master
# Changed but not updated:
# (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
# (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
# modified: aaa.txt
#
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$ vim aaa.txt
zhangshuli@zhangshuli-MS-:~/myGit$
其实，它相当于，你在跳转节点的基础上（当时aaa.txt里面的值为second commit）当前aaa.txt的值是first commit。它相当于你把aaa.txt的值有原来的second commit ->first commit
从而我们可以知道，节点严格来说不分所谓的前后，因为它代表的仅仅是一个提交点，它是一种状态的id，通过它我们可以找到那个状态。当然，这样说是不严谨的，因为节点都是有父子节点关系的
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