curl 的使用

作者：与蟒唯舞
链接：https://www.jianshu.com/p/f05bbd5007d9

curl 是一种命令行工具，作用是发出网络请求，然后获取数据，显示在"标准输出"（stdout）上面。它支持多种协议，下面列举其常用功能。

一、查看网页源码

直接在 curl 命令后加上网址，就可以看到网页源码。以网址 www.sina.com为例（选择该网址，主要因为它的网页代码较短）。

$ curl www.sina.com

<html>

<head><title>301 Moved Permanently</title></head>

<body bgcolor="white">

<center><h1>301 Moved Permanently</h1></center>

<hr><center>nginx</center>

</body>

</html>

如果要把这个网页保存下来，可以使用 -o 参数：

$ curl -o [文件名] www.sina.com
二、自动跳转

有的网址是自动跳转的。使用 -L 参数，curl 就会跳转到新的网址。

$ curl -L www.sina.com

键入上面的命令，结果自动跳转为 www.sina.com.cn。

三、显示头信息

-i 参数可以显示 http response 的头信息，连同网页代码一起。-I 参数则只显示 http response 的头信息。

$ curl -i www.sina.com

HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently

Server: nginx

Date: Tue, 23 Aug 2016 08:30:16 GMT

Content-Type: text/html

Location: http://www.sina.com.cn/

Expires: Tue, 23 Aug 2016 08:32:16 GMT

Cache-Control: max-age=120

Age: 102

Content-Length: 178

X-Cache: HIT from xd33-83.sina.com.cn

<html>

<head><title>301 Moved Permanently</title></head>

<body bgcolor="white">

<center><h1>301 Moved Permanently</h1></center>

<hr><center>nginx</center>

</body>

</html>
四、显示通信过程

-v 参数可以显示一次 http 通信的整个过程，包括端口连接和 http request 头信息。

$ curl -v www.sina.com

* Rebuilt URL to: www.sina.com/

* Hostname was NOT found in DNS cache

*   Trying 202.108.33.60...

* Connected to www.sina.com (202.108.33.60) port 80 (#0)

> GET / HTTP/1.1

> User-Agent: curl/7.35.0

> Host: www.sina.com

> Accept: */*

>

< HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently

* Server nginx is not blacklisted

< Server: nginx

< Date: Tue, 23 Aug 2016 08:48:14 GMT

< Content-Type: text/html

< Location: http://www.sina.com.cn/

< Expires: Tue, 23 Aug 2016 08:50:14 GMT

< Cache-Control: max-age=120

< Age: 40

< Content-Length: 178

< X-Cache: HIT from xd33-81.sina.com.cn

<

<html>

<head><title>301 Moved Permanently</title></head>

<body bgcolor="white">

<center><h1>301 Moved Permanently</h1></center>

<hr><center>nginx</center>

</body>

</html>

* Connection #0 to host www.sina.com left intact

如果觉得上面的信息还不够，那么下面的命令可以查看更详细的通信过程。

$ curl --trace output.txt www.sina.com

或者

$ curl --trace-ascii output.txt www.sina.com

运行后，打开 output.txt 文件查看。

五、发送表单信息

发送表单信息有 GET 和 POST 两种方法。GET 方法相对简单，只要把数据附在网址后面就行。

$ curl example.com/form.cgi?data=xxx

POST 方法必须把数据和网址分开，curl 就要用到 --data 或者 -d 参数。

$ curl -X POST --data "data=xxx" example.com/form.cgi

如果你的数据没有经过表单编码，还可以让 curl 为你编码，参数是 --data-urlencode。

$ curl -X POST--data-urlencode "date=April 1" example.com/form.cgi
六、HTTP动词

curl 默认的 HTTP 动词是 GET，使用 -X 参数可以支持其他动词。

$ curl -X POST www.example.com

$ curl -X DELETE www.example.com
七、User Agent字段

这个字段是用来表示客户端的设备信息。服务器有时会根据这个字段，针对不同设备，返回不同格式的网页，比如手机版和桌面版。
浏览器的 User Agent 是：

Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/51.0.2704.84 Safari/537.36

curl 可以这样模拟：

$ curl --user-agent "[User Agent]" [URL]
八、cookie

使用 --cookie 参数，可以让 curl 发送 cookie。

$ curl --cookie "name=xxx" www.example.com

至于具体的 cookie 的值，可以从 http response 头信息的 Set-Cookie 字段中得到。

九、增加头信息

有时需要在 http request 之中，自行增加一个头信息。--header 参数就可以起到这个作用。

$ curl --header "Content-Type:application/json" http://example.com
十、HTTP认证

有些网域需要 HTTP 认证，这时 curl 需要用到 --user 或者 -u 参数。

$ curl --user name:password example.com
附录 curl 命令完整的参数
$ curl --help

Usage: curl [options...] <url>

Options: (H) means HTTP/HTTPS only, (F) means FTP only

     --anyauth       Pick "any" authentication method (H)

 -a, --append        Append to target file when uploading (F/SFTP)

