lua的string.gsub初使用

　　今天在学习lua，熟悉项目代码的过程中，发现string.gsub好高级，所以在此mark下。

　　以下是lua5.1的官方文档介绍。

string.gsub (s, pattern, repl [, n])

Returns a copy of s in which all occurrences of the pattern have been replaced by a replacement string specified by repl, which may be a string, a table, or a function. gsub also returns, as its second value, the total number of substitutions made.
If repl is a string, then its value is used for replacement. The character % works as an escape character: any sequence in repl of the form %n, with n between  and , stands for the value of the n-th captured substring (see below). The sequence % stands for the whole match. The sequence %% stands for a single %.

If repl is a table, then the table is queried for every match, using the first capture as the key; if the pattern specifies no captures, then the whole match is used as the key.

If repl is a function, then this function is called every time a match occurs, with all captured substrings passed as arguments, in order; if the pattern specifies no captures, then the whole match is passed as a sole argument.

If the value returned by the table query or by the function call is a string or a number, then it is used as the replacement string; otherwise, if it is false or nil, then there is no replacement (that is, the original match is kept in the string).

The optional last parameter n limits the maximum number of substitutions to occur. For instance, when n is  only the first occurrence of pattern is replaced.

Here are some examples:

     x = string.gsub("hello world", "(%w+)", "%1 %1")
     --> x="hello hello world world"

     x = string.gsub("hello world", "%w+", "%0 %0", )
     --> x="hello hello world"

     x = string.gsub("hello world from Lua", "(%w+)%s*(%w+)", "%2 %1")
     --> x="world hello Lua from"

     x = string.gsub("home = $HOME, user = $USER", "%$(%w+)", os.getenv)
     --> x="home = /home/roberto, user = roberto"

     x = string.gsub("4+5 = $return 4+5$", "%$(.-)%$", function (s)
           return loadstring(s)()
         end)
     --> x="4+5 = 9"

     local t = {name="lua", version="5.1"}
     x = string.gsub("$name%-$version.tar.gz", "%$(%w+)", t)
     --> x="lua-5.1.tar.gz"

string.gsub (s, pattern, repl [, n])

使用范例：

　　一、repl为function的情况。

　　　　1、将已知格式字符串中的数字提取出来。

 test_str_gsub = function(str, pat)
     -- 这里只想取出两个值.
     local ret1, ret2 = -, -
     local func = function(a, b)
         -- lua新手, 不知道此处是否还有其他方式可以取出这里的a, b
         ret1, ret2 = a, b
     end

     -- 返回值为被操作后的字符串, 和匹配到的数量
     local new_str, matched_count = string.gsub(str, pat, func)
     print('test_str_gsub result,', new_str, matched_count)

     return ret1, ret2
 end

 -- 请注意这里pat里面的括号, 代表你想要导出并传递给func的参数
 print('got numbers,', test_str_gsub('20-15', '(%d+)-(%d+)'))

1 > test_str_gsub result,     -
2 > got numbers,        

　　　　2、替换掉字符串中匹配到的部分。

 -- 将一段格式替换为一个随机数
 parse_random_question = function(ques)
     local pat = "@R=(%d+)-(%d+)@"    -- 当然，这个pat也可传参

     local rep_func = function(num1, num2)
         return math.random(num1, num2)
     end

     ques = string.gsub(ques, pat, rep_func)
     return ques
 end

 print(parse_random_question('中间(@R=1-100@)是一个随机数'))

 > 中间()是一个随机数

　　Continue learning ...

　　如果大大看见错误地方，还请指正，谢谢。