ubuntu下安装程序的五种方法

在ubuntu当中，安装应用程序我所知道的有三种方法，分别是apt-get，dpkg安装deb和make install安装源码包三种。下面针对每一种方法各举例来说明。

一、apt-get方法

使用apt-get install来安装应用程序算是最常见的一种安装方法了，比如我要安装build-essential这个软件，使用以下，他会帮我把所有的依赖包都一起安装了。

sudo apt-get install build-essential

执行上述命令以后，我们可以看到一下信息，The following extra packages will be installed:表示所有需要再安装的依赖包。

sudo apt-get install build-essential
[sudo] password for enadmin:
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
binutils cpp cpp-4.6 dpkg-dev fakeroot g++ g++-4.6 gcc gcc-4.6
libalgorithm-diff-perl libalgorithm-diff-xs-perl libalgorithm-merge-perl
libc-bin libc-dev-bin libc6 libc6-dev libdpkg-perl libgomp1 libmpc2 libmpfr4
libquadmath0 libstdc++6-4.6-dev linux-libc-dev manpages-dev
Suggested packages:
binutils-doc cpp-doc gcc-4.6-locales debian-keyring g++-multilib
g++-4.6-multilib gcc-4.6-doc libstdc++6-4.6-dbg gcc-multilib autoconf
automake1.9 libtool flex bison gdb gcc-doc gcc-4.6-multilib
libmudflap0-4.6-dev libgcc1-dbg libgomp1-dbg libquadmath0-dbg
libmudflap0-dbg binutils-gold glibc-doc libstdc++6-4.6-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
binutils build-essential cpp cpp-4.6 dpkg-dev fakeroot g++ g++-4.6 gcc
gcc-4.6 libalgorithm-diff-perl libalgorithm-diff-xs-perl
libalgorithm-merge-perl libc-dev-bin libc6-dev libdpkg-perl libgomp1 libmpc2
libmpfr4 libquadmath0 libstdc++6-4.6-dev linux-libc-dev manpages-dev
The following packages will be upgraded:
libc-bin libc6
2 upgraded, 23 newly installed, 0 to remove and 101 not upgraded.
Need to get 36.3 MB of archives.
After this operation, 83.6 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y

下面给出apt-get的的各种参数：

apt-get install xxx 安装xxx 。如果带有参数，那么-d 表示仅下载，-f 表示强制安装
apt-get remove xxx 卸载xxx
apt-get update 更新软件信息数据库
apt-get upgrade 进行系统升级
apt-cache search 搜索软件包
Tips：建议您经常使用“apt-get update”命令来更新您的软件信息数据库

apt-get理论上是要求能够联网，但是如果制作了本地源，就不需要联网，制作本地源可以参考：ubuntu制作本地源

二、dpkg安装deb包

Ubuntu软件包格式为deb，安装方法如下：

sudo dpkg -i package.deb

dpkg的详细使用方法，网上有很多，下面简单列了几个：

dpkg -i package.deb	安装包
dpkg -r package	删除包
dpkg -P package	删除包（包括配置文件）
dpkg -L package	列出与该包关联的文件
dpkg -l package	显示该包的版本
dpkg –unpack package.deb	解开 deb 包的内容
dpkg -S keyword	搜索所属的包内容
dpkg -l	列出当前已安装的包
dpkg -c package.deb	列出 deb 包的内容
dpkg –configure package	配置包

根据Ubuntu中文论坛上介绍，使用apt-get方法安装的软件，所有下载的deb包都缓存到了/var/cache/apt/archives目录下了，所以可以把常用的deb包备份出来，甚至做成ISO工具包、刻盘，以后安装Ubuntu时就可以在没有网络环境的情况下进行了。下面的命令是拷贝archives这个目录到/var/cache/apt/目录下，替换原有的archives

enadmin@ubuntu-server:~/ftp$ sudo cp -r archives/ /var/cache/apt/

三、make install源代码安装

如果要使用make安装的话，那么必须得安装build-essential这个依赖包，安装方法已经在前面说过了。在安装完毕以后，我们就可以进行源码安装。源码安装大致可以分为三步骤：（./configure）–＞
编译（sudo make） –＞安装（sudo make install）。

配置：这是编译源代码的第一步，通过 ./configure 命令完成。执行此步以便为编译源代码作准备。常用的选项有 --prefix=PREFIX，用以指定程序的安装位置。更多的选项可通过 --help 查询。也有某些程序无需执行此步。
编译：一旦配置通过，可即刻使用 make 指令来执行源代码的编译过程。视软件的具体情况而定，编译所需的时间也各有差异，我们所要做的就是耐心等候和静观其变。此步虽然仅下简单的指令，但有时候所遇到的问题却十分复杂。较常碰到的情形是程序编译到中途却无法圆满结束。此时，需要根据出错提示分析以便找到应对之策。
安装：如果编译没有问题，那么执行 sudo make install 就可以将程序安装到系统中了。

