深入理解iPhone数据持久化(手把手教你iphone开发 – 基础篇)

在所有的移动开发平台数据持久化都是很重要的部分：在j2me中是rms或保存在应用程序的目录中，在symbian中可以保存在相应的磁盘目录中和数据库中。symbian中因为权限认证的原因，在3rd上大多数只能访问应用程序的private目录或其它系统共享目录。在iphone中，apple博采众长，提供了多种数据持久化的方法，下面笔者会逐个进行详细的讲解。

iphone提供的数据持久化的方法，从数据保存的方式上讲可以分为三大部分：属性列表、对象归档、嵌入式数据库(SQLite3)、其他方法。

一、属性列表NSUserDefaults

NSUserDefaults类的使用和NSKeyedArchiver有很多类似之处，但是查看NSUserDefaults的定义可以看出，NSUserDefaults直接继承自NSObject而NSKeyedArchiver 继承自NSCoder。这意味着NSKeyedArchiver实际上是个归档持久化的类，也就可以使用NSCoder类的［encodeObject: (id)objv forKey:(NSString *)key］方法来对数据进行持久化存储。

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- (void)applicationDidFinishLaunching:(UIApplication *)application { NSString *strOne = @"Persistent data1"; NSString *strTwo = @"Persistent data 2";   NSMutableArray *persistentArray = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init]; [persistentArray addObject:strOne]; [persistentArray addObject:strTwo];   //archive NSUserDefaults *persistentDefaults = [NSUserDefaults standardUserDefaults]; [persistentDefaults setObject:persistentArray forKey:@"myDefault"]; NSString *descriptionDefault = [persistentDefaults description]; NSLog(@"NSUserDefaults description is :%@",descriptionDefault);   //unarchive NSArray *UnpersistentArray = [persistentDefaults objectForKey:@"myDefault"];   NSString *UnstrOne = [UnpersistentArray objectAtIndex:0]; NSString *UnstrTwo = [UnpersistentArray objectAtIndex:1];   NSLog(@"UnstrOne = %@,UnstrTwo = %@",UnstrOne,UnstrTwo);   // Override point for customization after application launch [window makeKeyAndVisible]; }

二、对象归档NSKeyedArchiver和NSKeyedUnarchiver

iPhone和symbian 3rd一样，会为每一个应用程序生成一个私有目录，这个目录位于

/Users/sundfsun2009/Library/Application Support/iPhone Simulator/User/Applications下，并随即生成一个数字字母串作为目录名，在每一次应用程序启动时，这个字母数字串都是不同于上一次的，上一次的应用程序目录信息被转换成名为.DS_Store隐藏文件，这个目录的文件结构如下图：
通常使用Documents目录进行数据持久化的保存，而这个Documents目录可以通过NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory,NSUserdomainMask,YES)得到，代码如下：

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- (void)applicationDidFinishLaunching:(UIApplication *)application { NSString *strOne = @"Persistent data1"; NSString *strTwo = @"Persistent data 2";   NSArray *persistentArray = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:strOne,strTwo,nil]; NSArray *pathArray = NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory, NSAllDomainsMask, YES);   int pathLen = [pathArray count];   NSLog(@"path number is :%d",pathLen);   NSString *filePath;   for(int i = 0; i < pathLen; i++) { filePath = [pathArray objectAtIndex:i]; NSLog(@"%d path is :%@",i,filePath); }   NSString *myFilename = [filePath stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"myFile.rtf"];   NSLog(@"myfile's path is :%@",myFilename);   // no files generated in correspond directory now   [NSKeyedArchiver archiveRootObject:persistentArray toFile:myFilename]; // now the myFile.rtf is generated   // Override point for customization after application launch [window makeKeyAndVisible]; }

NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains()的第二个参数是个枚举值，在笔者的测试代码中，只有NSUserDomainMask和NSAllDomainsMask可以获取到目录数为1，其余的皆为0，打印出来的结果如下：

[Session started at 2009-11-10 21:30:08 +0800.]
2009-11-10 21:30:10.516 PersistentExample[763:207] path number is :1
2009-11-10 21:30:10.518 PersistentExample[763:207] 0 path is :/Users/sundfsun2009/Library/Application Support/iPhone Simulator/User/Applications/C93DC783-F137-4660-AE5A-08C3E11C774B/Documents
2009-11-10 21:30:10.521 PersistentExample[763:207] myfile’s path is :/Users/sundfsun2009/Library/Application Support/iPhone Simulator/User/Applications/C93DC783-F137-4660-AE5A-08C3E11C774B/Documents/myFile.rtf
Terminating in response to SpringBoard’s termination.

