Git企业开发控制理论和实操-从入门到深入（六）｜多人协作开发

前言

那么这里博主先安利一些干货满满的专栏了！

首先是博主的高质量博客的汇总，这个专栏里面的博客，都是博主最最用心写的一部分，干货满满，希望对大家有帮助。

• 高质量博客汇总

然后就是博主最近最花时间的一个专栏《Git企业开发控制理论和实操》希望大家多多关注！

• Git企业开发控制理论和实操

---

多人协作开发

学习案例一

案例说明

目标：在远端仓库中master分支下的file.txt文件新增两行代码aaa和bbb。
实现：由开发者一新增aaa，由开发者二新增bbb。
条件：在一个分支下协作完成。

准备工作

当然我们说过，远端的master分支一定是一个稳定的分支，不能用于开发。所以现在先在远端创建一个dev分支。

当然现在本地（云服务器）看不到远端的dev分支，所以先pull一下。

(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$ git pull
From gitee.com:Yufch/remote-gitcode
 * [new branch]      dev        -> origin/dev
Already up-to-date.
(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$

现在本地就有远程的dev分支了。

注意：要区分本地的dev分支和本地所知道的远程的dev分支。

• 本地的master分支叫做master

• 远端的master在本地叫做origin/master

• 远端的dev在本地叫做origin/dev

都是不一样的。

git branch -a # 可以查看本地的所有分支，包括本地的和远端的

(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$ git branch -a
* master
  remotes/origin/HEAD -> origin/master
  remotes/origin/dev
  remotes/origin/master
(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$

然后上面把我的阿里云服务器上的仓库准备好了，我们再准备一个本地（maxOS本地）的一个remote仓库。

(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:Git企业开发精品课程]$ git clone https://gitee.com/Yufch/remote-gitcode.git
Cloning into 'remote-gitcode'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 17, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (17/17), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (15/15), done.
remote: Total 17 (delta 3), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Receiving objects: 100% (17/17), 4.55 KiB | 4.55 MiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (3/3), done.
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:Git企业开发精品课程]$

开始开发

让协作者一完成aaa的更新，协作者二完成bbb的更新。

首先是开发者一：

看一下这行命令。

git checkout -b dev origin/dev

这行命令完成了三件事。

• 在本地创建了一个dev分支
• 切到dev分支下
• 让本地的dev分支和远程的origin/dev分支建立了一个连接

如何查看这个连接呢？

git branch -vv

(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$ git branch -vv
* dev    7393ea0 [origin/dev] add .gitignore
  master 7393ea0 [origin/master] add .gitignore
(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$

新增一行aaa。

然后add，commit，push到远程的dev分支中。

(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$ git add .
(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$ git commit -m "md file.txt: aaa"
[dev 7c49864] md file.txt: aaa
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$ git status
# On branch dev
# Your branch is ahead of 'origin/dev' by 1 commit.
#   (use "git push" to publish your local commits)
#
nothing to commit, working directory clean
(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$ git push
warning: push.default is unset; its implicit value is changing in
Git 2.0 from 'matching' to 'simple'. To squelch this message
and maintain the current behavior after the default changes, use:

  git config --global push.default matching

To squelch this message and adopt the new behavior now, use:

  git config --global push.default simple

See 'git help config' and search for 'push.default' for further information.
(the 'simple' mode was introduced in Git 1.7.11. Use the similar mode
'current' instead of 'simple' if you sometimes use older versions of Git)

Counting objects: 5, done.
Delta compression using up to 2 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 273 bytes | 0 bytes/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0)
remote: Powered by GITEE.COM [GNK-6.4]
To git@gitee.com:Yufch/remote-gitcode.git
   7393ea0..7c49864  dev -> dev
(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$