下面以安装nagios为例进行说明。

//1.解压缩

tar -zxf nagios-4.0.2.tar.gz

//2.进入目录

cd nagios-4.0.2

//3.配置

./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nagios

//4.编译

make all

//5.安装

make install && make install-init && make install-commandmode && make install-config

四、通过现成的install.sh 安装文件直接安装

发现下载到源码很多都没有 configure文件，按照方式三步骤，当执行 ./configure 命令时，提示如下：

此时，查看解压后到安装包目录，发现直接已经有了安装文件 install.sh 文件：

执行安装命令： sudo ./install*.sh

发生报错：

Linux – git: command not found 错误解决:

出错原因

服务器没有安装GIT，所以导致出错。

解决方法

Centos下使用：

1	yuminstallgit-y

或者

1	yuminstall-ygit

两个代码都是一样的，随意的使用一个即可。

Ubuntu/Debian下使用

1	apt-getinstallgit-y

即可解决问题。

执行 sudo apt-get install git -y 命令后，

git安装成功，

再次运行 sudo ./install_libxx.sh 命令，进行meta安装，运行记录如下，没有报错，应该是安装成功了。

fanchang@fanchang-System-Product-Name:~/Downloads/meta-master$ sudo ./install_libcxx.sh

[sudo] password for fanchang:
--2016-11-18 14:14:16-- http://www.cmake.org/files/v3.5/cmake-3.5.0-Linux-x86_64.tar.gz
Resolving www.cmake.org (www.cmake.org)... 66.194.253.19
Connecting to www.cmake.org (www.cmake.org)|66.194.253.19|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 301 Moved Permanently
Location: http://cmake.org/files/v3.5/cmake-3.5.0-Linux-x86_64.tar.gz [following]
--2016-11-18 14:14:17-- http://cmake.org/files/v3.5/cmake-3.5.0-Linux-x86_64.tar.gz
Resolving cmake.org (cmake.org)... 66.194.253.19
Connecting to cmake.org (cmake.org)|66.194.253.19|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 301 Moved Permanently
Location: https://cmake.org/files/v3.5/cmake-3.5.0-Linux-x86_64.tar.gz [following]
--2016-11-18 14:14:18-- https://cmake.org/files/v3.5/cmake-3.5.0-Linux-x86_64.tar.gz
Connecting to cmake.org (cmake.org)|66.194.253.19|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 28435347 (27M) [application/x-gzip]
Saving to: ‘cmake-3.5.0-Linux-x86_64.tar.gz.1’

100%[============================================================>] 28,435,347 183KB/s in 60s

2016-11-18 14:15:19 (462 KB/s) - ‘cmake-3.5.0-Linux-x86_64.tar.gz.1’ saved [28435347/28435347]

mkdir: cannot create directory ‘cmake’: File exists
Cloning into 'libcxx'...
remote: Counting objects: 7240, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (5023/5023), done.
remote: Total 7240 (delta 3469), reused 3588 (delta 1926), pack-reused 0
Receiving objects: 100% (7240/7240), 3.09 MiB | 919.00 KiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (3469/3469), done.
Checking connectivity... done.
-- The CXX compiler identification is GNU 4.8.4
-- The C compiler identification is GNU 4.8.4
-- Check for working CXX compiler: /usr/bin/c++
-- Check for working CXX compiler: /usr/bin/c++ -- works
-- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info
-- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info - done
-- Detecting CXX compile features
-- Detecting CXX compile features - done
-- Check for working C compiler: /usr/bin/cc
-- Check for working C compiler: /usr/bin/cc -- works
-- Detecting C compiler ABI info
-- Detecting C compiler ABI info - done
-- Detecting C compile features
-- Detecting C compile features - done
-- Configuring for standalone build.
CMake Warning at CMakeLists.txt:36 (message):
UNSUPPORTED LIBCXX CONFIGURATION DETECTED: llvm-config not found and
LLVM_PATH not defined.

Reconfigure with -DLLVM_CONFIG_PATH=path/to/llvm-config or
-DLLVM_PATH=path/to/llvm-source-root.

