Linux nmap命令详解

nmap，也就是Network Mapper，是Linux下的网络扫描和嗅探工具包。

nmap是在网络安全渗透测试中经常会用到的强大的扫描器。功能之强大，不言而喻。下面介绍一下它的几种扫描命令。具体的还是得靠大家自己学习，因为实在太强大了。

nmap安装

yum install nmap

nmap场景命令参数

Usage: nmap [Scan Type(s)] [Options] {target specification}

TARGET SPECIFICATION:

  Can pass hostnames, IP addresses, networks, etc.

  Ex: scanme.nmap.org, microsoft.com/24, 192.168.0.1; 10.0.0-255.1-254

  -iL <inputfilename>: Input from list of hosts/networks

  -iR <num hosts>: Choose random targets

  --exclude <host1[,host2][,host3],...>: Exclude hosts/networks

  --excludefile <exclude_file>: Exclude list from file

HOST DISCOVERY:

  -sL: List Scan - simply list targets to scan

  -sn: Ping Scan - disable port scan

  -Pn: Treat all hosts as online -- skip host discovery

  -PS/PA/PU/PY[portlist]: TCP SYN/ACK, UDP or SCTP discovery to given ports

  -PE/PP/PM: ICMP echo, timestamp, and netmask request discovery probes

  -PO[protocol list]: IP Protocol Ping

  -PR: ARP ping - does not need HW address -> IP translation

  -n/-R: Never do DNS resolution/Always resolve [default: sometimes]

  --dns-servers <serv1[,serv2],...>: Specify custom DNS servers

  --system-dns: Use OS's DNS resolver

  --traceroute: Trace hop path to each host

SCAN TECHNIQUES:

  -sS/sT/sA/sW/sM: TCP SYN/Connect()/ACK/Window/Maimon scans

  -sU: UDP Scan

  -sN/sF/sX: TCP Null, FIN, and Xmas scans

  --scanflags <flags>: Customize TCP scan flags

  -sI <zombie host[:probeport]>: Idle scan

  -sY/sZ: SCTP INIT/COOKIE-ECHO scans

  -sO: IP protocol scan

  -b <FTP relay host>: FTP bounce scan

PORT SPECIFICATION AND SCAN ORDER:

  -p <port ranges>: Only scan specified ports

    Ex: -p22; -p1-65535; -p U:53,111,137,T:21-25,80,139,8080,S:9

  -F: Fast mode - Scan fewer ports than the default scan

  -r: Scan ports consecutively - don't randomize

  --top-ports <number>: Scan <number> most common ports

  --port-ratio <ratio>: Scan ports more common than <ratio>

SERVICE/VERSION DETECTION:

  -sV: Probe open ports to determine service/version info

  -sR: Check what service uses opened ports using RPC scan

  --version-intensity <level>: Set from 0 (light) to 9 (try all probes)

  --version-light: Limit to most likely probes (intensity 2)

  --version-all: Try every single probe (intensity 9)

  --version-trace: Show detailed version scan activity (for debugging)

SCRIPT SCAN:

  -sC: equivalent to --script=default

  --script=<Lua scripts>: <Lua scripts> is a comma separated list of

           directories, script-files or script-categories

  --script-args=<n1=v1,[n2=v2,...]>: provide arguments to scripts

  --script-trace: Show all data sent and received

  --script-updatedb: Update the script database.

OS DETECTION:

  -O: Enable OS detection

  --osscan-limit: Limit OS detection to promising targets

  --osscan-guess: Guess OS more aggressively

TIMING AND PERFORMANCE:

  Options which take <time> are in seconds, or append 'ms' (milliseconds),

  's' (seconds), 'm' (minutes), or 'h' (hours) to the value (e.g. 30m).

  -T<0-5>: Set timing template (higher is faster)

  --min-hostgroup/max-hostgroup <size>: Parallel host scan group sizes

  --min-parallelism/max-parallelism <numprobes>: Probe parallelization

  --min-rtt-timeout/max-rtt-timeout/initial-rtt-timeout <time>: Specifies

      probe round trip time.

  --max-retries <tries>: Caps number of port scan probe retransmissions.