然后是开发者二：

(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ ls
README.en.md    README.md       file.txt
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ git branch
* master
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ git checkout -b dev origin/dev
M       file.txt
branch 'dev' set up to track 'origin/dev'.
Switched to a new branch 'dev'
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ git add .
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ git commit -m "md file.txt: bbb"
[dev 220f739] md file.txt: bbb
 Committer: 的mac <demac@YuMacBook-Air.local>
Your name and email address were configured automatically based
on your username and hostname. Please check that they are accurate.
You can suppress this message by setting them explicitly:

    git config --global user.name "Your Name"
    git config --global user.email you@example.com

After doing this, you may fix the identity used for this commit with:

    git commit --amend --reset-author

 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ git push
To https://gitee.com/Yufch/remote-gitcode.git
 ! [rejected]        dev -> dev (fetch first)
error: failed to push some refs to 'https://gitee.com/Yufch/remote-gitcode.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because the remote contains work that you do
hint: not have locally. This is usually caused by another repository pushing
hint: to the same ref. You may want to first integrate the remote changes
hint: (e.g., 'git pull ...') before pushing again.
hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$

我们发现，git拒绝了我们的推送。

这是因为，远程的dev分支下现在是有一行aaa的，而如果我们推送，就会冲突！

所以我们要先使用git pull把远程的东西先拉下来。

(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ git pull
Auto-merging file.txt
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in file.txt
error: could not apply 220f739... md file.txt: bbb
hint: Resolve all conflicts manually, mark them as resolved with
hint: "git add/rm <conflicted_files>", then run "git rebase --continue".
hint: You can instead skip this commit: run "git rebase --skip".
hint: To abort and get back to the state before "git rebase", run "git rebase --abort".
Could not apply 220f739... md file.txt: bbb
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ git add .
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ git commit -m "merge"
[detached HEAD a37671a] merge
 Committer: 的mac <demac@YuMacBook-Air.local>
Your name and email address were configured automatically based
on your username and hostname. Please check that they are accurate.
You can suppress this message by setting them explicitly:

    git config --global user.name "Your Name"
    git config --global user.email you@example.com

After doing this, you may fix the identity used for this commit with:

    git commit --amend --reset-author

 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ git push
fatal: You are not currently on a branch.
To push the history leading to the current (detached HEAD)
state now, use

    git push origin HEAD:<name-of-remote-branch>

(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ git push origin HEAD:dev
Enumerating objects: 5, done.
Counting objects: 100% (5/5), done.
Delta compression using up to 8 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 292 bytes | 292.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
remote: Powered by GITEE.COM [GNK-6.4]
To https://gitee.com/Yufch/remote-gitcode.git
   7c49864..a37671a  HEAD -> dev
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$

这样就可以了。

将origin/dev合并到origin/master中

PR方式

现在master分支是没有后面两行代码的。

要用pull request

提交PR之后，开发人员要做的事情就已经做完了。

审查人员通过看这个PR单子，文件改动这些信息，可以选择通过PR或拒绝PR。

本地合并dev再将本地master推送到origin/master上

学习案例二

案例说明

目标：远程master分支下新增funciton1和function2文件

实现：由开发者1新增function1，开发者2新增function2

条件：在不同分支下协作完成（各自私有一个分支）

开始开发

开发者一：

(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$ git branch -a
* dev
  master
  remotes/origin/HEAD -> origin/master
  remotes/origin/dev
  remotes/origin/master
(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$ git checkout -b feature-1
Switched to a new branch 'feature-1'
(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$ vim function-1
(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$ git add .
(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$ git commit -m "add function-1"
[feature-1 a34d9d6] add function-1
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 function-1
(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$ git push origin feature-1
Counting objects: 16, done.
Delta compression using up to 2 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (11/11), done.
Writing objects: 100% (15/15), 1.93 KiB | 0 bytes/s, done.
Total 15 (delta 4), reused 0 (delta 0)
remote: Powered by GITEE.COM [GNK-6.4]
remote: Create a pull request for 'feature-1' on Gitee by visiting:
remote:     https://gitee.com/Yufch/remote-gitcode/pull/new/Yufch:feature-1...Yufch:master
To git@gitee.com:Yufch/remote-gitcode.git
 * [new branch]      feature-1 -> feature-1
(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$

