C# Foreach循环本质与枚举器

　　对于C#里面的Foreach学过 语言的人都知道怎么用，但是其原理相信很多人和我一样都没有去深究。刚回顾泛型讲到枚举器让我联想到了Foreach的实现，所以进行一番探究，有什么不对或者错误的地方大家多多斧正。

1、创建一个控制台应用程序

2、编写测试代码并分析

在Program类中写一个foreach循环

class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        List peopleList = new List() { "张三", "李四", "王五" };
        foreach (string people in peopleList)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(people);
        }
        Console.ReadKey();
    }
}

生成项目将项目编译后在debug目录下用Reflection反编译ForeachTest.exe程序集后查看Program类的IL代码，IL代码如下：

 .class private auto ansi beforefieldinit Program
     extends [mscorlib]System.Object
 {
     .method public hidebysig specialname rtspecialname instance void .ctor() cil managed
     {
         .maxstack
         L_0000: ldarg.
         L_0001: call instance void [mscorlib]System.Object::.ctor()
         L_0006: ret
     }

     .method private hidebysig static void Main(string[] args) cil managed
     {
         .entrypoint
         .maxstack
         .locals init (
             [] class [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`<string> list,
             [] string str,
             [] class [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`<string> list2,
             [] valuetype [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`/Enumerator`<string> enumerator,
             [] bool flag)
         L_0000: nop
         L_0001: newobj instance void [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`<string>::.ctor()
         L_0006: stloc.
         L_0007: ldloc.
         L_0008: ldstr "\u5f20\u4e09"
         L_000d: callvirt instance void [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`<string>::Add(!)
         L_0012: nop
         L_0013: ldloc.
         L_0014: ldstr "\u674e\u56db"
         L_0019: callvirt instance void [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`<string>::Add(!)
         L_001e: nop
         L_001f: ldloc.
         L_0020: ldstr "\u738b\u4e94"
         L_0025: callvirt instance void [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`<string>::Add(!)
         L_002a: nop
         L_002b: ldloc.
         L_002c: stloc.
         L_002d: nop
         L_002e: ldloc.
         L_002f: callvirt instance valuetype [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`/Enumerator`<!> [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`<string>::GetEnumerator()
         L_0034: stloc.
         L_0035: br.s L_0048
         L_0037: ldloca.s enumerator
         L_0039: call instance ! [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`/Enumerator`<string>::get_Current()
         L_003e: stloc.
         L_003f: nop
         L_0040: ldloc.
         L_0041: call void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(string)
         L_0046: nop
         L_0047: nop
         L_0048: ldloca.s enumerator
         L_004a: call instance bool [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`/Enumerator`<string>::MoveNext()
         L_004f: stloc.s flag
         L_0051: ldloc.s flag
         L_0053: brtrue.s L_0037
         L_0055: leave.s L_0066
         L_0057: ldloca.s enumerator
         L_0059: constrained. [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`/Enumerator`<string>
         L_005f: callvirt instance void [mscorlib]System.IDisposable::Dispose()
         L_0064: nop
         L_0065: endfinally
         L_0066: nop
         L_0067: call valuetype [mscorlib]System.ConsoleKeyInfo [mscorlib]System.Console::ReadKey()
         L_006c: pop
         L_006d: ret
         .try L_0035 to L_0057 finally handler L_0057 to L_0066
     }
 }

在反编译的IL代码中我们看到除了构建List和其他输出，然后多了三个方法：GetEnumerator()，get_Current() ，MoveNext() ，于是通过反编译reflector查看List泛型类，在List里面找到GetEnumerator方法是继承自接口IEnumerable 的方法，List实现的GetEnumerator方法代码

public Enumerator GetEnumerator() => new Enumerator((List) this);

即返回一个Enumerator泛型类，然后传入的参数是List泛型自己 this。接下来查看 Enumerator<T>泛型类

[Serializable, StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
public struct Enumerator : IEnumerator<T>, IDisposable, IEnumerator
{
    private List<T> list;
    private int index;
    private int version;
    private T current;
    internal Enumerator(List<T> list)
    {
        this.list = list;
        this.index = ;
        this.version = list._version;
        this.current = default(T);
    }

    public void Dispose()
    {
    }

    public bool MoveNext()
    {
        List<T> list = this.list;
        if ((this.version == list._version) && (this.index < list._size))
        {
            this.current = list._items[this.index];
            this.index++;
            return true;
        }
        return this.MoveNextRare();
    }

    private bool MoveNextRare()
    {
        if (this.version != this.list._version)
        {
            ThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidOperationException(ExceptionResource.InvalidOperation_EnumFailedVersion);
        }
        this.index = this.list._size + ;
        this.current = default(T);
        return false;
    }

    public T Current =>
        this.current;
    object IEnumerator.Current
    {
        get
        {
            if ((this.index == ) || (this.index == (this.list._size + )))
            {
                ThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidOperationException(ExceptionResource.InvalidOperation_EnumOpCantHappen);
            }
            return this.Current;
        }
    }
    void IEnumerator.Reset()
    {
        if (this.version != this.list._version)
        {
            ThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidOperationException(ExceptionResource.InvalidOperation_EnumFailedVersion);
        }
        this.index = ;
        this.current = default(T);
    }
}

我们看到这个Enumerator<T>泛型类实现了接口IEnumerator的方法，也就是我们测试的ForeachTest程序集反编译后IL代码中出现的get_Current() ，MoveNext() 方法。所以foreach实际上是编译器编译后先调用GetEnumerator方法返回Enumerator的实例，这个实例即是一个枚举器实例。通过MoveNext方法移动下标来查找下一个list元素，get_Current方法获取当前查找到的元素，Reset方法是重置list。

3、总结

　　因此要使用Foreach遍历的对象是继承了IEnumerable接口然后实现GetEnumerator方法。返回的实体对象需要继承IEnumerator接口并实现相应的方法遍历对象。因此Foreach的另一种写法如下。