Cisco基础(六)：配置目前网络环境、项目阶段练习

一、配置目前网络环境

目标：

一家新创建的IT公司，公司位于北京有80多台服务器

目前网络环境使用技术，通过端口映射技术将web服务器发布给Internet：

• 三层交换：汇聚接入层交换机
• 默认路由：实现到互联网数以万计网络访问的简化配置
• 静态路由：实现公司内部网络互通
• NAT端口映射：实现企业内部Web服务器的发布

方案：

通过端口映射技术将web服务器发布给Internet，公司现有网络环境拓扑如下图所示：

现有网络连接说明如下表所示：

步骤：

步骤一：根据表-1为设备配置IP地址，并为三层交换机开启路由功能

1）MS1配置vlan1与f0/1接口的IP地址并开启路由功能

Switch(config)#hostname MS1
    MS1(config)#ip routing
    MS1(config)#interface vlan 1
    MS1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.252 255.255.255.0
    MS1(config-if)#no shutdown
    MS1(config-if)#exit
    MS1(config-if)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
    MS1(config-if)#no switchport
    MS1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
    MS1(config-if)#no shutdown

步骤二：为路由器配置IP地址，添加接口模块

1）为路由器添加接口模块并进入路由器接口配置IP地址

Router(config)#hostname R1
    R1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
    R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0
    R1(config-if)#no shutdown
    R1(config-if)#exit
    R1(config)#interface fastEthernet 1/0
    R1(config-if)#ip address 61.159.62.129 255.255.255.248
    R1(config-if)#no shutdown

步骤三：配置MS1和路由器的静态路由

MS1(config-if)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.2.2
    R1(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1

步骤四：测试server1与R1接口IP的连通性

PC>ping 192.168.2.2
    Pinging 192.168.2.2 with 32 bytes of data:
    Reply from 192.168.2.2: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=254
    Reply from 192.168.2.2: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=254
    Reply from 192.168.2.2: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=254
    Reply from 192.168.2.2: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=254
    Ping statistics for 192.168.2.2:
        Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
    Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
        Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 0ms
    PC>ping 61.159.62.129
    Pinging 61.159.62.129 with 32 bytes of data:
    Reply from 61.159.62.129: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=254
    Reply from 61.159.62.129: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=254
    Reply from 61.159.62.129: bytes=32 time=2ms TTL=254
    Reply from 61.159.62.129: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=254
    Ping statistics for 61.159.62.129:
        Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
    Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
        Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 2ms, Average = 0ms

步骤五：R1配置端口映射

R1(config)#ip nat inside source static tcp 192.168.1.8 80 61.159.62.131 80
    R1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
    R1(config-if)#ip nat inside
    R1(config)#interface f1/0
    R1(config-if)#ip nat outside

步骤六：在PC7上查看是映射结果，如下图所示

二、项目阶段练习

目标：

现有网络问题分析：

• 接入层交换机只与同一个三层交换机相连，存在单点故障而影响网络通信。
• 互联网连接单一服务商

现有网络需求：

• 随着企业发展，为了保证网络的高可用性，需要使用很多的冗余技术。
• 保证局域网络不会因为线路故障而导致的网络故障。
• 保证客户端机器不会因为使用单一网关而出现的单点失败。
• 保证到互联网的高可用接入使用冗余互联网连接。
• 提高网络链路带宽。

方案：

基于项目的需求，需要用到如下技术：

• STP：解决二层环路带来的广播风暴并链路冗余问题
• 以太网通道：提高网络链路带宽
• RIP路由协议：实现网络路径的自动学习
• HSRP：实现网关冗余

重新规划后的网络拓扑如下图：

重新规划后网络连接说明如下表所示：

步骤：

步骤一：静态路由升级动态路由。

1）R1删除静态路由并配置rip

R1(config)#no ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1
    R1(config)#router rip
    R1(config-router)#version 2
    R1(config-router)#no auto-summary
    R1(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0
    R1(config-router)#default-information originate

2）MS1上删除静态路由并配置rip

MS1(config)#no ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.2.2
    MS1(config)#router rip
    MS1(config-router)#version 2
    MS1(config-router)#no auto-summary
    MS1(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
    MS1(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0

3）在MS1上查看路由表

MS1#show ip route
    Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
    D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
    N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
    E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
    i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
    * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
    P - periodic downloaded static route
    Gateway of last resort is 192.168.2.2 to network 0.0.0.0
    C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Vlan1
    C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
    R* 0.0.0.0/0 [120/1] via 192.168.2.2, 00:00:01, FastEthernet0/1