[Session started at 2009-11-10 21:32:27 +0800.]
2009-11-10 21:32:30.091 PersistentExample[803:207] path number is :1
2009-11-10 21:32:30.092 PersistentExample[803:207] 0 path is :/Users/sundfsun2009/Library/Application Support/iPhone Simulator/User/Applications/763E6772-E754-452F-8532-80C2CE4466B5/Documents
2009-11-10 21:32:30.100 PersistentExample[803:207] myfile’s path is :/Users/sundfsun2009/Library/Application Support/iPhone Simulator/User/Applications/763E6772-E754-452F-8532-80C2CE4466B5/Documents/myFile.rtf
Terminating in response to SpringBoard’s termination.

从打印的结果如下，每次应用程序启动时生成的数字字母串目录名字并不一样。在调用[NSKeyedArchiver archiveRootObject:persistentArray toFile:myFilename]方法前，文件myFile.rtf并每生成，只有在调用此方法后才产生相应的文件。

下面需要把数据从属性列表中读取出来，在上面的代码中，笔者使用NSArray保存数据。但在大多数应用程序中，数据的尺寸并不是固定的，这个时候就需要使用NSMutalbeArray动态的保存数据，代码优化如下：

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(void)applicationDidFinishLaunching:(UIApplication *)application { NSString *myFilename; // archive { NSString *strOne = @"Persistent data1"; NSString *strTwo = @"Persistent data 2";   NSMutableArray *persistentArray = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init]; [persistentArray addObject:strOne]; [persistentArray addObject:strTwo];   NSArray *pathArray = NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory, NSAllDomainsMask, YES);   int pathLen = [pathArray count]; NSLog(@"path number is :%d",pathLen);   NSString *filePath;   for(int i = 0; i < pathLen; i++) { filePath = [pathArray objectAtIndex:i];   NSLog(@"%d path is :%@",i,filePath); }   myFilename = [filePath stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"myFile.rtf"];   NSLog(@"myfile's path is :%@",myFilename);   [NSKeyedArchiver archiveRootObject:persistentArray toFile:myFilename]; }   // unarchive { NSArray *unarchiveArray = [NSKeyedUnarchiver unarchiveObjectWithFile:myFilename]; NSString *UnstrOne = [unarchiveArray objectAtIndex:0]; NSString *UnstrTwo = [unarchiveArray objectAtIndex:1];   NSLog(@"UnstrOne = %@,UnstrTwo = %@",UnstrOne,UnstrTwo); }     // Override point for customization after application launch [window makeKeyAndVisible]; }

输出结果如下：

[Session started at 2009-11-10 22:41:57 +0800.]
2009-11-10 22:41:59.344 PersistentExample[1082:207] path number is :1
2009-11-10 22:41:59.346 PersistentExample[1082:207] 0 path is :/Users/sundfsun2009/Library/Application Support/iPhone Simulator/User/Applications/055CD17C-864E-4A83-ABF0-5F01EE85BD5A/Documents
2009-11-10 22:41:59.355 PersistentExample[1082:207] myfile’s path is :/Users/sundfsun2009/Library/Application Support/iPhone Simulator/User/Applications/055CD17C-864E-4A83-ABF0-5F01EE85BD5A/Documents/myFile.rtf
2009-11-10 22:41:59.357 PersistentExample[1082:207] UnstrOne = Persistent data1,UnstrTwo = Persistent data 2
Terminating in response to SpringBoard’s termination.

从上面的图中可以看到，目录中还有个tmp目录，读者也可以把数据保存在tmp目录中，获取这个目录使用NSTemporaryDirectory()方法。
三、嵌入式数据库(SQLite3)

嵌入式数据库持久化数据就是把数据保存在iphone的嵌入式数据库系统SQLite3中，本质上来说，数据库持久化操作是基于文件持久化基础之上的。
要使用嵌入式数据库SQLite3，首先需要加载其动态库libsqlite3.dylib，这个文件位于/Xcode3.1.4/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/SDKs/iPhoneOS3.1.sdk/usr/lib目录下。在Framework文件夹上右击，选择“Adding->Existing Files…”，定位到上述目录并加载到文件夹。

首先在头文件中做如下修改：

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#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>   #include "sqlite3.h" #define kFileName @"mydb.sql"   @interface PersistentExampleAppDelegate : NSObject <UIApplicationDelegate> { sqlite3 *database; UIWindow *window; }   @property (nonatomic, retain) IBOutlet UIWindow *window;   @end