-- Looking for fopen in c
-- Looking for fopen in c - found
-- Looking for __gcc_personality_v0 in gcc_s
-- Looking for __gcc_personality_v0 in gcc_s - found
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_NODEFAULTLIBS_FLAG
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_NODEFAULTLIBS_FLAG - Success
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_HAVE_CXX_ATOMICS_WITHOUT_LIB
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_HAVE_CXX_ATOMICS_WITHOUT_LIB - Success
-- Looking for __atomic_fetch_add_8 in atomic
-- Looking for __atomic_fetch_add_8 in atomic - found
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_HAS_WX_FLAG
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_HAS_WX_FLAG - Failed
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_HAS_NO_WX_FLAG
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_HAS_NO_WX_FLAG - Failed
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_HAS_EHSC_FLAG
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_HAS_EHSC_FLAG - Failed
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_HAS_NO_EHS_FLAG
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_HAS_NO_EHS_FLAG - Failed
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_HAS_NO_EHA_FLAG
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_HAS_NO_EHA_FLAG - Failed
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_HAS_NO_GR_FLAG
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_HAS_NO_GR_FLAG - Failed
-- Looking for pthread_create in pthread
-- Looking for pthread_create in pthread - found
-- Looking for ccos in m
-- Looking for ccos in m - found
-- Looking for clock_gettime in rt
-- Looking for clock_gettime in rt - found
CMake Warning at cmake/Modules/HandleLibCXXABI.cmake:57 (message):
Failed to find cxxabi.h
Call Stack (most recent call first):
cmake/Modules/HandleLibCXXABI.cmake:79 (setup_abi_lib)
CMakeLists.txt:338 (include)

CMake Warning at cmake/Modules/HandleLibCXXABI.cmake:57 (message):
Failed to find bits/c++config.h
Call Stack (most recent call first):
cmake/Modules/HandleLibCXXABI.cmake:79 (setup_abi_lib)
CMakeLists.txt:338 (include)

CMake Warning at cmake/Modules/HandleLibCXXABI.cmake:57 (message):
Failed to find bits/os_defines.h
Call Stack (most recent call first):
cmake/Modules/HandleLibCXXABI.cmake:79 (setup_abi_lib)
CMakeLists.txt:338 (include)

CMake Warning at cmake/Modules/HandleLibCXXABI.cmake:57 (message):
Failed to find bits/cpu_defines.h
Call Stack (most recent call first):
cmake/Modules/HandleLibCXXABI.cmake:79 (setup_abi_lib)
CMakeLists.txt:338 (include)

CMake Warning at cmake/Modules/HandleLibCXXABI.cmake:57 (message):
Failed to find bits/cxxabi_tweaks.h
Call Stack (most recent call first):
cmake/Modules/HandleLibCXXABI.cmake:79 (setup_abi_lib)
CMakeLists.txt:338 (include)

CMake Warning at cmake/Modules/HandleLibCXXABI.cmake:57 (message):
Failed to find bits/cxxabi_forced.h
Call Stack (most recent call first):
cmake/Modules/HandleLibCXXABI.cmake:79 (setup_abi_lib)
CMakeLists.txt:338 (include)