步骤二：配置SW1、SW2、SW3、SW4与MS1的接口为Trunk模式并做以太网通道。

1）SW1、SW2、SW3、SW4上做与MS1之间的trunk与以太网通道

Switch(config)#hostname SW1
    SW1(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/5-6
    SW1(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk
    SW1(config-if-range)#channel-group 1 mode on
    Switch(config)#hostname SW2
    SW2(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/7-8
    SW2(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk
    SW2(config-if-range)#channel-group 2 mode on
    Switch(config)#hostname SW3
    SW3(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/9-10
    SW3(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk
    SW3(config-if-range)#channel-group 3 mode on
    Switch(config)#hostname SW4
    SW4(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/11-12
    SW4(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk
    SW4(config-if-range)#channel-group 4 mode on

2）MS1与SW1、SW2、SW3、SW4之间做以太网通道并启用trunk

MS1(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/5-6
  MS1(config-if-range)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
  MS1(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk
  MS1(config-if-range)#channel-group 1 mode on
  MS1(config-if-range)#exit
  MS1(config-if-range)#interface range fastEthernet 0/7-8
  MS1(config-if-range)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
  MS1(config-if-range)#channel-group 2 mode on
  MS1(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk
  MS1(config-if-range)#exit
  MS1(config-if-range)#interface range fastEthernet 0/9-10
  MS1(config-if-range)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
  MS1(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk
  MS1(config-if-range)#channel-group 3 mode on
  MS1(config-if-range)#exit
  MS1(config-if-range)#interface range fastEthernet 0/11-12
  MS1(config-if-range)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
  MS1(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk on
  MS1(config-if-range)#channel-group 4 mode on

步骤三：添加MS2并配置与MS1、SW1、SW2、SW3、SW4之间的太网通道。

1）在MS1上配置与MS2的以太网通道

MS1(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/13-15
    MS1(config-if-range)#channel-group 5 mode on
    MS1(config-if-range)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
    MS1(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk

2）在MS2并配置与MS1、SW1、SW2、SW3、SW4之间的太网通道

MS2(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/10-12
    MS2(config-if-range)#channel-group 5 mode on
    MS2(config-if-range)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
    MS2(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk
    MS2(config-if-range)#exit
    MS2(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/2-3
    MS2(config-if-range)#channel-group 1 mode on
    MS2(config-if-range)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
    MS2(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk
    MS2(config-if-range)#exit
    MS2(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/4-5
    MS2(config-if-range)#channel-group 2 mode on
    MS2(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk
    MS2(config-if-range)#exit
    MS2(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/6-7
    MS2(config-if-range)#channel-group 3 mode on
    MS2(config-if-range)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
    MS2(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk
    MS2(config-if-range)#exit
    MS2(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/8-9
    MS2(config-if-range)#channel-group 4 mode on
    MS2(config-if-range)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
    MS2(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk

3）在MS1上查看以太网通道

MS1>show etherchannel port-channel
    Channel-group listing:
    ----------------------
    Group: 1
    ----------
    Port-channels in the group:
    ---------------------------
    Port-channel: Po1
    ------------
    Age of the Port-channel = 00d:00h:05m:21s
    Logical slot/port = 2/1 Number of ports = 2
    GC = 0x00000000 HotStandBy port = null
    Port state = Port-channel
    Protocol = PAGP
    Port Security = Disabled
    Ports in the Port-channel:
    Index Load Port EC state No of bits
    ------+------+------+------------------+-----------
    0 00 Fa0/5 On 0
    0 00 Fa0/6 On 0
    Time since last port bundled: 00d:00h:05m:21s Fa0/6
    Group: 2
    ----------
    Port-channels in the group:
    ---------------------------
    Port-channel: Po2
    ------------
    Age of the Port-channel = 00d:00h:05m:21s
    Logical slot/port = 2/2 Number of ports = 2
    GC = 0x00000000 HotStandBy port = null
    Port state = Port-channel
    Protocol = PAGP
    Port Security = Disabled
    Ports in the Port-channel:
    Index Load Port EC state No of bits
    ------+------+------+------------------+-----------
    0 00 Fa0/7 On 0
    0 00 Fa0/8 On 0
    Time since last port bundled: 00d:00h:05m:21s Fa0/8
    Group: 3
    ----------
    Port-channels in the group:
    ---------------------------
    Port-channel: Po3
    ------------
    Age of the Port-channel = 00d:00h:05m:21s
    Logical slot/port = 2/3 Number of ports = 2
    GC = 0x00000000 HotStandBy port = null
    Port state = Port-channel
    Protocol = PAGP
    Port Security = Disabled
    Ports in the Port-channel:
    Index Load Port EC state No of bits
    ------+------+------+------------------+-----------
    0 00 Fa0/9 On 0
    0 00 Fa0/10 On 0
    Time since last port bundled: 00d:00h:05m:21s Fa0/10
    Group: 4
    ----------
    Port-channels in the group:
    ---------------------------
    Port-channel: Po4
    ------------
    Age of the Port-channel = 00d:00h:05m:21s
    Logical slot/port = 2/4 Number of ports = 2
    GC = 0x00000000 HotStandBy port = null
    Port state = Port-channel
    Protocol = PAGP
    Port Security = Disabled
    Ports in the Port-channel:
    Index Load Port EC state No of bits
    ------+------+------+------------------+-----------
    0 00 Fa0/11 On 0
    0 00 Fa0/12 On 0
    Time since last port bundled: 00d:00h:05m:21s Fa0/12
    Group: 5
    ----------
    Port-channels in the group:
    ---------------------------
    Port-channel: Po5
    ------------
    Age of the Port-channel = 00d:00h:08m:11s
    Logical slot/port = 2/5 Number of ports = 3
    GC = 0x00000000 HotStandBy port = null
    Port state = Port-channel
    Protocol = PAGP
    Port Security = Disabled
    Ports in the Port-channel:
    Index Load Port EC state No of bits
    ------+------+------+------------------+-----------
    0 00 Fa0/13 On 0
    0 00 Fa0/14 On 0
    0 00 Fa0/15 On 0
    Time since last port bundled: 00d:00h:08m:11s Fa0/15

