如何用Dummy实例执行数据库的还原和恢复
今天实验了一下，如何在所有文件，包括数据文件，在线日志文件，控制文件都丢失的情况下，利用RMAN备份恢复和还原数据库。该实验的重点是用到了Dummy实例。
具体步骤如下：
备份数据库
[oracle@node2 ~]$ rman target / Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Mon May 25 23:25:51 2015 Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. connected to target database: TEST (DBID=2176055307) RMAN> backup database; Starting backup at 25-MAY-15
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=20 device type=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00001 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/system01.dbf
input datafile file number=00002 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/sysaux01.dbf
input datafile file number=00003 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/undotbs01.dbf
input datafile file number=00005 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/users02.dbf
input datafile file number=00006 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/undotbs02.dbf
input datafile file number=00004 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/users01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 25-MAY-15
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 25-MAY-15
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/TEST/backupset/2015_05_25/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20150525T232624_bp6hs0oo_.bkp tag=TAG20150525T232624 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:02:01
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
including current control file in backup set
including current SPFILE in backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 25-MAY-15
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 25-MAY-15
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/TEST/backupset/2015_05_25/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20150525T232624_bp6hx32w_.bkp tag=TAG20150525T232624 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:08
Finished backup at 25-MAY-15 RMAN> quit
模拟数据丢失
[oracle@node2 ~]$ cd /u01/app/oracle/oradata/test
[oracle@node2 test]$ ls
control01.ctl redo01.log redo03.log sysaux01.dbf temp01.dbf undotbs02.dbf users02.dbf
control01.dbf redo02.log redo04.log system01.dbf undotbs01.dbf users01.dbf
[oracle@node2 test]$ rm ./*
试着登录数据库查询数据，会报以下错误：
[oracle@node2 ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Mon May 25 23:35:49 2015 Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connected.
SQL> select * from scott.dept;
select * from scott.dept
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01012: not logged on
Process ID: 0
Session ID: 0 Serial number: 0
看看ORACLE相关进程，会发现实例并没有奔溃，进程还在
[oracle@node2 ~]$ ps -ef |grep ora
root 1362 1320 0 19:25 ? 00:00:08 hald-addon-storage: polling /dev/sr0 (every 2 sec)
root 2809 1384 0 22:22 ? 00:00:00 sshd: oracle [priv]
oracle 2811 2809 0 22:22 ? 00:00:01 sshd: oracle@pts/7
oracle 2812 2811 0 22:22 pts/7 00:00:00 -bash
root 3006 1384 0 22:31 ? 00:00:00 sshd: oracle [priv]
oracle 3008 3006 0 22:31 ? 00:00:00 sshd: oracle@pts/1
oracle 3009 3008 0 22:31 pts/1 00:00:00 -bash
root 3120 1384 0 22:34 ? 00:00:00 sshd: oracle [priv]
oracle 3122 3120 0 22:34 ? 00:00:00 sshd: oracle@pts/8
oracle 3123 3122 0 22:34 pts/8 00:00:00 -bash
root 3482 1384 0 22:57 ? 00:00:00 sshd: oracle [priv]
oracle 3484 3482 0 22:57 ? 00:00:01 sshd: oracle@pts/3
oracle 3485 3484 0 22:57 pts/3 00:00:00 -bash
root 3566 1384 0 23:01 ? 00:00:00 sshd: oracle [priv]
oracle 3568 3566 0 23:01 ? 00:00:00 sshd: oracle@pts/9
oracle 3569 3568 0 23:01 pts/9 00:00:00 -bash
oracle 4035 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_pmon_test
oracle 4037 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_psp0_test
oracle 4039 1 4 23:23 ? 00:00:32 ora_vktm_test
oracle 4043 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_gen0_test
oracle 4045 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_diag_test
oracle 4047 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_dbrm_test
oracle 4049 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_dia0_test
oracle 4051 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_mman_test
oracle 4053 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_dbw0_test
oracle 4055 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_lgwr_test
oracle 4057 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_ckpt_test
oracle 4059 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_smon_test
oracle 4061 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_reco_test
oracle 4063 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:02 ora_mmon_test
oracle 4065 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_mmnl_test
oracle 4067 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_d000_test
oracle 4069 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_s000_test
oracle 4081 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_arc0_test
oracle 4083 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_arc1_test
oracle 4085 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_arc2_test
oracle 4087 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_arc3_test
oracle 4089 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_qmnc_test
oracle 4103 1 0 23:24 ? 00:00:01 ora_cjq0_test
oracle 4105 1 0 23:24 ? 00:00:00 ora_q000_test
oracle 4107 1 0 23:24 ? 00:00:00 ora_q001_test
oracle 4109 1 0 23:24 ? 00:00:05 ora_vkrm_test
oracle 4129 1 0 23:24 ? 00:00:00 ora_smco_test
oracle 4131 1 0 23:24 ? 00:00:00 ora_w000_test
oracle 4149 1 0 23:29 ? 00:00:00 ora_w001_test
oracle 4151 1 0 23:29 ? 00:00:00 ora_w002_test
oracle 4153 1 0 23:30 ? 00:00:00 ora_w003_test
oracle 4178 3123 0 23:35 pts/8 00:00:00 sqlplus as sysdba
oracle 4186 4178 0 23:36 ? 00:00:00 oracletest (DESCRIPTION=(LOCAL=YES)(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=beq)))
oracle 4187 3485 0 23:36 pts/3 00:00:00 ps -ef
oracle 4188 3485 0 23:36 pts/3 00:00:00 grep ora
关闭数据库
SQL> shutdown abort
ORACLE instance shut down.