新增了一个function-1文件，然后直接推送到远程，远程就会多一个feature-1分支。

开发者二：

(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ cat file.txt
hello gitee
hello world
aaa
bbb
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ ls
README.en.md    README.md       file.txt
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ git checkout -b feature-2
Switched to a new branch 'feature-2'
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ touch function-2
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ vim function-2
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ cat function-2 n
I am coding ...
Done!
cat: n: No such file or directory
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ cat function-2
I am coding ...
Done!
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ git add .
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ git commit -m "add function-2"
[feature-2 2a63bd0] add function-2
 Committer: 的mac <demac@YuMacBook-Air.local>
Your name and email address were configured automatically based
on your username and hostname. Please check that they are accurate.
You can suppress this message by setting them explicitly:

    git config --global user.name "Your Name"
    git config --global user.email you@example.com

After doing this, you may fix the identity used for this commit with:

    git commit --amend --reset-author

 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 function-2
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ git push origin feature-2
Enumerating objects: 4, done.
Counting objects: 100% (4/4), done.
Delta compression using up to 8 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 311 bytes | 311.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
remote: Powered by GITEE.COM [GNK-6.4]
remote: Create a pull request for 'feature-2' on Gitee by visiting:
remote:     https://gitee.com/Yufch/remote-gitcode/pull/new/Yufch:feature-2...Yufch:master
To https://gitee.com/Yufch/remote-gitcode.git
 * [new branch]      feature-2 -> feature-2
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$

此时目前到这里，我们没有发生任何冲突！

这是因为，他们是私有一个分支的，所以没有冲突。

但天有不测风云，你的小伙伴突然生病了，但需求还没开发完，需要你帮他继续开发，于是他便把feature-2 分支名告诉你了。这时你就需要在自己的机器上切换到 feature-2 分支帮忙继续开发。

这就回到了：多名开发者在一个机器上开发的情况了。

那么对于开发者一来说，我首先需要获得feature-2这个分支。

先pull下来。

(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$ git pull
remote: Enumerating objects: 11, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (11/11), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (5/5), done.
remote: Total 7 (delta 2), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (7/7), done.
From gitee.com:Yufch/remote-gitcode
 * [new branch]      feature-2  -> origin/feature-2
   7393ea0..ef7fda4  master     -> origin/master
There is no tracking information for the current branch.
Please specify which branch you want to merge with.
See git-pull(1) for details

    git pull <remote> <branch>

If you wish to set tracking information for this branch you can do so with:

    git branch --set-upstream-to=origin/<branch> feature-1

(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$ git branch -a
  dev
* feature-1
  master
  remotes/origin/HEAD -> origin/master
  remotes/origin/dev
  remotes/origin/feature-1
  remotes/origin/feature-2
  remotes/origin/master
(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$

虽然直接git pull会报错，但是我们看到，确实origin/feature-2分支能被本地看到了。

这是为什么？

git pull

• 拉取分支内的内容（一定要建立连接后才能使用短的git pull命令）
• 拉取仓库内容（可以直接拉，不需要分支建立连接，因为和分支本来就没关系）

此时，我们就要在本地创建一个feature-2分支，并和远程的origin/feature-2分支建立联系。·

(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$ git checkout -b feature-2 origin/feature-2
Branch feature-2 set up to track remote branch feature-2 from origin.
Switched to a new branch 'feature-2'
(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$ git branch
  dev
  feature-1
* feature-2
  master
(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$

(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$ vim function-2
(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$ git add .
(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$ git commit -m "md function2 by 1"
[feature-2 280238d] md function2 by 1
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$ git push
warning: push.default is unset; its implicit value is changing in
Git 2.0 from 'matching' to 'simple'. To squelch this message
and maintain the current behavior after the default changes, use:

  git config --global push.default matching

To squelch this message and adopt the new behavior now, use:

  git config --global push.default simple

See 'git help config' and search for 'push.default' for further information.
(the 'simple' mode was introduced in Git 1.7.11. Use the similar mode
'current' instead of 'simple' if you sometimes use older versions of Git)