     --basic         Use HTTP Basic Authentication (H)

     --cacert FILE   CA certificate to verify peer against (SSL)

     --capath DIR    CA directory to verify peer against (SSL)

 -E, --cert CERT[:PASSWD] Client certificate file and password (SSL)

     --cert-type TYPE Certificate file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)

     --ciphers LIST  SSL ciphers to use (SSL)

     --compressed    Request compressed response (using deflate or gzip)

 -K, --config FILE   Specify which config file to read

     --connect-timeout SECONDS  Maximum time allowed for connection

 -C, --continue-at OFFSET  Resumed transfer offset

 -b, --cookie STRING/FILE  String or file to read cookies from (H)

 -c, --cookie-jar FILE  Write cookies to this file after operation (H)

     --create-dirs   Create necessary local directory hierarchy

     --crlf          Convert LF to CRLF in upload

     --crlfile FILE  Get a CRL list in PEM format from the given file

 -d, --data DATA     HTTP POST data (H)

     --data-ascii DATA  HTTP POST ASCII data (H)

     --data-binary DATA  HTTP POST binary data (H)

     --data-urlencode DATA  HTTP POST data url encoded (H)

     --delegation STRING GSS-API delegation permission

     --digest        Use HTTP Digest Authentication (H)

     --disable-eprt  Inhibit using EPRT or LPRT (F)

     --disable-epsv  Inhibit using EPSV (F)

     --dns-servers    DNS server addrs to use: 1.1.1.1;2.2.2.2

     --dns-interface  Interface to use for DNS requests

     --dns-ipv4-addr  IPv4 address to use for DNS requests, dot notation

     --dns-ipv6-addr  IPv6 address to use for DNS requests, dot notation

 -D, --dump-header FILE  Write the headers to this file

     --egd-file FILE  EGD socket path for random data (SSL)

     --engine ENGINE  Crypto engine (SSL). "--engine list" for list

 -f, --fail          Fail silently (no output at all) on HTTP errors (H)

 -F, --form CONTENT  Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)

     --form-string STRING  Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)

     --ftp-account DATA  Account data string (F)

     --ftp-alternative-to-user COMMAND  String to replace "USER [name]" (F)

     --ftp-create-dirs  Create the remote dirs if not present (F)

     --ftp-method [MULTICWD/NOCWD/SINGLECWD] Control CWD usage (F)

     --ftp-pasv      Use PASV/EPSV instead of PORT (F)

 -P, --ftp-port ADR  Use PORT with given address instead of PASV (F)

     --ftp-skip-pasv-ip Skip the IP address for PASV (F)

     --ftp-pret      Send PRET before PASV (for drftpd) (F)

     --ftp-ssl-ccc   Send CCC after authenticating (F)

     --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode ACTIVE/PASSIVE  Set CCC mode (F)

     --ftp-ssl-control Require SSL/TLS for ftp login, clear for transfer (F)

 -G, --get           Send the -d data with a HTTP GET (H)

 -g, --globoff       Disable URL sequences and ranges using {} and []

 -H, --header LINE   Custom header to pass to server (H)

 -I, --head          Show document info only

 -h, --help          This help text

     --hostpubmd5 MD5  Hex encoded MD5 string of the host public key. (SSH)

 -0, --http1.0       Use HTTP 1.0 (H)

     --http1.1       Use HTTP 1.1 (H)

     --http2.0       Use HTTP 2.0 (H)

     --ignore-content-length  Ignore the HTTP Content-Length header

 -i, --include       Include protocol headers in the output (H/F)

 -k, --insecure      Allow connections to SSL sites without certs (H)

     --interface INTERFACE  Specify network interface/address to use

 -4, --ipv4          Resolve name to IPv4 address

 -6, --ipv6          Resolve name to IPv6 address

 -j, --junk-session-cookies Ignore session cookies read from file (H)

     --keepalive-time SECONDS  Interval between keepalive probes

     --key KEY       Private key file name (SSL/SSH)

     --key-type TYPE Private key file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)

     --krb LEVEL     Enable Kerberos with specified security level (F)

     --libcurl FILE  Dump libcurl equivalent code of this command line

     --limit-rate RATE  Limit transfer speed to this rate

 -l, --list-only     List only mode (F/POP3)

     --local-port RANGE  Force use of these local port numbers

 -L, --location      Follow redirects (H)

     --location-trusted like --location and send auth to other hosts (H)

 -M, --manual        Display the full manual

     --mail-from FROM  Mail from this address (SMTP)

     --mail-rcpt TO  Mail to this/these addresses (SMTP)

     --mail-auth AUTH  Originator address of the original email (SMTP)

     --max-filesize BYTES  Maximum file size to download (H/F)

     --max-redirs NUM  Maximum number of redirects allowed (H)

 -m, --max-time SECONDS  Maximum time allowed for the transfer

     --metalink      Process given URLs as metalink XML file

     --negotiate     Use HTTP Negotiate Authentication (H)

