【原】泛型-Java

泛型是Java SE5.0中新增的新特性，通过泛型使得在代码编译的时候就能检查类型安全，并且所有的强制类型转换都是自动和隐式的，从而提高代码的重用率。

Note：在JavaSE7+以后的版本中，构造函数可以省略泛型类型。省略的类型可以从变量的类型推断得出。如：List<Map<String,String>> listmaps=new ArrayList<>();

• 泛型类型的继承规则
• 通配符类型
• 通配符的超类型限定
• 无限定通配符
• 泛型反射

1.泛型类型的继承规则

无论S与T有什么联系，通常，Pair<S> 与Pair<T>没有什么联系

如下所示：public class Manager extends Employee

可见，泛型中<>前面的类的继承关系才会起作用，而<>内部的类的继承关系就不起作用

2.通配符类型

Pair<? extends Employee>

利用通配符可以解决上述中出现的<>内不能继承的问题

3.通配符的超类型限定

? super Manager，这个通配符限制为Manager的所有超类型

4.无限定通配符

Pair<?> p

对于2.3.4让我们通过代码来详细了解一下吧。

public class PairTest3
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      Manager ceo = new Manager("Gus Greedy", 800000, 2003, 12, 15);
      Manager cfo = new Manager("Sid Sneaky", 600000, 2003, 12, 15);
      Pair<Manager> buddies = new Pair<>(ceo, cfo);
      printBuddies(buddies);

      ceo.setBonus(1000000);
      cfo.setBonus(500000);
      Manager[] managers = { ceo, cfo };

      Pair<Employee> result = new Pair<>();
      minmaxBonus(managers, result);
      System.out.println("first: " + result.getFirst().getName()
         + ", second: " + result.getSecond().getName());
      maxminBonus(managers, result);
      System.out.println("first: " + result.getFirst().getName()
         + ", second: " + result.getSecond().getName());

   }

   public static void printBuddies(Pair<? extends Employee> p)
   {
      Employee first = p.getFirst();
      Employee second = p.getSecond();
      System.out.println(first.getName() + " and " + second.getName() + " are buddies.");
   }

   //超类型通配符
   public static void minmaxBonus(Manager[] a, Pair<? super Manager> result)
   {
      if (a == null || a.length == 0) return;
      Manager min = a[0];
      Manager max = a[0];
      for (int i = 1; i < a.length; i++)
      {
         if (min.getBonus() > a[i].getBonus()) min = a[i];
         if (max.getBonus() < a[i].getBonus()) max = a[i];
      }
      result.setFirst(min);
      result.setSecond(max);
   }

   public static void maxminBonus(Manager[] a, Pair<? super Manager> result)
   {
      minmaxBonus(a, result);
      PairAlg.swapHelper(result); // OK--swapHelper captures wildcard type
   }
}

class PairAlg
{
    //无限定通配符
    //该方法用来测试一个pair是否包含一个 引用
   public static boolean hasNulls(Pair<?> p)
   {
      return p.getFirst() == null || p.getSecond() == null;
   }
   public static void swap(Pair<?> p) { swapHelper(p); }

   public static <T> void swapHelper(Pair<T> p)
   {
      T t = p.getFirst();
      p.setFirst(p.getSecond());
      p.setSecond(t);
   }
}

5.泛型反射

public class GenericReflectionTest
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      // read class name from command line args or user input
      String name;
      if (args.length > 0) name = args[0];
      else
      {
         Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
         System.out.println("Enter class name (e.g. java.util.Collections): ");
         name = in.next();
      }

      try
      {
         // print generic info for class and public methods
         Class<?> cl = Class.forName(name);
         printClass(cl);
         for (Method m : cl.getDeclaredMethods())
            printMethod(m);
      }
      catch (ClassNotFoundException e)
      {
         e.printStackTrace();
      }
   }

   public static void printClass(Class<?> cl)
   {
      System.out.print(cl);
      printTypes(cl.getTypeParameters(), "<", ", ", ">", true);
      Type sc = cl.getGenericSuperclass();
      if (sc != null)
      {
         System.out.print(" extends ");
         printType(sc, false);
      }
      printTypes(cl.getGenericInterfaces(), " implements ", ", ", "", false);
      System.out.println("----");
   }

   public static void printMethod(Method m)
   {
      String name = m.getName();
      System.out.print(Modifier.toString(m.getModifiers()));
      System.out.print(" ");
      printTypes(m.getTypeParameters(), "<", ", ", "> ", true);
      //System.out.println();

      printType(m.getGenericReturnType(), false);
      System.out.print(" ");
      System.out.print(name);
      System.out.print("(");
      printTypes(m.getGenericParameterTypes(), "", ", ", "", false);
      System.out.println(")");
   }

   public static void printTypes(Type[] types, String pre, String sep, String suf,
         boolean isDefinition)
   {
      if (pre.equals(" extends ") && Arrays.equals(types, new Type[] { Object.class })) return;
      if (types.length > 0) System.out.print(pre);
      for (int i = 0; i < types.length; i++)
      {
         if (i > 0) System.out.print(sep);
         printType(types[i], isDefinition);
      }
      if (types.length > 0) System.out.print(suf);
   }

   public static void printType(Type type, boolean isDefinition)
   {
      if (type instanceof Class)
      {
         Class<?> t = (Class<?>) type;
         System.out.print(t.getName());
      }
      else if (type instanceof TypeVariable)
      {
         TypeVariable<?> t = (TypeVariable<?>) type;
         System.out.print(t.getName());
         if (isDefinition)
            printTypes(t.getBounds(), " extends ", " & ", "", false);
      }
      else if (type instanceof WildcardType)
      {
         WildcardType t = (WildcardType) type;
         System.out.print("?");
         printTypes(t.getUpperBounds(), " extends ", " & ", "", false);
         printTypes(t.getLowerBounds(), " super ", " & ", "", false);
      }
      else if (type instanceof ParameterizedType)
      {
         ParameterizedType t = (ParameterizedType) type;
         Type owner = t.getOwnerType();
         if (owner != null)
         {
            printType(owner, false);
            System.out.print(".");
         }
         printType(t.getRawType(), false);
         printTypes(t.getActualTypeArguments(), "<", ", ", ">", false);
      }
      else if (type instanceof GenericArrayType)
      {
         GenericArrayType t = (GenericArrayType) type;
         System.out.print("");
         printType(t.getGenericComponentType(), isDefinition);
         System.out.print("[]");
      }
   }
}