Counting objects: 5, done.
Delta compression using up to 2 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 305 bytes | 0 bytes/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0)
remote: Powered by GITEE.COM [GNK-6.4]
To git@gitee.com:Yufch/remote-gitcode.git
   2a63bd0..280238d  feature-2 -> feature-2
 ! [rejected]        master -> master (non-fast-forward)
error: failed to push some refs to 'git@gitee.com:Yufch/remote-gitcode.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because a pushed branch tip is behind its remote
hint: counterpart. If you did not intend to push that branch, you may want to
hint: specify branches to push or set the 'push.default' configuration variable
hint: to 'simple', 'current' or 'upstream' to push only the current branch.
(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$

此时远程就有了开发者一为开发者二写的内容了。

当然，如果此时开发者二说自己病好了，那么他想继续开发。

此时的开发者二是看不到开发者一新增的内容了，所以，pull一下即可。

开发者二：

(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ ls
README.en.md    README.md       file.txt        function-2
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ # 先建立连接
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ git branch --set-upstream-to=origin/feature-2 feature-2
branch 'feature-2' set up to track 'origin/feature-2'.
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ git branch -vv
  dev       220f739 [origin/dev: ahead 1, behind 2] md file.txt: bbb
* feature-2 2a63bd0 [origin/feature-2] add function-2
  master    ef7fda4 [origin/master] !1 dev请求合并到master Merge pull request !1 from Yufc/dev
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$ git pull
remote: Enumerating objects: 5, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (5/5), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), 285 bytes | 95.00 KiB/s, done.
From https://gitee.com/Yufch/remote-gitcode
   2a63bd0..280238d  feature-2  -> origin/feature-2
Updating 2a63bd0..280238d
Fast-forward
 function-2 | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
(base) [demac@YuMacBook-Air:remote-gitcode]$

开发好之后push上去就行了。

origin/feature-2和origin/feature-1合并到origin/master上去

这里我们用PR的方式。

最后把feature-2也提交一份PR。

然后就等审查人员通过PR即可。

当然，按照之前的建议，我们其实不能像上面那样去合并。

要先让feature-2去合并master，如果有bug，也不会影响master，大家可以参考之前的章节。

解决git branch -a显示已经被删除的远程分支的方法

就是，开发完成之后，远程删除feature-1和feature-2这两个分支了。

但是git branch -a在本地还是能够显示feature-1和feature-2这两个分支，这是不好的。

git remote show origin

这个命令可以看到远程的一些信息。

(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$ git remote show origin
* remote origin
  Fetch URL: git@gitee.com:Yufch/remote-gitcode.git
  Push  URL: git@gitee.com:Yufch/remote-gitcode.git
  HEAD branch: master
  Remote branches:
    feature-1               tracked
    feature-2               tracked
    master                  tracked
    refs/remotes/origin/dev stale (use 'git remote prune' to remove) # 他这里会建议我们去删除这些分支
  Local branches configured for 'git pull':
    dev       merges with remote dev
    feature-2 merges with remote feature-2
    master    merges with remote master
  Local refs configured for 'git push':
    feature-1 pushes to feature-1 (up to date)
    feature-2 pushes to feature-2 (local out of date)
    master    pushes to master    (local out of date)
(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$

git remote prune origin # 这个命令可以去修剪一些已经被删除的分支

(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$ git remote prune origin
Pruning origin
URL: git@gitee.com:Yufch/remote-gitcode.git
 * [pruned] origin/dev
(base) [yufc@ALiCentos7:~/Src/Bit-Courses/GitDevelopment/remote-gitcode]$

这里显示已经帮我们删除了dev分支了。