 -n, --netrc         Must read .netrc for user name and password

     --netrc-optional Use either .netrc or URL; overrides -n

     --netrc-file FILE  Set up the netrc filename to use

 -N, --no-buffer     Disable buffering of the output stream

     --no-keepalive  Disable keepalive use on the connection

     --no-sessionid  Disable SSL session-ID reusing (SSL)

     --noproxy       List of hosts which do not use proxy

     --ntlm          Use HTTP NTLM authentication (H)

     --oauth2-bearer TOKEN  OAuth 2 Bearer Token (IMAP, POP3, SMTP)

 -o, --output FILE   Write output to <file> instead of stdout

     --pass PASS     Pass phrase for the private key (SSL/SSH)

     --post301       Do not switch to GET after following a 301 redirect (H)

     --post302       Do not switch to GET after following a 302 redirect (H)

     --post303       Do not switch to GET after following a 303 redirect (H)

 -#, --progress-bar  Display transfer progress as a progress bar

     --proto PROTOCOLS  Enable/disable specified protocols

     --proto-redir PROTOCOLS  Enable/disable specified protocols on redirect

 -x, --proxy [PROTOCOL://]HOST[:PORT] Use proxy on given port

     --proxy-anyauth Pick "any" proxy authentication method (H)

     --proxy-basic   Use Basic authentication on the proxy (H)

     --proxy-digest  Use Digest authentication on the proxy (H)

     --proxy-negotiate Use Negotiate authentication on the proxy (H)

     --proxy-ntlm    Use NTLM authentication on the proxy (H)

 -U, --proxy-user USER[:PASSWORD]  Proxy user and password

     --proxy1.0 HOST[:PORT]  Use HTTP/1.0 proxy on given port

 -p, --proxytunnel   Operate through a HTTP proxy tunnel (using CONNECT)

     --pubkey KEY    Public key file name (SSH)

 -Q, --quote CMD     Send command(s) to server before transfer (F/SFTP)

     --random-file FILE  File for reading random data from (SSL)

 -r, --range RANGE   Retrieve only the bytes within a range

     --raw           Do HTTP "raw", without any transfer decoding (H)

 -e, --referer       Referer URL (H)

 -J, --remote-header-name Use the header-provided filename (H)

 -O, --remote-name   Write output to a file named as the remote file

     --remote-name-all Use the remote file name for all URLs

 -R, --remote-time   Set the remote file's time on the local output

 -X, --request COMMAND  Specify request command to use

     --resolve HOST:PORT:ADDRESS  Force resolve of HOST:PORT to ADDRESS

     --retry NUM   Retry request NUM times if transient problems occur

     --retry-delay SECONDS When retrying, wait this many seconds between each

     --retry-max-time SECONDS  Retry only within this period

     --sasl-ir       Enable initial response in SASL authentication

 -S, --show-error    Show error. With -s, make curl show errors when they occur

 -s, --silent        Silent mode. Don't output anything

     --socks4 HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS4 proxy on given host + port

     --socks4a HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS4a proxy on given host + port

     --socks5 HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS5 proxy on given host + port

     --socks5-hostname HOST[:PORT] SOCKS5 proxy, pass host name to proxy

     --socks5-gssapi-service NAME  SOCKS5 proxy service name for gssapi

     --socks5-gssapi-nec  Compatibility with NEC SOCKS5 server

 -Y, --speed-limit RATE  Stop transfers below speed-limit for 'speed-time' secs

 -y, --speed-time SECONDS  Time for trig speed-limit abort. Defaults to 30

     --ssl           Try SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)

     --ssl-reqd      Require SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)

 -2, --sslv2         Use SSLv2 (SSL)

 -3, --sslv3         Use SSLv3 (SSL)

     --ssl-allow-beast Allow security flaw to improve interop (SSL)

     --stderr FILE   Where to redirect stderr. - means stdout

     --tcp-nodelay   Use the TCP_NODELAY option

 -t, --telnet-option OPT=VAL  Set telnet option

     --tftp-blksize VALUE  Set TFTP BLKSIZE option (must be >512)

 -z, --time-cond TIME  Transfer based on a time condition

 -1, --tlsv1         Use TLSv1 (SSL)

     --trace FILE    Write a debug trace to the given file

     --trace-ascii FILE  Like --trace but without the hex output

     --trace-time    Add time stamps to trace/verbose output

     --tr-encoding   Request compressed transfer encoding (H)

 -T, --upload-file FILE  Transfer FILE to destination

     --url URL       URL to work with

 -B, --use-ascii     Use ASCII/text transfer

 -u, --user USER[:PASSWORD][;OPTIONS]  Server user, password and login options

     --tlsuser USER  TLS username

     --tlspassword STRING TLS password

     --tlsauthtype STRING  TLS authentication type (default SRP)

 -A, --user-agent STRING  User-Agent to send to server (H)

 -v, --verbose       Make the operation more talkative

 -V, --version       Show version number and quit

 -w, --write-out FORMAT  What to output after completion

     --xattr        Store metadata in extended file attributes

 -q                 If used as the first parameter disables .curlrc

================== End

 

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