  --host-timeout <time>: Give up on target after this long

  --scan-delay/--max-scan-delay <time>: Adjust delay between probes

  --min-rate <number>: Send packets no slower than <number> per second

  --max-rate <number>: Send packets no faster than <number> per second

FIREWALL/IDS EVASION AND SPOOFING:

  -f; --mtu <val>: fragment packets (optionally w/given MTU)

  -D <decoy1,decoy2[,ME],...>: Cloak a scan with decoys

  -S <IP_Address>: Spoof source address

  -e <iface>: Use specified interface

  -g/--source-port <portnum>: Use given port number

  --data-length <num>: Append random data to sent packets

  --ip-options <options>: Send packets with specified ip options

  --ttl <val>: Set IP time-to-live field

  --spoof-mac <mac address/prefix/vendor name>: Spoof your MAC address

  --badsum: Send packets with a bogus TCP/UDP/SCTP checksum

OUTPUT:

  -oN/-oX/-oS/-oG <file>: Output scan in normal, XML, s|<rIpt kIddi3,

     and Grepable format, respectively, to the given filename.

  -oA <basename>: Output in the three major formats at once

  -v: Increase verbosity level (use -vv or more for greater effect)

  -d: Increase debugging level (use -dd or more for greater effect)

  --reason: Display the reason a port is in a particular state

  --open: Only show open (or possibly open) ports

  --packet-trace: Show all packets sent and received

  --iflist: Print host interfaces and routes (for debugging)

  --log-errors: Log errors/warnings to the normal-format output file

  --append-output: Append to rather than clobber specified output files

  --resume <filename>: Resume an aborted scan

  --stylesheet <path/URL>: XSL stylesheet to transform XML output to HTML

  --webxml: Reference stylesheet from Nmap.Org for more portable XML

  --no-stylesheet: Prevent associating of XSL stylesheet w/XML output

MISC:

  -6: Enable IPv6 scanning

  -A: Enable OS detection, version detection, script scanning, and traceroute

  --datadir <dirname>: Specify custom Nmap data file location

  --send-eth/--send-ip: Send using raw ethernet frames or IP packets

  --privileged: Assume that the user is fully privileged

  --unprivileged: Assume the user lacks raw socket privileges

  -V: Print version number

  -h: Print this help summary page.

EXAMPLES:

  nmap -v -A scanme.nmap.org

  nmap -v -sn 192.168.0.0/16 10.0.0.0/8

  nmap -v -iR 10000 -Pn -p 80

常见命令展示

1) 获取远程主机的系统类型及开放端口

nmap -sS -P0 -sV -O <target>

这里的 < target > 可以是单一 IP, 或主机名，或域名，或子网

-sS TCP SYN 扫描 (又称半开放,或隐身扫描)

-P0 允许你关闭 ICMP pings.

-sV 打开系统版本检测

-O 尝试识别远程操作系统

其它选项:

-A 同时打开操作系统指纹和版本检测

-v 详细输出扫描情况.

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nmap -sS -P0 -A -v < target >

2) 列出开放了指定端口的主机列表

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nmap -sT -p 80 -oG – 192.168.1.* | grep open

3) 在网络寻找所有在线主机

nmap -sP 192.168.0.*

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或者也可用以下命令:

nmap -sP 192.168.0.0/24

指定 subnet

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4) Ping 指定范围内的 IP 地址

nmap -sP 192.168.1.100-254

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5) 在某段子网上查找未占用的 IP

nmap -T4 -sP 192.168.2.0/24 && egrep “00:00:00:00:00:00″ /proc/net/arp

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6) 在局域网上扫找 Conficker 蠕虫病毒

nmap -PN -T4 -p139,445 -n -v –script=smb-check-vulns –script-args safe=1 192.168.0.1-254

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7) 扫描网络上的恶意接入点（rogue APs）.

nmap -A -p1-85,113,443,8080-8100 -T4 –min-hostgroup 50 –max-rtt-timeout

2000 –initial-rtt-timeout 300 –max-retries 3 –host-timeout 20m

–max-scan-delay 1000 -oA wapscan 10.0.0.0/8

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8 ) 使用诱饵扫描方法来扫描主机端口

sudo nmap -sS 192.168.0.10 -D 192.168.0.2

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9) 为一个子网列出反向 DNS 记录

nmap -R -sL 209.85.229.99/27 | awk ‘{if($3==”not”)print”(“$2″) no PTR”;else print$3″ is “$2}’ | grep ‘(‘

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10) 显示网络上共有多少台 Linux 及 Win 设备?

sudo nmap -F -O 192.168.0.1-255 | grep “Running: ” > /tmp/os; echo “$(cat /tmp/os | grep Linux

| wc -l) Linux device(s)”; echo “$(cat /tmp/os | grep Windows | wc -l) Window(s) device”

【更多参考】

Linux网络探测和安全审核工具 nmap使用详解