步骤四：MS1与MS2配置STP

1）在MS1和MS2上配置stp

MS1(config)#spanning-tree vlan 1 root primary
    MS2(config)#spanning-tree vlan 1 root secondary

2）在MS1和MS2上查看stp

MS1# show spanning-tree vlan 1
    VLAN0001
    Spanning tree enabled protocol ieee
    Root ID Priority 24577
    Address 0004.9A70.6B06
    This bridge is the root    
    Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
    Bridge ID Priority 24577 (priority 24576 sys-id-ext 1)
    Address 0004.9A70.6B06
    Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
    Aging Time 20
    Interface Role Sts Cost Prio.Nbr Type
    ---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
    Po1 Desg FWD 9 128.27 Shr
    Po2 Desg FWD 9 128.28 Shr
    Po3 Desg FWD 9 128.29 Shr
    Po4 Desg FWD 9 128.30 Shr
    Po5 Desg FWD 8 128.31 Shr
    MS2#show spanning-tree vlan 1
    VLAN0001
    Spanning tree enabled protocol ieee
    Root ID Priority 24577
    Address 0004.9A70.6B06
    Cost 8
    Port 31(Port-channel 5)
    Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
    Bridge ID Priority 28673 (priority 28672 sys-id-ext 1)
    Address 0006.2A05.A2BA
    Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
    Aging Time 20
    Interface Role Sts Cost Prio.Nbr Type
    ---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
    Po1 Desg FWD 9 128.27 Shr
    Po2 Desg FWD 9 128.28 Shr
    Po3 Desg FWD 9 128.29 Shr
    Po4 Desg FWD 9 128.30 Shr
    Po5 Root FWD 8 128.31 Shr

步骤五：HSRP配置

1）MS1配置HSRP

MS1(config)#interface vlan 1
    MS1(config-if)#standby 1 ip 192.168.1.254
    MS1(config-if)#standby 1 priority 200
    MS1(config-if)#standby 1 preempt

2）MS2配置HSRP开启路由功能

MS2(config)#ip routing
    MS2(config)#interface vlan 1
    MS2(config)#ip address 192.168.1.253 255.255.255.0
    MS2(config)#no shutdown
    MS2(config-if)#standby 1 ip 192.168.1.254
    MS2(config-if)#standby 1 priority 195
    MS2(config-if)#standby 1 preempt

3）配置MS1交换机的HSRP的端口跟踪，关闭跟踪接口，并在MS1和MS2上查看HSRP状态

MS1(config)# MS1(config)#interface vlan 1
    MS1(config-if)#standby 1 track fastEthernet 0/1
    MS1(config-if)#exit
    MS1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
    MS1(config-if)#shutdown
    MS1#show standby brief
    P indicates configured to preempt.
    |
    Interface   Grp    Pri  P    State       Active          Standby    Virtual IP
    Vl1          1      190  P    Standby    192.168.1.253   local     192.168.1.254
    MS2#show standby brief
    P indicates configured to preempt.
    Interface    Grp    Pri   P     State     Active   Standby           Virtual IP
    Vl1            1     195   P     Active    local    192.168.1.252     192.168.1.254

步骤六：MS2连接R1并配置rip

1)为R1与MS2相连接的接口配置IP地址 并配置rip

R1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/24
    R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.3.2 255.255.255.0
    R1(config-if)#exit
    R1(config)#router rip
    R1(config-router)# version 2
    R1(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0
    MS2(config-if)#exit
    MS2(config)#router rip
    MS2(config-router)#version 2
    MS2(config-router)#no auto-summary
    MS2(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0