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(void)applicationDidFinishLaunching:(UIApplication *)application {   NSArray *path = NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory, NSUserDomainMask, YES); NSString *paths = [[path objectAtIndex:0] stringByAppendingPathComponent:kFileName];   NSFileManager *fileManager = [NSFileManager defaultManager]; BOOL findFile = [fileManager fileExistsAtPath:paths];   NSLog(@"Database file path = %@",paths);   // 如果找到了数据库文件 if(findFile) { NSLog(@"Database file have already existed.");   if(sqlite3_open([paths UTF8String], &database) != SQLITE_OK)//打开数据库失败 { sqlite3_close(database); NSAssert(0,@"Failed to open database"); } }else { NSLog(@"Database file does not exsit!"); if(sqlite3_open([paths UTF8String], &database) != SQLITE_OK)//打开数据库失败 { sqlite3_close(database); NSAssert(0,@"Failed to open database"); } }   char *errorMsg;   //创建表 NSString *createSQL = @"create table if not exists fields (row integer primary key, field_data text);"; if(sqlite3_exec(database, [createSQL UTF8String],NULL,NULL,&errorMsg)!=SQLITE_OK) { sqlite3_close(database); NSAssert1(0,@"Error creating table: %s",errorMsg); }   NSString *strOne = @"Persistent data1"; NSString *strTwo = @"Persistent data 2";   NSMutableArray *persistentArray = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init]; [persistentArray addObject:strOne]; [persistentArray addObject:strTwo];   for (int i = 0; i < [persistentArray count]; i++) { NSString *upDataSQL = [[NSString alloc] initWithFormat:@"insert or replace into fields (row,field_data) values (%d,'%@');",i,[persistentArray objectAtIndex:i]];   char* errorMsg; if(sqlite3_exec(database,[upDataSQL UTF8String],NULL,NULL,&errorMsg) != SQLITE_OK) { sqlite3_close(database); NSAssert(0,@"Failed to open database"); } }   //unarchive NSString *query = @"select row, field_data from fields order by row";//查找表中的数据 sqlite3_stmt *statement; if(sqlite3_prepare_v2(database, [query UTF8String], -1, &statement, nil) == SQLITE_OK) { while(sqlite3_step(statement) == SQLITE_ROW) { int row = sqlite3_column_int(statement, 0); char *rowData = (char *)sqlite3_column_text(statement, 1);   NSString *fieldName = [[NSString alloc] initWithFormat:@"show%d",row]; NSString *fieldValue = [[NSString alloc] initWithUTF8String:rowData];   NSLog(@"fieldName is :%@,fieldValue is :%@",fieldName,fieldValue);   [fieldName release]; [fieldValue release]; } sqlite3_finalize(statement); }   // Override point for customization after application launch [window makeKeyAndVisible]; }

在上面的代码中，我们使用
NSFileManager *fileManager = [NSFileManager defaultManager];
BOOL findFile = [fileManager fileExistsAtPath:paths];
来判断数据库文件是否已经存在，其实在大多数情况下是没有必要的，sqlite3_open()方法会自动帮我们判断数据库文件是否存在，如果不存在则创建心的数据库文件。

四、其它方法

除了上面的三种方法来保存持久化数据以外，我们还可以用写文件到磁盘的方式来保存持久化数据。

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(void)applicationDidFinishLaunching:(UIApplication *)application {   NSString *strOne = @"Persistent data1"; NSString *strTwo = @"Persistent data 2";   NSMutableArray *persistentArray = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init]; [persistentArray addObject:strOne]; [persistentArray addObject:strTwo];       NSArray *filePathArray = NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory, NSUserDomainMask, YES); NSString *filePath = - [[filePathArray objectAtIndex:0] stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"mydatas.plist"];   [[NSArray arrayWithObjects:persistentArray,nil] writeToFile:filePath atomically:NO];   //load NSMutableArray *saveDataArray = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init]; if([[NSFileManager defaultManager] fileExistsAtPath:filePath]) saveDataArray = [NSMutableArray arrayWithContentsOfFile:filePath]; else saveDataArray = [NSMutableArray arrayWithContentsOfFile:[[NSBundle - mainBundle] pathForResource:@"Savedatas" ofType:@"plist"]]; - NSArray *strArray = [saveDataArray objectAtIndex:0];   NSString *UnstrOne = [strArray objectAtIndex:0]; NSString *UnstrTwo = [strArray objectAtIndex:1];   // Override point for customization after application launch [window makeKeyAndVisible]; }