-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_STD_EQ_CXX11_FLAG
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_STD_EQ_CXX11_FLAG - Success
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_NOSTDINCXX_FLAG
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_NOSTDINCXX_FLAG - Success
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_FVISIBILITY_INLINES_HIDDEN_FLAG
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_FVISIBILITY_INLINES_HIDDEN_FLAG - Success
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_WALL_FLAG
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_WALL_FLAG - Success
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_WEXTRA_FLAG
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_WEXTRA_FLAG - Success
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_W_FLAG
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_W_FLAG - Success
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_WWRITE_STRINGS_FLAG
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_WWRITE_STRINGS_FLAG - Success
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_WNO_UNUSED_PARAMETER_FLAG
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_WNO_UNUSED_PARAMETER_FLAG - Success
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_WNO_LONG_LONG_FLAG
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_WNO_LONG_LONG_FLAG - Success
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_WERROR_EQ_RETURN_TYPE_FLAG
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_WERROR_EQ_RETURN_TYPE_FLAG - Success
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_WNO_LITERAL_SUFFIX_FLAG
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_WNO_LITERAL_SUFFIX_FLAG - Success
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_WNO_CXX14_COMPAT_FLAG
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_WNO_CXX14_COMPAT_FLAG - Success
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_WNO_ERROR_FLAG
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_WNO_ERROR_FLAG - Success
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_EHSC_FLAG
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_EHSC_FLAG - Failed
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_FPIC_FLAG
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_FPIC_FLAG - Success
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_STD_EQ_CXX14_FLAG
-- Performing Test LIBCXX_SUPPORTS_STD_EQ_CXX14_FLAG - Failed
-- Adding Benchmark: filesystem.bench.cpp
-- Adding Benchmark: vector_operations.bench.cpp
-- Adding Benchmark: unordered_set_operations.bench.cpp
-- Adding Benchmark: util_smartptr.bench.cpp
-- Adding Benchmark: algorithms.bench.cpp
-- Configuring done
-- Generating done
-- Build files have been written to: /home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/build
make: Entering directory `/home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/build'
make[1]: Entering directory `/home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/build'
make[2]: Entering directory `/home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/build'
make[3]: Entering directory `/home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/build'
Scanning dependencies of target cxx_objects
make[3]: Leaving directory `/home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/build'
make[3]: Entering directory `/home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/build'
[ 3%] Building CXX object lib/CMakeFiles/cxx_objects.dir/__/src/new.cpp.o
[ 6%] Building CXX object lib/CMakeFiles/cxx_objects.dir/__/src/system_error.cpp.o
[ 10%] Building CXX object lib/CMakeFiles/cxx_objects.dir/__/src/any.cpp.o
[ 13%] Building CXX object lib/CMakeFiles/cxx_objects.dir/__/src/valarray.cpp.o
In file included from /home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/include/cmath:305:0,
                 from /home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/include/valarray:344,
                 from /home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/src/valarray.cpp:10:
/home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/include/math.h: In function ‘float abs(float)’:
/home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/include/math.h:640:1:
warning: ‘float abs(float)’: visibility attribute ignored because it
[-Wattributes]
abs(float __lcpp_x) _NOEXCEPT {return fabsf(__lcpp_x);}
^
<built-in>:0:0: warning: conflicts with previous declaration here [-Wattributes]
[ 17%] Building CXX object lib/CMakeFiles/cxx_objects.dir/__/src/condition_variable.cpp.o
At global scope:
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In file included from /home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/include/cmath:305:0,
                 from /home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/include/__hash_table:19,
                 from /home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/src/hash.cpp:10:
/home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/include/math.h: In function ‘float abs(float)’:
/home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/include/math.h:640:1:
warning: ‘float abs(float)’: visibility attribute ignored because it
[-Wattributes]
abs(float __lcpp_x) _NOEXCEPT {return fabsf(__lcpp_x);}
^
<built-in>:0:0: warning: conflicts with previous declaration here [-Wattributes]
At global scope:
cc1plus: warning: unrecognized command line option "-Wno-c++14-compat" [enabled by default]
[ 31%] Building CXX object lib/CMakeFiles/cxx_objects.dir/__/src/thread.cpp.o
In file included from /home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/include/cmath:305:0,
                 from /home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/include/random:1638,
                 from /home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/src/random.cpp:15:
/home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/include/math.h: In function ‘float abs(float)’:
/home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/include/math.h:640:1:
warning: ‘float abs(float)’: visibility attribute ignored because it
[-Wattributes]
abs(float __lcpp_x) _NOEXCEPT {return fabsf(__lcpp_x);}
^
<built-in>:0:0: warning: conflicts with previous declaration here [-Wattributes]
[ 34%] Building CXX object lib/CMakeFiles/cxx_objects.dir/__/src/stdexcept.cpp.o
At global scope:
cc1plus: warning: unrecognized command line option "-Wno-c++14-compat" [enabled by default]
[ 37%] Building CXX object lib/CMakeFiles/cxx_objects.dir/__/src/regex.cpp.o
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[ 62%] Building CXX object lib/CMakeFiles/cxx_objects.dir/__/src/algorithm.cpp.o
In file included from /home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/include/cmath:305:0,
                 from /home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/include/random:1638,
                 from /home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/src/algorithm.cpp:11:
/home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/include/math.h: In function ‘float abs(float)’:
/home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/include/math.h:640:1:
warning: ‘float abs(float)’: visibility attribute ignored because it
[-Wattributes]
abs(float __lcpp_x) _NOEXCEPT {return fabsf(__lcpp_x);}
^
<built-in>:0:0: warning: conflicts with previous declaration here [-Wattributes]
[ 65%] Building CXX object lib/CMakeFiles/cxx_objects.dir/__/src/shared_mutex.cpp.o
[ 68%] Building CXX object lib/CMakeFiles/cxx_objects.dir/__/src/memory.cpp.o
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[ 75%] Building CXX object lib/CMakeFiles/cxx_objects.dir/__/src/iostream.cpp.o
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[ 79%] Building CXX object lib/CMakeFiles/cxx_objects.dir/__/src/chrono.cpp.o
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make[3]: Leaving directory `/home/fanchang/Downloads/meta-master/libcxx/build'
[ 93%] Built target cxx_objects
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Scanning dependencies of target cxx_static
Scanning dependencies of target cxx_shared
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