步骤七：添加路由器R2， 为R2配置默认路由，R2与MS1、MS2、Internet相连并为配置IP与动态路由

1)配置R2的IP地址、rip、默认路由。

Router(config)hostname R2
    R2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
    R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.4.2 255.255.255.0
    R2(config-if)#no shutdown
    R2(config-if)#exit
    R2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
    R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.5.2 255.255.255.0
    R2(config-if)#no shutdown
    R2(config-if)#exit
    R2(config)#interface fastEthernet 1/0
    R2(config-if)#ip address 61.159.62.130 255.255.255.248
    R2(config-if)#no shutdown
    R2(config-if)#exit
    R2(config)ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 fastEthernet 1/0
    R2(config)#router rip
    R2(config-router)#version 2
    R2(config-router)#no auto-summary
    R2(config-router)#network 192.168.4.0
    R2(config-router)#network 192.168.5.0
    R2(config-router)#default-information originate

2）MS2配置IP地址添加动态路由条目

MS2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
    MS2(config-if)#no switchport
    MS2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.4.1 255.255.255.0
    MS2(config-if)#no shutdown
    MS2(config-if)#exit
    MS2(config)#router rip
    R2(config-router)#version 2
    MS2(config-router)#network 192.168.4.0

3）MS1配置IP地址添加动态路由条目

MS1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/24
    MS1(config-if)#no switchport
    MS1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.5.1 255.255.255.0
    MS1(config-if)#no shutdown
    MS1(config-if)#exit
    MS1(config)#router rip
    R2(config-router)#version 2
    MS1(config-router)#network 192.168.5.0

4)在客户端测试网络的联通性

SERVER>ipconfig
    FastEthernet0 Connection:(default port)
    Link-local IPv6 Address.........: FE80::201:96FF:FEA8:404B
    IP Address......................: 192.168.1.1
    Subnet Mask.....................: 255.255.255.0
    Default Gateway.................: 192.168.1.254
    SERVER>ping 192.168.2.1
    Pinging 192.168.2.1 with 32 bytes of data:
    Reply from 192.168.2.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=255
    Reply from 192.168.2.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=255
    Reply from 192.168.2.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=255
    Reply from 192.168.2.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=255
    Ping statistics for 192.168.2.1:
    Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
    Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
    Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 0ms, Average = 0ms
    SERVER>ping 192.168.3.1
    Pinging 192.168.3.1 with 32 bytes of data:
    Reply from 192.168.3.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=255
    Reply from 192.168.3.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=255
    Reply from 192.168.3.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=255
    Reply from 192.168.3.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=255
    Ping statistics for 192.168.3.1:
    Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 2, Lost = 2 (50% loss),
    Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
    Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 0ms, Average = 0ms
    SERVER>ping 192.168.4.1
    Pinging 192.168.4.1 with 32 bytes of data:
    Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=255
    Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=255
    Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=255
    Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=255
    Ping statistics for 192.168.4.1:
    Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
    Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
    Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 0ms
    SERVER>ping 192.168.5.1
    Pinging 192.168.5.1 with 32 bytes of data:
    Reply from 192.168.5.1: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=255
    Reply from 192.168.5.1: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=255
    Reply from 192.168.5.1: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=255
    Reply from 192.168.5.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=255
    Ping statistics for 192.168.5.1:
    Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
    Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
    Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 0ms
    SERVER>ping 192.168.2.2
    Pinging 192.168.2.2 with 32 bytes of data:
    Reply from 192.168.2.2: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=254
    Reply from 192.168.2.2: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=254
    Reply from 192.168.2.2: bytes=32 time=11ms TTL=254
    Reply from 192.168.2.2: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=254
    Ping statistics for 192.168.2.2:
    Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
    Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
    Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 11ms, Average = 3ms
    SERVER>ping 192.168.3.2
    Pinging 192.168.3.2 with 32 bytes of data:
    Reply from 192.168.3.2: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=254
    Reply from 192.168.3.2: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=254
    Reply from 192.168.3.2: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=254
    Reply from 192.168.3.2: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=254
    Ping statistics for 192.168.3.2:
    Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
    Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
    Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 0ms

5）关闭MS1

MS1(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/1-24
    MS1(config-if-range)#shutdown

6）在外网测试是否可以访问web服务器如下图所示

步骤八：在R2上配置端口映射

1）在R2上配置端口映射，指定NAT进口

R2(config)#ip nat inside source static tcp 192.168.1.8 80 61.159.62.131 80
    R2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
    R2(config-if)#ip nat inside
    R2(config-if)#exit
    R2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
    R2(config-if)#ip nat inside
    R2(config-if)#exit
    R2(config)#interface fastEthernet 1/0
    R2(config-if)#ip nat outside

2）关闭R1（如下图所示）测试外网是否可以正常访问web服务器（因为模拟器有BUG所以需要填加一台Internet主机IP：61.159.62.133测试如下下图所示）

可以访问web服务器证明项目升级成功。