现在开始恢复数据库，在这里会借助Oracle的dummy实例，即哑实例。
[oracle@node2 ~]$ export ORACLE_SID=dummy
[oracle@node2 ~]$ rman target / Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Mon May 25 23:44:28 2015 Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. connected to target database (not started) RMAN> startup nomount startup failed: ORA-01078: failure in processing system parameters
LRM-00109: could not open parameter file '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.1/db_1/dbs/initdummy.ora' starting Oracle instance without parameter file for retrieval of spfile
Oracle instance started Total System Global Area 1071333376 bytes Fixed Size 1369420 bytes
Variable Size 281021108 bytes
Database Buffers 784334848 bytes
Redo Buffers 4608000 bytes RMAN> restore spfile to '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.1/db_1/dbs/spfiletest.ora' from '/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/TEST/backupset/2015_05_25/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20150525T232624_bp6hx32w_.bkp'; Starting restore at 25-MAY-15
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=171 device type=DISK channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring spfile from AUTOBACKUP /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/TEST/backupset/2015_05_25/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20150525T232624_bp6hx32w_.bkp
channel ORA_DISK_1: SPFILE restore from AUTOBACKUP complete
Finished restore at 25-MAY-15 RMAN> shutdown immediate Oracle instance shut down
在这里，我们将spfile恢复到实例默认的目录，即$ORACLE_HOME/dbs,采用的是默认值，即spfile实例名.ora。这样，在将数据库启动到nomount状态下，直接startup nomount即可。
恢复控制文件
[oracle@node2 ~]$ export ORACLE_SID=test
[oracle@node2 ~]$ rman target / Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Mon May 25 23:54:50 2015 Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. connected to target database (not started) RMAN> startup nomount Oracle instance started Total System Global Area 313860096 bytes Fixed Size 1364340 bytes
Variable Size 268439180 bytes
Database Buffers 37748736 bytes
Redo Buffers 6307840 bytes RMAN> restore controlfile from '/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/TEST/backupset/2015_05_25/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20150525T232624_bp6hx32w_.bkp'; Starting restore at 26-MAY-15
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=136 device type=DISK channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring control file
channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/control01.ctl
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/test/control02.ctl
Finished restore at 26-MAY-15
注意，要重新设置ORACLE_SID的值，不然启动的依旧是dummy实例。
将数据库启动到mount阶段
RMAN> alter database mount; database mounted
released channel: ORA_DISK_1
还原和恢复数据库
RMAN> restore database; Starting restore at 26-MAY-15
Starting implicit crosscheck backup at 26-MAY-15
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=136 device type=DISK
Crosschecked 4 objects
Finished implicit crosscheck backup at 26-MAY-15 Starting implicit crosscheck copy at 26-MAY-15
using channel ORA_DISK_1
Finished implicit crosscheck copy at 26-MAY-15 searching for all files in the recovery area
cataloging files...
cataloging done List of Cataloged Files
=======================
File Name: /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/TEST/backupset/2015_05_25/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20150525T232624_bp6hx32w_.bkp using channel ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00001 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/system01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00002 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/sysaux01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00003 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/undotbs01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00004 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/users01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00005 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/users02.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00006 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/undotbs02.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/TEST/backupset/2015_05_25/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20150525T232624_bp6hs0oo_.bkp
channel ORA_DISK_1: piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/TEST/backupset/2015_05_25/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20150525T232624_bp6hs0oo_.bkp tag=TAG20150525T232624
channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1
channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:02:06
Finished restore at 26-MAY-15 RMAN> recover database; Starting recover at 26-MAY-15
using channel ORA_DISK_1 starting media recovery unable to find archived log
archived log thread=1 sequence=1
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-00569: =============== ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS ===============
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-03002: failure of recover command at 05/26/2015 00:19:20
RMAN-06054: media recovery requesting unknown archived log for thread 1 with sequence 1 and starting SCN of 956515 RMAN> alter database open resetlogs; database opened
至此，数据库恢复完毕，该恢复属于不完全恢复，毕竟，在线日志文件在“模拟数据丢失”那一步已被删除，完全恢复已不可能，同时，上述倒数第二步recover database提示所需的归档文件不存在，指的也是已被删除的在线日志文件。在这里，直接resetlogs即可。
总结：
1> 如果启用了RMAN的自动备份功能configure autobackup on，在恢复spfile和controlfile那一步可直接执行restore spfile from autobackup和restore controlfile from autobackup，不用上述那么麻烦，需要指定备份集。当然，在这种情况下，需指定dbid。
2> OCP官方教材里面其实也提供了在一切都丢失的情况下，如何执行数据库的还原和恢复的脚本，具体如下：
RMAN> run{startup nomount pfile=dummy.pfile;
2> set dbid=2176055307;
3> restore spfile from autobackup;
4> shutdown abort;
5> startup nomount;
6> restore controlfile from autobackup;
7> alter database mount;
8> restore database;
9> recover database;
10> alter database open resetlog;}
关于这个脚本，说明如下：
第1行，使用只有一个参数（DB_NAME）的哑参数文件启动实例
第2行，告诉RMAN所使用的数据库的DBID
第3行，根据默认目录和默认值，从最近的自动备份集中提取spfile
第4行，关闭哑实例
第5行，利用还原的spfile启动实例
第6行，从最近的备份集中提取控制文件
第7行，加载控制文件
第8行，还原所有数据文件
第9行，通过应用增量备份以及归档日志文件和联机日志文件执行完整恢复。
第10行，打开数据库并重新初始化在线重做日志文件，在还原控制文件后总是需要resetlogs。
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